See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/351136000

Simulation and Optimization of Polymerization Reactor for the Production of

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

Article · February 2021

DOI: 10.26420/AustinChemEng.2021.1083

CITATIONS READS

0 2,532

3 authors, including:

Fazeel Ahmad Engr. Hamza Nisar

University of Wah University of Wah
5 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS    1 PUBLICATION   0 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Production of 340 TPD of Polyethylene Terephthalate by Direct Esterification View project

Bioethanol View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Fazeel Ahmad on 01 June 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Open Access

Austin Chemical Engineering

Research Article

Simulation and Optimization of Polymerization Reactor

for the Production of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
Ahmad F1*, Mr. Hamza Nisar2, Naveed Ahmad3
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Abstract
WAH, Pakistan The sole objective of this paper is to investigate Simulation and Optimization
2
University of Wah Wah Engineering College Chemical process for the production of polyethylene terephthalate, the biggest polymer
Department, Pakistan being consumed all over the world. In this way, two polymerization reactors are
3
Arid University, Department of Microbiology, Pakistan replaced with one polymerization reactor. In this way equipment and operating
*Corresponding author: Fazeel Ahmad, Department and many other cost was reduced. Discussion has also been made on the
of Chemical Engineering, University of WAH, WAH optimum temperature and pressure along with most suitable catalyst. The
Engineering College, Pakistan objective function for the polymerization reactor is to maximize the production
as well as conversion. It is found that the reactor should be operated at a high
Received: January 18, 2021; Accepted: February 12, temperature initially to obtain high conversion of Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT)
2021; Published: February 19, 2021 first, but then it should be lowered to reduce the formation of side products.
Previous work was done on Simulation for the batch reactor only but in this work
the Simulation was applied to the continuous polymerization reactor and results
is investigated.
Keywords: Mono ethylene glycol; Pure terephthalic acid; Esterification;
Polycondensation; Polyethylene terephthalate; Simulation; Optimization

Introduction are for single use. In 2015, approximately 7% of the plastic demand
was constituted by PET worldwide; reaching 18.8 million tons.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is the raw material for the Polyethylene terephthalate is the raw material for the production of
production of synthetic fibers, films, filaments and plastic objects. PET synthetic fiber, films, filaments and plastic bottles. PET is one of the
is one of the most important polymers from a commercial point of most important polymers from a commercial point of view [4].
view. Fiber-grade PET is mainly used in textiles, and its contribution
to the world synthetic fiber demand is around 40%. Fibre-grade PET is mainly used in textiles, and its contribution
to the world synthetic bre demand is around 40%. Polyester is a
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is widely consumed in
category of polymers, which contain the ester functional group in
industrial and residential areas because of its excellent properties
their main chain. Although there are many types of polyester, the
(e.g., high thermal stability, clarity, low cost, excellent tensile, and
term “polyester” as a specific material most commonly refers to
impact strength; but its expansion and disposal have led to serious
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). A chemical reaction bonding
environmental issues. Incineration and landfill are common methods
monomer together to make a polymer is called polymerization.
of waste disposal. However, incineration results in the release of toxic
Polymers are substances whose molecules have high molar masses and
substances that are harmful to health. Commercial PET and PET with
are composed of a large number of repeating units. Pure Terephthalic
high degrees of crystallinity have a melting point of 255-265 ºC and
Acid (PTA) and Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG), Catalyst are mixed
260-265 ºC, respectively.
to produce oligomer and water in the Etherification section. The
The production of PET proceeds via two stages: (1) a oligomer is converted to polymer through polymerization reaction
transesterification stage or esterification stage; (2) a polycondensation and is sent to spinning and the spin product is sent for drawing
stage. In the First stage, prepolymer (monomer for the after which it is baled and cut. After cutting, the product is sent to
polycondensation stage) containing mainly Bis (2-Hydroxyethyl) warehouse.
Terephthalate (BHET) is synthesized either through the
In this paper process description, optimization, uses, supply and
transesterification of Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT) and Ethylene
demand of polyester has been discussed. Optimized the process, by
Glycol (EG) or through the direct esterification of Terephthalic Acid
reducing the number of reactors to achieve the desired product rate
(TPA). About 50 million tons of this material is produced annually,
is the biggest achievements. Polycondensation is the actual “chain
from a very high amount of TPA and MEG, both derived from
building” step in the making of polyester polymer. The optimum
petroleum [1]. It is found that the reactor should be operated at a
requirements for the best production include optimum operating
high temperature initially to obtain high conversion of Dimethyl
temperature and optimum operating pressure along with highest
Terephthalate (DMT) first, but then it should be lowered to reduce
achieved conversion. The reaction in order to proceed forward
the formation of side products [2,3].
requires the addition of a catalyst, typically antimony, as well as heat
PET is non-degradable under normal conditions. In 2017, the and vacuum. The chemical linkage between two molecules forming
total global plastic production reached 348 million tonnes, 29.4% one large molecule. Material balance importance first step when
of which came from China. However, half of the plastics produced designing a new process or analyzing. They are almost always pre

