Probability Distributions

RANDOM VARIABLE
RANDOM VARIABLE
RANDOM VARIABLE

A rule that assigns a number to each outcome

RANDOM VARIABLE

A rule that assigns a number to each outcome

RANDOM VARIABLE

A rule that assigns a number to each outcome

Denoted by UPPERCASE letters (X, Y, Z, etc.)

 RANDOM VARIABLE

A rule that assigns a number to each outcome

Denoted by UPPERCASE letters (X, Y, Z, etc.)

EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season

b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season

c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls.
 RANDOM VARIABLE

A rule that assigns a number to each outcome

Denoted by UPPERCASE letters (X, Y, Z, etc.)

EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season
Y = {0, 0.1, 0.2, …}
c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls. Z = {0, 1, 2}
 RANDOM VARIABLE

EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season
Y = {0, 0.1, 0.2, …}
c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls. Z = {0, 1, 2}
 RANDOM VARIABLE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS

EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season
Y = {0, 0.1, 0.2, …}
c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls. Z = {0, 1, 2}
 RANDOM VARIABLE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
whole numbers with decimals

EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season
Y = {0, 0.1, 0.2, …}
c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls. Z = {0, 1, 2}
 RANDOM VARIABLE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
whole numbers with decimals

EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season
Y = {0, 0.1, 0.2, …}
c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls. Z = {0, 1, 2}
 RANDOM VARIABLE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
whole numbers with decimals

FINITE INFINITE
EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season
Y = {0, 0.1, 0.2, …}
c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls. Z = {0, 1, 2}
 RANDOM VARIABLE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
whole numbers with decimals

FINITE INFINITE
EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season
Y = {0, 0.1, 0.2, …}
c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls. Z = {0, 1, 2}
 RANDOM VARIABLE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
whole numbers with decimals

FINITE INFINITE
EXAMPLE
a) The number of goals a football player can score in a season
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
b) The average number of shots taken by a basketball player in a season
Y = {0, 0.1, 0.2, …}
c) The number of yellow balls drawn if two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a basket containing 4 yellow balls and 3 green balls. Z = {0, 1, 2}
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.10 0.05 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.12
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.10 0.05 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.12

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.10 0.05 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.12

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.10 0.05 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.12

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY

The partial sum of the probability distributions. Denoted by F(x)

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.10 0.05 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.12

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY

The partial sum of the probability distributions . Denoted by F(x)

F(3) = P(X <= 3) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.10 0.05 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.12

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY

The partial sum of the probability distributions . Denoted by F(x)

F(3) = P(X <= 3) = 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.40 + 0.20 = 0.75
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.10 0.05 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.12
F(x) 0.10 0.15 0.55 0.75 0.88 1.00

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY

The partial sum of the probability distributions . Denoted by F(x)

F(3) = P(X <= 3) = 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.40 + 0.20 = 0.75
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.10 0.05 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.12
F(x) 0.10 0.15 0.55 0.75 0.88 1.00

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY

The partial sum of the probability distributions . Denoted by F(x)

F(3) = P(X <= 3) = 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.40 + 0.20 = 0.75
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)
 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
EXAMPLE
A) Throw a pair of dice, and take X to be the sum of the numbers facing up. Construct a
probability distribution.

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY

The partial sum of the probability distributions . Denoted by F(x)

F(3) = P(X <= 3) = 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.40 + 0.20 = 0.75
F(x) - Cumulative Distribution Function
 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
EXAMPLE
A) Throw a pair of dice, and take X to be the sum of the numbers facing up. Construct a
probability distribution.

