Chapter Three

Estimating of Quantities in Civil Engineering Works

Estimate

To know the anticipated cost of a work or a project before construction, it is necessary

to calculate the quantities required and then estimating the cost at suitable rates. This

can provide the expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of the work or

structure. Therefore, an owner or government or any builder collects all required

information and knowledge about the work which is to be executed, hence financial

information. In doing so, the time required for completion, the investment required

and return of the investment can be obtained. In addition to a probable cost for the

work, it is also crucial to assign the specification of the construction for the work.

Purpose of Estimating

Construction estimates are prepared before a project is constructed so that the

probable cost of the project can be determined. Thus, an estimate gives a close

approximation of the natural cost, the true value of which will not be known until the

project is completed and all costs are recorded. An estimator does not establish the

cost of a project. If a contract for the construction of a project is based on an estimate,

this simply establishes the amount which the contractor will receive for construction

the project.

It is the responsibility of an estimator to apply costs which are already established to

the various materials, equipment, operations and services required to construct a

project.

The main purposes are to:

 Know the cost of the project and finance required by the owner.

1
 Ascertain the quantities of the materials required and sources of their

availability/ supply.

 Determine the number of workmen required in different cauterized i.e. skilled,

unskilled.

 Ascertain the requirement of equipment, plant and machinery for project’s

completion.

 Prepare construction schedule.

 Ascertain investment to be made on project envisaged.

 Invite tenders, for evaluation of various buildings, projects for competitiveness

in cost and time schedule.

Data for Estimate

To make out estimate for a work or a project, the following data are needed:

1- Drawing: plans, sectional elevations and detailed drawings to scale and fully

dimensioned are necessary.

2- Specifications:

i) General specifications: these provide the nature, quality and class of

work and materials in general terms to be used in various parts of the

work. General specifications help to form a general idea of the whole

building or structure and are useful in preparing the detailed estimate.

ii) Detailed specifications: these give the detailed description of the

various items of work laying down the quantities and qualities of

materials, their proportions, the method of preparation, workmanship

and execution of work. Detailed specifications describe every items of

work separately, in detail and are beneficial for the execution of the

different items of work.

3- Rates: the rates per unit of various items of work, the rates of various materials

to be used in the construction, and wages of different categories of labour,

2
skilled or unskilled as mason, carpenter, etc.., are available for preparing

estimates.

Types of Estimates
1- Approximate or Preliminary Estimates

For certain purposes, the use of approximate methods is justified. The

prospective owner of a project may wish to know the approximate cost of a

project before making a financial decision to construct it. The governmental

agency will need to know the approximate cost before holding a bond election.

Sometimes an estimate of the cost of replacing a project with similar

construction is desirable for tax purposes. For these purposes, the use of

approximate estimate is sufficiently accurate.

An engineer will reduce a building to square meters of area, or cubic meters of

volume then multiply the number of units by the estimated cost per unit; or

he/she will multiply the number of cubic meters of concrete in a structure by

the estimated cost per cubic meter to determine the probable cost of the project.

It is also essential for an estimator to adjust the unit costs to allow for variations

in costs resulting from quantities of materials, workmanship, location and

construction difficulties.

For Example:

- Pipe Culvert and R. C. box culvert: (ID per meter span)

- Sewerage & water supply project: On the basis of per head of population

served, approximate cost of sewerage project for a population of 100000

people @ $100 per head = $10000000

- Irrigation Channels: Per km basis depending on the capacity of the channel,

approximate cost of 10km length of irrigation channel of 3m3 per second

capacity @ $100000/km = $1000000

3
 2- Detailed Estimates

A detailed estimate of the cost of a project is prepared by determining the costs

of materials, construction equipment, labour, overhead and profit. Such

estimates are almost universally prepared by contractors prior to the

submitting of bids or the entering into contracts for important projects. When

preparing a detailed estimate for a given project, the estimator should divide

the project into many operation (items) as required.

A: Estimating Main Items of Building Work

1. Cleaning Site

This operation is also called site preparation which is one of the preliminary works to

be done for starting of construction works. The selected construction site needs to be

completed properly before the start of construction processes. In the site preparation,

all the scrubs, jungle or organic soil must be removed up to a certain depth, based on

the type of the soil.

