Name : Date :

Course/Year/Sec: Teacher:

EXERCISE NO. 13

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

GIO : Study the organs involved in the excretory system.

SIO.
1. Identify the parts and functions of the nephron.

Nephron, functional unit of the kidney, the structure that actually produces urine in

the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood. There are about
1,000,000 nephrons in each human kidney. The most primitive nephrons are found in
the kidneys (pronephros) of primitive fish, amphibian larvae, and embryos of more
advanced vertebrates. The nephrons found in the kidneys (mesonephros) of amphibians
and most fish, and in the late embryonic development of more advanced vertebrates, are
only slightly more advanced in structure. The most advanced nephrons occur in the
adult kidneys, or metanephros, of land vertebrates, such as reptiles, birds, and
mammals. ach nephron in the mammalian kidney is a long tubule, or extremely fine
tube, about 30–55 mm (1.2–2.2 inches) long. At one end this tube is closed, expanded,
and folded into a double-walled cuplike structure. This structure, called the renal
corpuscular capsule, or Bowman’s capsule, encloses a cluster of microscopic blood
vessels—capillaries—called the glomerulus. The capsule and glomerulus
together constitute the renal corpuscle. Blood flows into and away from the glomerulus
through tiny arteries called arterioles, which reach and leave the glomerulus through the
open end of the capsule. In the renal corpuscle, fluid filters out of the blood in the
glomerulus through the inner wall of the capsule and into the nephron tubule. As this
filtrate passes through the tubule, its composition is altered by the secretion of certain
substances into it and by the selective reabsorption of water and other constituents from
it. The final product is urine, which is conveyed through the collecting tubules into
the renal pelvis.

2. Explain the formation of dilute versus concentrated urine.

rine Concentration and Dilution;

Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
 The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
 The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
 The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
 The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
 The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
 The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
 The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
rine Concentration and Dilution;
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
• Fluid intake, which is regulated
by factors that determine thirst.
• 0 3 3 60 3 3
6Renal excretion of water controlled
by multiple factors that influence
glomerular filtration and tubular
reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water
By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the
body
* When body fluid osmolarity is
reduced
The kidney can excrete urine with an
osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L, a
concentration that is only about one
sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
• when there is a deficit of water
• when extracellular fluid
osmolarity is high, the kidney can
excrete urine with a concentration of
1200 to 1400 mOsm/L
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting
Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water
in the body, the kidney can excrete as
much as 20 L/day of dilute urine. The
kidney performs
this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large
amounts of water in the distal parts of
the nephron, (late distal
tubule and the collecting ducts).
• Formation of dilute urine when
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are
very low in the ascending loop of
Henle.
The failure to reabsorb water and
continued reabsorption of solutes lead
to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting
Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and
collecting tubules is also impermeable
to water, and the additional
reabsorption of solutes causes
the tubular fluid to become more
dilute, ↓↓ its osmolarity to as low as
50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the
continued reabsorption of solutes will
lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and
Sodium Concentration
The body water is controlled by:
•Fluid intake, which is regulated by factors that determine thirst
•Renal excretion of water controlled by multiple factors that influence glomerular
filtration and tubular reabsorption.
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water By Forming Dilute Urine
*When there is excess water in the body
* When body fluid osmolarity is reduced The kidney can excrete urine with an osmolarity
as low as 50 mOsm/L, a concentration that is only about one sixth the osmolarity of
normal extracellular fluid. Conversely,
•when there is a deficit of water
•when extracellular fluid osmolarity is high, the kidney can excrete urine with a
concentration of 1200 to 1400 mOsm/LRenal
Mechanisms for Excreting Dilute Urine
When there is a large excess of water in the body, the kidney can excrete as much as
20 L/day of dilute urine. The kidney performs this by continuing to reabsorb solutes
while failing to reabsorb large amounts of water in the distal parts of the nephron, (late
distal tubule and the collecting ducts).
•Formation of dilute urine when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are very low in the
ascending loop of Henle. The failure to reabsorb water and continued reabsorption of
solutes lead to a large volume of dilute urine.
Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting Tubules
In the absence of ADH, distal and collecting tubules is also impermeable to water, and
the additional reabsorption of solutes causes the tubular fluid to become more dilute, ↓↓
its osmolarity to as low as 50 mOsm/L.
*The failure to reabsorb water and the continued reabsorption of solutes will lead to a
large volume of dilute urine.

3. Define micturition and describe the micturation reflex.

Micturition, or urination, is the act of emptying the bladder. When the bladder is full of
urine, stretch receptors in the bladder wall trigger the micturition reflex. ... The internal
urethral sphincter relaxes, allowing for urine to pass out of the bladder into the urethra.
Both of these reactions are involuntary.
 4. Draw and label the following parts of the kidney
a. renal cortex

b. medullary pyramid
c. renal columns of Bertini
f. renal pelvis

minor calyces
major calyces
 5. Enumerate the different anatomical constrictions of the ureter.

Constrictions
The ureter has a diameter of 3 mm 1 but there are three constrictions, which are the
most common sites of renal calculus obstruction:

 at the pelviureteric junction (PUJ) of the renal pelvis and the ureter
 as the ureter enters the pelvis and crosses over the common iliac artery bifurcation
 at the vesicoureteric junction (VUJ) as the ureter obliquely enters the bladder wall

6. Illustrate the different parts of the urinary bladder and urethra in the male.
7. Label the parts of the nephron and with the use of colored arrows, identify the
site of filtration (black), reabsorption (blue) and secretion (red).