X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P(X) 1/36 2/36 3/36 4/36 5/36 6/36 5/36 4/36 3/36 2/36 1/36
F(x) 1/36 3/36 6/36 10/36 15/36 21/36 26/36 30/36 33/36 35/36 36/36

CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY

The partial sum of the probability distributions . Denoted by F(x)

F(3) = P(X <= 3) = 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.40 + 0.20 = 0.75
F(x) - Cumulative Distribution Function
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

A table listing all possible values that a random variable can take and
their corresponding probabilities
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
whole numbers with decimals
 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
whole numbers with decimals

- Discrete Uniform - Normal Distribution

- Binomial
- Multinomial
- Hypergeometric
- Multivariate Hypergeometric
- Negative Binomial
- Geometric
- Poisson
DISCRETE UNIFORM
 DISCRETE UNIFORM
This is the simplest probability distribution where the random variable assumes
each of its values with an equal probability.
 DISCRETE UNIFORM
This is the simplest probability distribution where the random variable assumes
each of its values with an equal probability.

P(x,k) = 1/k for x = x1, x2, x3,… xk

 DISCRETE UNIFORM
This is the simplest probability distribution where the random variable assumes
each of its values with an equal probability.

P(x,k) = 1/k for x = x1, x2, x3,… xk

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝒌 𝒌 𝟐
𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝒊=𝟏(𝑿𝒊 −𝝁)
𝝁= 𝝈𝟐 =
𝒌 𝒌
 DISCRETE UNIFORM
This is the simplest probability distribution where the random variable assumes
each of its values with an equal probability.

P(x,k) = 1/k for x = x1, x2, x3,… xk

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝒌 𝒌 𝟐
𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝒊=𝟏(𝑿𝒊 −𝝁)
𝝁= 𝝈𝟐 =
𝒌 𝒌

EXAMPLE
A construction engineer is chosen from a roster of 15 engineers to supervise a certain project
by picking a tag at random from a box containing 15 tags numbered from 1 to 15.
a) Find the formula for the probability distribution of X representing the number on the tag
that is picked
b) What is the probability that the number on the tag picked is less than 9?
c) What is the mean and variance of the random variable X?
 DISCRETE UNIFORM
This is the simplest probability distribution where the random variable assumes
each of its values with an equal probability.

P(x,k) = 1/k for x = x1, x2, x3,… xk

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝒌 𝒌 𝟐
𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝒊=𝟏(𝑿𝒊 −𝝁)
𝝁= 𝝈𝟐 =
𝒌 𝒌

EXAMPLE
A construction engineer is chosen from a roster of 15 engineers to supervise a certain project
by picking a tag at random from a box containing 15 tags numbered from 1 to 15.
a) Find the formula for the probability distribution of X representing the number on the tag
that is picked = P(x,15) = 1/15 for x = 1, 2, …, 15
b) What is the probability that the number on the tag is less than 9?
c) What is the mean and variance of the random variable X?
 DISCRETE UNIFORM
This is the simplest probability distribution where the random variable assumes
each of its values with an equal probability.

P(x,k) = 1/k for x = x1, x2, x3,… xk

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝒌 𝒌 𝟐
𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝒊=𝟏(𝑿𝒊 −𝝁)
𝝁= 𝝈𝟐 =
𝒌 𝒌

EXAMPLE
A construction engineer is chosen from a roster of 15 engineers to supervise a certain project
by picking a tag at random from a box containing 15 tags numbered from 1 to 15.
a) Find the formula for the probability distribution of X representing the number on the tag
that is picked = P(x,15) = 1/15 for x = 1, 2, …, 15
b) What is the probability that the number on the tag is less than 9? P(X<9) = 𝟖𝒊=𝟏 𝑷(𝒙)
c) What is the mean and variance of the random variable X?
 DISCRETE UNIFORM
This is the simplest probability distribution where the random variable assumes
each of its values with an equal probability.

P(x,k) = 1/k for x = x1, x2, x3,… xk

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝒌 𝒌 𝟐
𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝒊=𝟏(𝑿𝒊 −𝝁)
𝝁= 𝝈𝟐 =
𝒌 𝒌

EXAMPLE
A construction engineer is chosen from a roster of 15 engineers to supervise a certain project
by picking a tag at random from a box containing 15 tags numbered from 1 to 15.
a) Find the formula for the probability distribution of X representing the number on the tag
that is picked = P(x,15) = 1/15 for x = 1, 2, …, 15
b) What is the probability that the number on the tag is less than 9? P(X<9) = 8/15
c) What is the mean and variance of the random variable X?
 DISCRETE UNIFORM
This is the simplest probability distribution where the random variable assumes
each of its values with an equal probability.