Austin Chem Eng - Volume 8 Issue 1 - 2021 Citation: Ahmad F, Mr. Hamza Nisar, Ahmad N. Simulation and Optimization of Polymerization Reactor for the
ISSN : 2381-8905 | www.austinpublishinggroup.com Production of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). Austin Chem Eng. 2021; 8(1): 1083.
Ahmad et al. © All rights are reserved
Ahmad F Austin Publishing Group

requisite to all other calculation in the solution of process engineering removed from the esterifiers to shift the conversion to produce more
a material balance is an accounting for material. Thus, material BHET. The vent from the esterifiers is fed to the methanol recovery
balance is often compared to the balancing of current account. They system, which separates the methanol by distillation in a methanol
are used in industry to calculate mass flow rates of different stream column. The BHET monomer, with other esterifier products, is fed
entering or leaving chemical or physical process, beverages, especially to a prepolymerization reactor where the temperature is increased
convenience-sized soft drinks, juices and water. Polyethylene to 230 to 285ºC, and the pressure is reduced to between 1 and 760
terephthalate is a condensation polymer of ethylene glycol and millimeters of mercury. Product from the prepolymerizer is fed to
terephthalic acid. Polyethylene terephthalate is frequently shortened one or more polymerization reactors, in series. The temperature is
to PET or PETE. In order to produce PET, there are two major further increased to 260 to 300ºC. The final temperature and pressure
processes, called direct esterification and trans esterification, where depend on whether low or high viscosity PET is being produced. For
direct esterification used Ethylene Glycol (EG) and Terephthalic high-viscosity PET, the pressure in the final finisher is less than 2 mm
Acid (TPA) as its raw material while transesterification used EG and Hg. With high-viscosity PET, more process vessels are used than low
Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT). viscosity PET to achieve the higher temperatures and lower pressures
needed [5-7].
Polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester
functional group in their main chain. Although there are many types The ethylene glycol recovery system usually is a distillation system
of polyester, the term “polyester” as a specific material most commonly composed of a low boiler column, a refining column, and associated
refers to Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). Natural polyesters and a equipment. In such a system, the ethylene glycol condensate is fed to
few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters the low boiler column. The top product from this column is sent to a
are not. Depending on the chemical structure, polyester can be a condenser, where methanol condensed and sent to methanol storage.
thermoplastic or thermoset; however, the most common polyesters The bottom product of the low boiler column goes to it reboiler, with
are thermoplastics. Fabrics woven or knitted from polyester thread the vapor recycled back to the low boiler column and the underflow
or yarn are used extensively in apparel and home furnishings, from sent to the refining column [8,9].
shirts and pants to jackets and hats, bed sheets, blankets, upholstered
furniture and computer mouse mats.
Process Description for Direct Esterification
Method
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polymer
The most important steps involved in the process of polyethylene
which comes off to the polyester family with a chemical formula
terephthalate by PTA and MEG are: TPA powder is purchased
of (C10H8O4)n. It is a rigid and dimensionally stable substance that
in 1000 kg bags and unloaded into a storage silo by means of a
absorbs very little water. It is a pure, strong, and lightweight plastic
pressurized inert gas transfer system. The powder is then metered
that is vastly used for packing foods.
with a screw conveyor into a slurry mix tank where it is mixed with
Materials and Methods heated glycol in ratio of 2:1. The glycol that is mixed with the TPA in
slurry mix tank is a combination of virgin and recaptured glycol. The
Succeeding are the important raw material which necessary for
glycol is accumulated and fed from an agitated tank through filters
production of Polyethylene terephthalate;
and into pump. Ratio of glycol to TPA is controlled by a signal from
Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) a densitometer which refixeds the magnetic flow meter. The flow
Synonym: 1,4 benzenedicarboxylic acid Chemical rate also measures and records the glycol flow. The temperature of
the glycol being fed to the slurry mix tank is approximately 308 K.
Formula: C6H4 (COOH)2 Molecular The mixing of TPA and glycol (slurry) is a continuous process and
Weight: 166.13g/mol is controlled automatically by ratio control of the raw material fed
streams. From the slurry mix tank, the slurry is fed to the slurry
Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)
hold tank which supplies the metering pumps feeding slurry into the
Synonym: 1,2 ethanediol Chemical esterifier through injection nozzles [3,4].
Formula: C2H6O2 Molecular Esterification section
Weight: 62.07g/mol The reaction of the TPA and the glycol combination is
accomplished in the esterifier, which is a combination of a cross arm
Antimony Trioxide (ATO)
heat exchanger and a vapour separator [6,7]. The slurry is inserted
Chemical Formula: Sb2O3 Molecular into the lowest of the heat exchanger and natural flow of the slurry
Weight: 291.51g/mol mixture up complete the heat exchanger heats the slurry from
approximately 525 K to 540 k, causing the reaction to take place.H2O
Process Description for Trans Esterification formed in the reaction, excess glycol and small quantities of oligomer
Method is taken off the upper of the vapour separator through a heated vapour
Ethylene glycol is drawn from raw material storage and fed to line into a H2O separation column wherever the H2O and glycol
a mix tank, where catalysts and additives are mixed in. From the vapors are condensed and separated. The excess glycol is pumped to
mix tank, the mixture is fed, along with DMT, to the esterifiers, the recollected glycol hold tank for use in making slurry [10].
also known as ester exchange reactors. The methanol vapor must be C2 H6 O2 + C8 H6 O4 C12 H14 O6 + 2H2O

