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Experiment 5 - Average and Reactive Power

1. The document describes determining average and reactive power in AC circuits using MATLAB. It discusses instantaneous, average, and reactive power calculations for sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms in AC circuits with resistive and reactive components. 2. An example is provided to calculate instantaneous power, average power, and reactive power for a circuit with a 100V sinusoidal voltage source and 1.25∠60°Ω inductive load using MATLAB. Plots of voltage, current, instantaneous power, average power, and reactive power are generated. 3. The average power and reactive power are calculated from the peak voltage and current values and phase angle between the voltage and current using the formulas P=Vrms

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Mahesh Kamble
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60 views

Experiment 5 - Average and Reactive Power

1. The document describes determining average and reactive power in AC circuits using MATLAB. It discusses instantaneous, average, and reactive power calculations for sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms in AC circuits with resistive and reactive components. 2. An example is provided to calculate instantaneous power, average power, and reactive power for a circuit with a 100V sinusoidal voltage source and 1.25∠60°Ω inductive load using MATLAB. Plots of voltage, current, instantaneous power, average power, and reactive power are generated. 3. The average power and reactive power are calculated from the peak voltage and current values and phase angle between the voltage and current using the formulas P=Vrms

Uploaded by

Mahesh Kamble
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Engineering Department

Experiment No.-05
Aim: - Using MATLAB, Determine Average and Reactive Power.

Software Required: - MATLAB

Theory:-
In a DC circuit, the power consumed is simply the product of the DC voltage times
the DC current, given in watts. However, for AC circuits with reactive components
we have to calculate the consumed power differently.
Electrical power is the “rate” at which energy is being consumed in a circuit and as
such all electrical and electronic components and devices have a limit to the amount
of electrical power that they can safely handle. For example, a 1/4 watt resistor or a
20 watt amplifier.
Electrical power can be time-varying either as a DC quantity or as an AC quantity.
The amount of power in a circuit at any instant of time is called the instantaneous
power and is given by the well-known relationship of power equals volts times amps
(P = V*I). So one watt (which is the rate of expending energy at one joule per
second) will be equal to the volt-ampere product of one volt times one ampere.
Then the power absorbed or supplied by a circuit element is the product of the
voltage, V across the element, and the current, I flowing through it. So if we had a
DC circuit with a resistance of “R” ohms, the power dissipated by the resistor in
watts is given by any of the following generalised formulas:

Electrical Power

Where: V is the dc voltage, I is the dc current and R is the value of the resistance.
So power within an electrical circuit is only present when both the voltage and
current are present, that is no open-circuit or closed-circuit conditions. Consider the
following simple example of a standard resistive dc circuit:

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DC Resistive Circuit

Electrical Power in an AC Circuit


In a DC circuit, the voltages and currents are generally constant, that is not varying
with time as there is no sinusoidal waveform associated with the supply. However in
an AC circuit, the instantaneous values of the voltage, current and therefore power
are constantly changing being influenced by the supply. So we can not calculate the
power in AC circuits in the same manner as we can in DC circuits, but we can still
say that power (p) is equal to the voltage (v) times the amperes (i).
Another important point is that AC circuits contain reactance, so there is a power
component as a result of the magnetic and/or electric fields created by the
components. The result is that unlike a purely resistive component, this power is
stored and then returned back to the supply as the sinusoidal waveform goes through
one complete periodic cycle.
Thus, the average power absorbed by a circuit is the sum of the power stored and the
power returned over one complete cycle. So a circuits average power consumption
will be the average of the instantaneous power over one full cycle with the
instantaneous power, p defined as the multiplication of the instantaneous
voltage, v by the instantaneous current, i. Note that as the sine function is periodic
and continuous, the average power given over all time will be exactly the same as the
average power given over a single cycle.
Let us assume that the waveforms of the voltage and current are both sinusoidal, so
we recall that:

Sinusoidal Voltage Waveform

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As the instantaneous power is the power at any instant of time, then:

 
Applying the trigonometric product-to-sum identity of:

 
and θ = θv – θi (the phase difference between the voltage and the current waveforms)
into the above equation gives:

 
Where V and I are the root-mean-squared (rms) values of the sinusoidal
waveforms, v  and i respectively, and θ is the phase difference between the two
waveforms. Therefore we can express the instantaneous power as being:

Instantaneous AC Power Equation

 
This equation shows us that the instantaneous AC power has two different parts and
is therefore the sum of these two terms. The second term is a time varying sinusoid
whose frequency is equal to twice the angular frequency of the supply due to the 2ω

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part of the term. The first term however is a constant whose value depends only on
the phase difference, θ between the voltage, (V) and the current, (I).
As the instantaneous power is constantly changing with the profile of the sinusoid
over time, this makes it difficult to measure. It is therefore more convenient, and
easier on the maths to use the average or mean value of the power. So over a fixed
number of cycles, the average value of the instantaneous power of the sinusoid is
given simply as:

 
Where V and I are the sinusoids rms values, and θ (Theta) is the phase angle between
the voltage and the current. The units of power are in watts (W).
The AC Power dissipated in a circuit can also be found from the impedance, (Z) of
the circuit using the voltage, Vrms or the current, Irms flowing through the circuit as
shown.

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Electrical Engineering Department

Procedure:-

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results.

Example:-

The supply voltage in above figure is given as v(t)=100 cos ωt and the load is
inductive with impedance Z=1.25 60oΩ.Determine the expression for
instantaneous current i(t) and instantaneous power p(t).Use MATLAB to plot
i(t),v(t),p(t),pr(t) and px(t) over and interval of 0 to 2π

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Electrical Engineering Department
Solution:
Vm = input('Enter voltage peak amplitude Vm = ');
thetav =input('Enter voltage phase angle in degree thetav = ');
Vm = 100; thetav = 0;% Voltage amplitude and phase angle
Z = input('Enter magnitude of the load impedance Z = ');
gama = input('Enter load phase angle in degree gama = ');
thetai = thetav - gama;% Current phase angle in degree
theta = (thetav - thetai)*pi/180;% Degree to radian
Im = Vm/Z;% Current amplitude
wt=0:.05:2*pi;% wt from 0 to 2*pi
v=Vm*cos(wt);% Instantaneous voltage
i=Im*cos(wt + thetai*pi/180);% Instantaneous current
p=v.*i;% Instantaneous power
V=Vm/sqrt(2); I=Im/sqrt(2);% RMS voltage and current
pr = V*I*cos(theta)*(1 + cos(2*wt));% Eq. (2.6)
px = V*I*sin(theta)*sin(2*wt);% Eq. (2.8)
disp('(a) Estimate from the plots')
P = max(pr)/2, Q = V*I*sin(theta)*sin(2*pi/4)
P = P*ones(1, length(wt));% Average power for plot
xline = zeros(1, length(wt));% generates a zero vector
wt=180/pi*wt;% converting radian to degree
subplot(221), plot(wt, v, wt, i,wt, xline), grid
title(['v(t)=Vm coswt, i(t)=Im cos(wt +',num2str(thetai),')'])
xlabel('wt, degrees')
subplot(222), plot(wt, p, wt, xline), grid
title('p(t)=v(t) i(t)'), xlabel('wt, degrees')
subplot(223), plot(wt, pr, wt, P, wt,xline), grid
title('pr(t) Eq. 2.6'), xlabel('wt, degrees')
subplot(224), plot(wt, px, wt, xline), grid
title('px(t) Eq. 2.8'), xlabel('wt, degrees')
subplot(111)
disp('(b) From P and Q formulas using phasor values ')
P=V*I*cos(theta)% Average power
Q = V*I*sin(theta)% Reactive power

The result for the inductive load Z = 1.25 60oΩ


Enter voltage peak amplitude Vm = 100
Enter voltage phase angle in degree thatav = 0
Enter magnitude of the load impedance Z = 1.25
Enter load phase angle in degree gama = 60

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Electrical Engineering Department
Results:

Conclusion:

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Important Formulae

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