P(x,k) = 1/k for x = x1, x2, x3,… xk

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝒌 𝒌 𝟐
𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝒊=𝟏(𝑿𝒊 −𝝁)
𝝁= 𝝈𝟐 =
𝒌 𝒌

EXAMPLE
A construction engineer is chosen from a roster of 15 engineers to supervise a certain project
by picking a tag at random from a box containing 15 tags numbered from 1 to 15.
a) Find the formula for the probability distribution of X representing the number on the tag
that is picked = P(x,15) = 1/15 for x = 1, 2, …, 15
b) What is the probability that the number on the tag is less than 9? P(X<9) = 8/15
c) What is the mean and variance of the random variable X? 𝝁 = 8, 𝝈𝟐 = 280/15
BINOMIAL
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.85. What is the
probability that exactly 6 of the next 8 patients having this operation survive?
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.85. What is the
probability that exactly 6 of the next 8 patients having this operation survive?

B(x,n,p)
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.85. What is the
probability that exactly 6 of the next 8 patients having this operation survive?

B(6,n,p)
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.85. What is the
probability that exactly 6 of the next 8 patients having this operation survive?

B(6,8,p)
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.85. What is the
probability that exactly 6 of the next 8 patients having this operation survive?

B(6,8,0.85)
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.85. What is the
probability that exactly 6 of the next 8 patients having this operation survive?

B(6,8,0.85) = (8C6)(0.856)(0.152) = 0.238

 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered = P(X≥1) = 1 – P(X=0) = 1 – B(0,9,0.99)
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered = P(X≥1) = 1 – P(X=0) = 1.000
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered = P(X≥1) = 1 – P(X=0) = 1.000
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered = P(X>7) = 𝟗𝒊=𝟖 𝑩(𝒙, 𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗)
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered = P(X≥1) = 1 – P(X=0) = 1.000
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered = P(X>7) = 𝟗𝒊=𝟖 𝑩(𝒙, 𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗) = 0.997
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered = P(X≥1) = 1 – P(X=0) = 1.000
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered = P(X>7) = 𝟗𝒊=𝟖 𝑩(𝒙, 𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗) = 0.997
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered = P(X≤8) = 𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝑩(𝒙, 𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗)
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered = P(X≥1) = 1 – P(X=0) = 1.000
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered = P(X>7) = 𝟗𝒊=𝟖 𝑩(𝒙, 𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗) = 0.997
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered = P(X≤8) = 𝟖𝒊=𝟎 𝑩(𝒙, 𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗) = 0.086
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered = P(X≥1) = 1 – P(X=0) = 1.000
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered = P(X>7) = 𝟗𝒊=𝟖 𝑩(𝒙, 𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗) = 0.997
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered = P(X≤8) = 1 – P(X=9) = 0.086
 BINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has only 2 outcomes, success or failure, for any n
repeated independent trials. The probability of success (p) and failure (q) remains
the same from trial to trial.

B(x,n,p) = (nCx)(pxqn-x) for x = 0, 1, 2,… n

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝝁 = 𝒏𝒑 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒏𝒑𝒒
EXAMPLE
A home security system is designed to have a 99% reliability rate. Suppose that nine homes
equipped with this system experience an attempted burglary, find the probability of that
a) At least one of the alarm is triggered = P(X≥1) = 1 – P(X=0) = 1.000
b) More than seven of the alarms are triggered = P(X>7) = 𝟗𝒊=𝟖 𝑩(𝒙, 𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗) = 0.997
c) Eight or fewer alarms are triggered = P(X≤8) = 1 – B(9,9,0.99) = 0.086
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏

EXAMPLE
A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, the result recorded and the
card replaced. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining 2
spades and 1 heart?
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏

EXAMPLE
A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, the result recorded and the
card replaced. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining 2
spades and 1 heart?