Submit your Manuscript | www.austinpublishinggroup.com Austin Chem Eng 8(1): id1083 (2021) - Page - 02
Ahmad F Austin Publishing Group

Polymerization reactor
In the polymerization vessel, further reacts the oligomer to form
polyester polymer of the desired viscosity, luster and color suitable
for spinning. The process involves removing excess glycol to link up
polymer chains. This is accomplished by subjecting the polymer to
progressively lower pressure and higher temperatures in the Disk
Ring Reactor.
2C12H14O6 (C10 H8 O4)n + (n-1) C2 H6 O2
Disk ring reactor
The main function of the final polycondensation stage is to
complete the reaction to the final polymer target. The reactor consists
of a horizontal cylindrical vessel provided with built in chamber Figure 2: Optimized Process Flow Diagram for PET Plant.
and a horizontal agitator having many disc rings. The disc rings are
arranged in each of these chambers. These rings are used to lift up
the product from the chambers and form a thin film which enables
the excess glycol is withdrawn immediately under vacuum and
polycondensation [9].
Simulation on PET Production Process
Figure 1 shows the simulation process for the Polyethylene
Terephtahlate production process including complete process
units. The basic purpose of Simulation is to optimize the process
with optimum achievable temperature at which the conversion is
maximum. The other most suitable requirement is the use of catalyst
which may increase your process efficiency. For the present work the
most suitable catalyst is antimony trioxide. The industrialist spends
lot of money on equipment cost as well as maintenance cost. The main Figure 3: Effect of space time on the degree of polymerization.
focus has been remained on the maximum profit at the minimum
cost (purchase and operating) [1,11]. results. These conditions of temperature and pressure are calculated
Results and Discussion by using the Aspen Hysys Simulation. At these conditions, we are able
to generate the polymerization length (120) that is actually require.
Optimized polyethylene terephtahlete production process
Effect of space time on the degree of polymerization
Figure 2 depicts the optimized process for the production of
polyethylene terephthalate in which two-polymerization reactor Figure 3 shows the effect of space time on the degree of
are being replaced with one reactor. In Esterification Section, we polymerization. Degree of polymerization increases from 20 to 100 as
use one CSTR reactor instead of two CSTR in series. To get our the space time/holding time is increased from 10 mints to 50 mints.
desired results, we fixed the pressure of the reactor to 0.16 bar and But after that there is increasing as well as decreasing trend in the
the temperature is calculated by using the Aspen Hysys that is 272ºC. degree of polymerization with increasing space time. The optimum
At that temperature, we get the conversion of 90% of reactant into value of degree of polymerization achieved was 104.
desired product that is Bis-Hydroxy-Ethylene-Terephthalate (BHET). Effect of space-time on conversion
In polymerization Section, if we change the operating conditions to Figure 4 shows the effect of space time on conversion. Space time
0.055 bar and 585 k then we use one CSTR reactor to get our desired