2. Excavation

This work includes the excavation of cellars, piles, water tanks, trenches, septic tanks

and/or foundations. In this work, the surface soil is to be excavated with respect to

designed depths and widths.

After having done the excavation, it might be necessary to place sand or crushed stone

and compact up to maximum 20cm depth. Samples may be taken for every 500m2 and

95% of relative density is, at least, required.

4
Example (1):

Estimate the amount of soil excavated for the construction of a raft foundation. It is

also known that 1.5m around the foundation should also be excavated with a depth

of 0.8m.

Solution:

Sec. L1(m) L2(m) Area=L1*L2 (m2) Vol.= L1*L2*D (m3)

D=0.8m

A 33 48 1584 1267.2

B 30 33 990 792

C 30 18 540 432

∴ 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝒎𝟑

5
Detailed Estimate

There are two methods for calculating the quantities of materials of walls including

excavations:

a) Long and Short Wall Method

The length of longer wall is measured in longitudinal direction end to end and the

short wall is measured inside to inside of long walls at every change of step or section.

These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth or height to obtain the quantities.

Example (2):

Estimate excavated material quantity using long and short wall method for the

foundation with a depth of 0.8m, shown its plan below:

Solution:

Long walls = (10.8+0.8)*2= 23.2 m.l or Long walls = (10+ (2*0.8))*2= 23.2 m.l

Short walls = 4*2 = 8 m.l or Short walls = (4.8- 0.8) *2 =8 m.l

Total length = 8+ 23.2= 31.2 m.l

6
Excavation= L*B*D

= 31.2*0.8*0.8 = 19.967 m3

b) Centre Line Method

Centre to centre distances of long and short walls having similar section are measured

and sum total of the length is obtained.

Quantity = total length of similar section (L) * width * depth

𝟏
𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 = [(𝑳 – (𝒏 ∗ ∗ 𝑩)) ∗ 𝑩 ∗ 𝑫] (𝟑. 𝟏)
𝟐

Where:

L = total length

n= number of junctions

B= width or breadth

D= height or depth

This method is quick but requires special attention and consideration at junctions,

meeting points of partition or cross walls, etc. Therefore, for buildings having cross or

partition walls, for every junction or partition or cross walls with main walls, special

consideration will have to be made to find the correct quantity.

Example (3):

For the previous example estimate the quantity of the excavated material using centre

line method.

Solution:

L= (10.8 + 4.8) * 2 = 31.2 m.l

7
Quantity = 31.2 * 0.8 * 0.8 = 19.968 m3

Example (4):

Estimate the quantity of the excavation material of a foundation shown below using

centre line method. If both the breadth and depth are 70cm.

Solution:

Note: number of junctions = 2

Quantity = (Total c.l length – (2 * ½ * B)) * B * D)

Total c.l length = (6.2 + 4.2) * 2 + (6.2 * 3) = 39.4 m.l

q = (39.4 – (2 * ½ * 0.7)) * 0.7 * 0.7 = 18.963 m3

3) Crushed-Stone

After finishing the excavation, a layer of crushed-stone or crushed-brick is placed and

spread over the base of the excavation with a certain thickness (8cm- 10cm). This is

8
advantageous to prevent water entering the soil beneath foundations during

concreting. It is usually estimated by (m2).

Example:

For the example (4), estimate the quantity of crushed stone.

Solution:

L= 39.4 m

Q=L*B

Q = 39.4 * 0.7 = 27. 58 m2

4) Concrete (Gravel, Sand, Cement)

Concrete is a composite material consisted of water, gravel and sand (filler) embedded

in a hard matrix of material and the cement that fills the space among the aggregate

particles and glues them together.

These materials can be mixed with different ratios as:-

Cement Sand Gravel

1 1.5 3

1 2 4

1 3 6

1 4 8

1 5 10

According to the type of work, a certain ratio can be used, as:-

 For low strength concrete works, (1 : 4 : 8) or (1 : 5 : 10) can be used e.g. plain

concrete beneath foundations.

9
 For normal foundation works and unreinforced floors, (1 : 3 : 6) can generally

be used.

 For reinforced concrete works such as slabs, beams, stairs, joists and etc., (1 : 2

: 4) can be used.