Possible events: a spade is drawn, a heart card is drawn, neither a spade or a heart is drawn
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏

EXAMPLE
A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, the result recorded and the
card replaced. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining 2
spades and 1 heart?

Possible events: a spade is drawn, a heart card is drawn, neither a spade or a heart is drawn
PS = ¼, PH = ¼, PN = ½
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏

EXAMPLE
A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, the result recorded and the
card replaced. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining 2
spades and 1 heart?

Possible events: a spade is drawn, a heart card is drawn, neither a spade or a heart is drawn
PS = ¼, PH = ¼, PN = ½ , INDEPENDENT
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏

EXAMPLE
A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, the result recorded and the
card replaced. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining 2
spades and 1 heart?

Possible events: a spade is drawn, a heart card is drawn, neither a spade or a heart is drawn
PS = ¼, PH = ¼, PN = ½ , INDEPENDENT, X1 = 2, X2 = 1, X3 = 2
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏

EXAMPLE
A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, the result recorded and the
card replaced. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining 2
spades and 1 heart?

Possible events: a spade is drawn, a heart card is drawn, neither a spade or a heart is drawn
PS = ¼, PH = ¼, PN = ½ , INDEPENDENT, X1 = 2, X2 = 1, X3 = 2

M(2,1,2; ¼, ¼, ½, 5)
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏

EXAMPLE
A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, the result recorded and the
card replaced. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining 2
spades and 1 heart?

Possible events: a spade is drawn, a heart card is drawn, neither a spade or a heart is drawn
PS = ¼, PH = ¼, PN = ½ , INDEPENDENT, X1 = 2, X2 = 1, X3 = 2

15/128
 MULTINOMIAL
The probability distribution that has more than 2 outcomes for any n repeated
independent trials.
𝒏!
M(x1, x2,… xk; p1, p2… pk , n) = 𝒙 !𝒙 !…𝒙 ! 𝒑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝟏 𝟐 𝒌

𝒌 𝒌
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 =𝒏 and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 =𝟏

EXAMPLE
A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, the result recorded and the
card replaced. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the probability of obtaining 2
spades and 1 heart?

Possible events: a spade is drawn, a heart card is drawn, neither a spade or a heart is drawn
PS = ¼, PH = ¼, PN = ½ , INDEPENDENT, X1 = 2, X2 = 1, X3 = 2

15/128
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30, x = 8
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30, x = 8 -> B*(8,5,0.30)

 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30, x = 8 -> B*(8,5,0.30) = 0.029

 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30, x = 8 -> B*(8,5,0.30) = 0.029

b) k = 3,
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30, x = 8 -> B*(8,5,0.30) = 0.029

b) k = 3, and p = 0.70,
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30, x = 8 -> B*(8,5,0.30) = 0.029

b) k = 3, and p = 0.70, x = 8
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30, x = 8 -> B*(8,5,0.30) = 0.029

b) k = 3, and p = 0.70, x = 8 -> B*(8,3,0.70)

 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL
The binomial distribution that represents the probability of the kth success on the
xth trial

B*(x,k,p) = (x-1 C k-1)(pkqx-k) for x = k, k+1, k+2,…

EXAMPLE
A provincial television survey reveals that almost 30% of the people living in that province
approved the immediate arrest of their congresswoman regarding the election fraud. Find
the probability that the 8th person randomly asked in that province is a) the 5th one who
approved of the arrest; b) the third one who disapproved of the arrest.

a) k = 5, and p = 0.30, x = 8 -> B*(8,5,0.30) = 0.029

b) k = 3, and p = 0.70, x = 8 -> B*(8,3,0.70) = 0.018

 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial
 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4 th try; b)
before the 3rd try
 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4th try; b)
before the 3rd try

a) x = 4
 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4th try; b)
before the 3rd try

a) x = 4 and p = 0.65
 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4th try; b)
before the 3rd try

a) x = 4 and p = 0.65 -> G(4, 0.65)