Figure 1: PET Production process flow diagram. Figure 4: Effect of space time on the conversion.

Submit your Manuscript | www.austinpublishinggroup.com Austin Chem Eng 8(1): id1083 (2021) - Page - 03
Ahmad F Austin Publishing Group

2. Kumar A, Sukthankar VK, Gupta SK, Optimization of the transesterification

stage of polyethylene terephthalate reactors. Polym Eng Sci. 1984; 24: 185-
193.

3. Ravindranath K, Mashelkar RA. Polyethylene Terephthalate-I. Chemistry,

Thermodynamics and Transport Properties. Chem Eng Sci. 1986; 41: 2197-
2214.

4. Napper IE, Thompson RC. “Release of Synthetic Microplastic Plastic Fibres

From Domestic Washing Machines: Effects of Fabric Type and Washing
Conditions”. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2016.

5. Polyester: Fifty Years of Achievement. State Mutual Book & Periodical

Service. 1993.

6. Fellingham C. “Will You Learn to Love Polyester?” Glamour. 1992; 204.

7. Modern Plastics Encyclopedia. 1988, Mcgraw Hill, New York. 1988.

Figure 5: Effect of molar flow rate on the conversion.
8. Written communication from RK. Smith, Allied Chemical, Moncure, NC, to
DR. Goodwin, US. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle
is the time for continuous reactor in which reactants spend the time
Park, NC. 1980.
in the reactors to be converted into products. The space time directly
related to the conversion. The higher space time corresponds to the 9. Kumar A, Gupta S K. Fundamentals of polymer science and engineering
(New Tata McGraw Hill. 1978.
higher conversions. The conversion in the space time interval (0-10)
minutes increases up to 25. Similarly, as the space time increases from 10. RiteshIngale, Thakur R, Sharma V, Suryawanshi MA, BMane V. Design and
Study of Manufacturing of Polyester Plant Using PTA and MEG. 2017.
(10-32) minutes the conversion achieve higher maximum value about
100%. 11. Williams A. “Washing clothes releases thousands of microplastic particles
into environment, study shows”. Plymouth University. 2016.
Effect of molar flow rate on conversion
12. Corbman BP. Textiles: Fiber to Fabric. 6th edition. Gregg Division, McGraw-
Figure 5 represents the relation between molar flow rate and Hill. 1983; 374.
conversion. Below trend show that molar flow rates and conversion 13. John S, Timothy EL. “Modern polyesters: chemistry and technology of
both are directly related with each other. As the rate is increased from polyesters and co-polyesters”. John Wiley and Sons. 2003.
5-40, the conversion increase its lowest value to highest value (0- 14. Tony YLR, Xu C. polyester fiber Manual (2nd edition). Textile Industry Press.
100%). The maximum rate value which is obtained is 40 and at that 1995.
value the conversion achieved is 100%. 15. Kopnick H, Schmidt M, Brugging W, Ruter J, Kaminsky W. Polyesters, In:
References Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, A21. 2003; 227-
250.
1. Encyclopedia of Textiles. 3rd edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1980; 28-33.

Submit your Manuscript | www.austinpublishinggroup.com Austin Chem Eng 8(1): id1083 (2021) - Page - 04

View publication stats