 For reinforced columns, (1 : 1.5 : 3) can be used.

 For concrete structures, which are in contact with water, such as water tanks,

pools, retaining walls, (1 : 1.5 : 3) or (1 : 1 : 2) can be used.

Now, to estimate the quantities of each Gravel, Sand and Cement, the following

formula is used with reference to the mix ratio:

𝐕𝐨𝐥. = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 ∗ (𝐂 + 𝐒 + 𝐆) (𝟑. 𝟐)

Where:

Vol. : the volume of concrete after adding water.

C: the volume of cement, S: the volume sand, G: the volume of gravel.

0.67: is contraction coefficient as concrete losses approximately one-third of its

volume resulting from adding water.

Therefore, multiplying the total volume by 0.67 can compensate the amount of the

volume reduction due to the contraction.

-For 1m3 of concrete with (1 : 2 : 4), the quantities are estimated as:

1 = 0.67 * (C + 2C + 4C)

1 = 0.67 * (7C) 1 = 4.69C C = 0.2132 m3

∴ C = 0.2132m3 (the volume of cement)

∴ S = 2C = 2 * 0.2132 = 0.4264m3 (the volume of sand)

∴ G = 4C = 4 * 0.2132 = 0.8528m3 (the volume of gravel)

10
 -The density of cement = 1400kg/m3

 Mass of cement = 1400 * 0.2132 = 298.48kg

 No. of cement bags = 298.48/50 = 6 bags ( each bag = 50 kg)

Example (1):

Estimate concrete materials (Gravel, Sand and Cement) for the following plan, if the

depth and width of the foundation are 40cm 60cm respectively and the used mix is (1

: 2 : 4).

Solution:

Vol. = ((9.4 * 2+3.2 * 3) – (2 * ½ * 0.6)) * 0.6 * 0.4 = 6.672m3

Vol. = 0.67 ∗ (C + S + G)

6.672 = 0.67 * (7C) C = 6.672/(0.67*7) = 1.4226m3 ( volume of cement)

C = 1.4226 * 1400 = 1991.64 kg C = 1991.64/50 = 40 bags

S = 2C = 2 * 1.4226 = 2.8452m3 (volume of sand)

G = 4C = 4 * 1.4226 = 5.6904m3 (volume of gravel)

11
Example (2):

For a concrete arch dam illustrated in the figure below, estimate the concrete materials

required, if the mix is (1 : 2 : 4).

(Plan)

Solution:

𝜋∗ 102
Area = (2 * 16) + (13 * 13) – ( ) = 122.46m2
4

To find the average radius, it is necessary to determine the centre of the area about

point (a):

𝐴 ∗ 𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑥

13 𝜋 ∗ 102
122.46 ∗ 𝑥̅ = 16 ∗ 2 ∗ 8 + 13 ∗ 13 ∗ ( + 2) − ( ∗ (0.424 ∗ 10 + 2))
2 4

∴ 𝑥̅ = 9.818𝑚

𝑽𝒐𝒍. = 𝑹 ∗ 𝜽 ∗ 𝑨 𝑅 = 20 + 9.818 = 29.818𝑚

𝜋 ∗ 60
𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 29.818 ∗ ∗ 122.46 = 3823.85𝑚3
180

𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 0.67(𝐶 + 2𝐶 + 4𝐶)

12
3823.85 = 0.67 ∗ 7𝐶 → 𝐶 = 815.32𝑚3 (Volume of cement)

1141449.169
𝐶 = 1400 ∗ 815.32 = 1141449.169 𝑘𝑔 = = 1141.449 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
1000

𝑆 = 2𝐶 = 2 ∗ 815.32 = 1630.64 𝑚3 (Volume of sand)

𝐺 = 4𝐶 = 4 ∗ 815.32 = 3261.28𝑚3 (Volume of gravel)

Example (3):

Estimate the required concrete materials for the following retaining wall, if the length

is 22m and the mix ratio is (1 : 1.5 : 3).