 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4th try; b)
before the 3rd try

a) x = 4 and p = 0.65 -> G(4, 0.65) = 0.028

 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4th try; b)
before the 3rd try

a) x = 4 and p = 0.65 -> G(4, 0.65) = 0.028

b) x = 1 and 2
 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4th try; b)
before the 3rd try

a) x = 4 and p = 0.65 -> G(4, 0.65) = 0.028

b) x = 1 and 2 and p = 0.65

 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4th try; b)
before the 3rd try

a) x = 4 and p = 0.65 -> G(4, 0.65) = 0.028

b) x = 1 and 2 and p = 0.65 -> G(1, 0.65) + G(2, 0.65)

 GEOMETRIC
A special case of the negative binomial distribution where the first success occurs
on the xth trial

G(x,p) = (pqx-1) for x = 1, 2, 3,…

EXAMPLE
The probability that an engineering graduate passes the licensure exam is 0.65. Find the
probability that the engineering graduate will pass the examination a) on the 4th try; b)
before the 3rd try

a) x = 4 and p = 0.65 -> G(4, 0.65) = 0.028

b) x = 1 and 2 and p = 0.65 -> G(1, 0.65) + G(2, 0.65) = 0.8775

 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only 2
minors if she randomly checks the IDs of 5 students from among 9 students of which 4 are
not of legal age?
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only 2
minors if she randomly checks the IDs of 5 students from among 9 students of which 4 are
not of legal age?
H(x; N,n,k)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only 2
minors if she randomly checks the IDs of 5 students from among 9 students of which 4 are
not of legal age?
H(2; N,n,k)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only 2
minors if she randomly checks the IDs of 5 students from among 9 students of which 4 are
not of legal age?
H(2; 9,n,k)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only 2
minors if she randomly checks the IDs of 5 students from among 9 students of which 4 are
not of legal age?
H(2; 9,5,k)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only 2
minors if she randomly checks the IDs of 5 students from among 9 students of which 4 are
not of legal age?
H(2; 9,5,4)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only 2
minors if she randomly checks the IDs of 5 students from among 9 students of which 4 are
not of legal age?
H(2; 9,5,4) = (4C2)*(5C3)/(9C5)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
What is the probability that a waitress will refuse to serve alcoholic beverages to only 2
minors if she randomly checks the IDs of 5 students from among 9 students of which 4 are
not of legal age?
H(2; 9,5,4) = (4C2)*(5C3)/(9C5) = 0.476
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire?
b) At most 2 will not fire?
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(x; N,n,k)
b) At most 2 will not fire?
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(4; N,n,k)
b) At most 2 will not fire?
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(4; 10,n,k)
b) At most 2 will not fire?
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(4; 10,4,k)
b) At most 2 will not fire?
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(4; 10,4,7)
b) At most 2 will not fire?
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(4; 10,4,7) = 1/6
b) At most 2 will not fire?
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(4; 10,4,7) = 1/6
b) At most 2 will not fire? H(x; N,n,k)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(4; 10,4,7) = 1/6
b) At most 2 will not fire? 𝑥=2 𝑥=0 H(x; 10,4,3)
 HYPERGEOMETRIC
If the number of elements in the population is large relative to the sample size, the
probability will follow binomial distribution. However, if the population size is
small relative to the sample size, the probability will follow hypergeometric
distribution.

(𝒌 𝑪 𝒙)(𝑵−𝒌 𝑪 𝒏−𝒙)
H(x; N,n,k) = for x = 0, 1, 2,… n
(𝑵 𝑪 𝒏)

The mean and variance of the discrete uniform distribution are

𝟐 𝑵−𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝝁 = 𝒏𝒌/𝑵 𝝈 = 𝒏(𝑵)(𝟏 − 𝑵)
𝑵−𝟏

EXAMPLE
From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot contains 3 defective
missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that
a) All 4 will fire? H(4; 10,4,7) = 1/6
b) At most 2 will not fire? 𝑥=2 𝑥=0 H(x; 10,4,3) = 29/30
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur?

b) Less than 3 accidents will occur?
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(x; λt)

b) Less than 3 accidents will occur?
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; λt)

b) Less than 3 accidents will occur?
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3t)

b) Less than 3 accidents will occur?
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3x1)

b) Less than 3 accidents will occur?
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

𝒆−3 (3)−𝟓
a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3x1) = 𝟓!
b) Less than 3 accidents will occur?
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

𝒆−3 (3)−𝟓
a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3x1) = = 0.101
𝟓!
b) Less than 3 accidents will occur?
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

𝒆−3 (3)−𝟓
a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3x1) = = 0.101
𝟓!
𝒙=𝟐
b) Less than 3 accidents will occur? 𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(x; λt)
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

𝒆−3 (3)−𝟓
a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3x1) = = 0.101
𝟓!
b) Less than 3 accidents will occur? 𝒙=𝟐
𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(x; λt) = 0.423
c) At least 2 accidents will occur?
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

𝒆−3 (3)−𝟓
a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3x1) = = 0.101
𝟓!

𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(x; λt) = 0.423

b) Less than 3 accidents will occur? 𝒙=𝟐
c) At least 2 accidents will occur? P(x≥2)
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

𝒆−3 (3)−𝟓
a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3x1) = = 0.101
𝟓!

𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(x; λt) = 0.423

b) Less than 3 accidents will occur? 𝒙=𝟐
c) At least 2 accidents will occur? P(x≥2) = 1 - 𝒙=𝟏
𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(x; λt)
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per month. What is the
probability that on any given month at this intersection

𝒆−3 (3)−𝟓
a) Exactly 5 accidents will occur? P(5; 3x1) = = 0.101
𝟓!
b) Less than 3 accidents will occur? 𝒙=𝟐
𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(x; λt) = 0.423
c) At least 2 accidents will occur? P(x≥2) = 1 - 𝒙=𝟏
𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(x; λt) = 0.801
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store

b) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
a) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓 x=0
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
a) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓 x=0 P(0; 5)
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
a) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓 x=0 P(0; 5) = 0.0067
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
a) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓 x=0 P(0; 5) = 0.0067
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
a) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝟓
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓 x=0 P(0; 5) = 0.0067
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
a) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝟓 x>5
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓 x=0 P(0; 5) = 0.0067
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
a) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓 𝒙=𝟓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝟓 x>5 1- 𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(𝒙, 𝟓)
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
 POISSON
The distribution that represents the number of outcomes during a given time
interval or in a specified region.

𝒆−λt (λt)𝒙
P(x; λt) = for x = 0, 1, 2,…
𝒙!

λ is the average number of outcomes per unit time or region

EXAMPLE
A local drugstore owner knows that, on average, 100 people per hour stop by his store.

a) Find the probability that in a given 3-minute period, nobody enters the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒙 𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓 x=0 P(0; 5) = 0.0067
𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
a) Find the probability that in a given 3 minute period, more than 5 people enter the store
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
λt = 𝒉𝒓
𝒙 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒙𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝟓 x>5 0.384
 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
EXAMPLE
A restaurant chef prepares a tossed salad containing, on average, 5 vegetables. Find the
probability that the salad contains more than 5 vegetables

a) On a given day;

b) On 3 of the next 4 days

c) For the first time in April on April 5

 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
EXAMPLE
A restaurant chef prepares a tossed salad containing, on average, 5 vegetables. Find the
probability that the salad contains more than 5 vegetables

a) On a given day; Poisson distribution

b) On 3 of the next 4 days; Binomial distribution

c) For the first time in April on April 5; Geometric distribution

 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
EXAMPLE
A restaurant chef prepares a tossed salad containing, on average, 5 vegetables. Find the
probability that the salad contains more than 5 vegetables

a) On a given day; Poisson distribution

𝒙=𝟓
P(x>5) = 1 - 𝒙=𝟎 𝑷(𝒙, 𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟒

b) On 3 of the next 4 days; Binomial distribution

B(3; 4, 0.384) = 0.140
c) For the first time in April on April 5; Geometric distribution
G(5; 0.384) = 0.055