Solution:

1.2+2.6
A = (1.5 * 7) + (1.2 *1) + ( ∗ 5.5) = 22.15m2
2

Vol. = 22.15 * 22 = 487.3m3

Vol. = 0.67 * (C + 1.5C + 3C)

487.3 = 0.67 * (5.5C) C = 132.238m3 (Volume of cement)

13
C = 1400 * 132.238 = 185133.2kg = 185133.2/1000 = 185.13 tons

S = 1.5C = 198.35m3 (Volume of sand)

G = 3C = 396.7m3 (Volume of gravel)

5) Stone Works
Stone works is usually estimated in cubic meters, but with the consideration of the

volume of mortar cement. Mortar cement occupies (25 – 30) % of the total volume of

the stone constructions. The diameter of stones may be (10 – 35) cm.

The following figure demonstrates sectional top view of a stone wall.

Volume of stone construction = (0.7 – 0.75) of total volume

Volume of mortar = (0.25 – 0.3) of total volume

Mortar cement can be mixed with different ratios as:-

Cement Sand

1 2

1 3

1 4

14
-Mortar cement losses 25% when adding water; therefore, the volume is determined

as:-

𝐕𝐨𝐥. 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ (𝐂 + 𝐒) (𝟑. 𝟑)

Example:

Estimate the quantity of the stone required for constructing a wall, if the length is 10m

and the height and thickness are 3m and 0.35m respectively. It is also known that

mortar cement will occupy voids by 30% of the total volume.

Solution:

Volume of stone = 0.7 total volume

Vol. = 10 * 3 * 0.35 = 10.5m3

Vol. stone = 0.7 * 10.5 = 7.35m3 (stone required)

Vol. mortar = 0.3 total volume

Vol. mortar = 0.3 * 10.5 = 3.15m3

If the mix ratio is (1 : 3) for the mortar;

3.15 = 0.75 * (C + 3C)

3.15 = 0.75*4C C = 1.05m3 (volume of cement)

C = 1400 * 1.05 = 1470kg = 1.47ton

S = 3C = 3 * 1.05 = 3.15m3 (volume of sand)

15
6) Brick Works

-The standard size of brick is (7 * 11 * 23), as shown in figure below.

-The thickness of mortar cement between joints = 1cm.

To calculate the number of bricks, the joint thicknesses are included:

 If the width of the wall is 36cm or more, Size of Brick will be (8 * 12 * 24) cm.

 If the width of the wall is 24cm, Size of Brick will be (8 * 12 * 23) cm.

 If the width of the wall is 11cm, Size of Brick will be (8 * 24) cm for 1m2.

 If the width of the wall is 7cm, Size of Brick will be (12 * 24) cm for 1m2.

Note: Volume of mortar cement = total volume of bricks including mortar – (No. of

brick * actual brick size)

Example:

Estimate the quantity of bricks required for constructing a wall footing, if total length

is 28m and the height and thickness are 0.6m and 0.4m respectively. If the used mix of

mortar cement is (1: 3), estimate the required quantities of cement and sand.

Solution:

Vol. = 0.6 * 0.4 * 28 = 6.72m3

No. of Bricks = total volume/ volume of one brick

No. of Bricks = 6.72/ (0.12 * 0.08 * 0.24) = 2917 bricks

16
Volume of mortar cement = total volume of brick with mortar – (No. of brick * actual

brick size)

Vol. mortar = 6.72 – (2917 * (0.07 * 0.11 * 0.23)) = 1.55m3

1.55 = 0.75 *(C + 3C)

C = 0.5166m3 (volume of cement)

C = 1400 * 0.5166 = 723.24kg = 723.24/50 = 15 bags

S = 3C = 3 * 0.5166 = 1.55m3 (volume of sand)

7) Concrete Block Works

Blocks can be classified as:

 Hollow Block (20 * 20 * 40) cm, or (10-15 * 20 * 40) cm

 Solid Block (15 * 20 * 40) cm

-Mortar cement between joints = (2.5 – 3) cm.

Example:

Estimate the quantity of blocks required for 1m3 if the width is 20cm.

Solution:

No. of Blocks = 1/ (0.23 * 0.2 * 0.43) = 51 blocks

17
Vol. mortar = 1 – (51 * (0.2 * 0.2 * 0.4)) = 0.184 m3

8) Reinforced Steel

As reinforced steel forms a substantial part of structures, it is essential to estimate the

amount of steel required in any structure. To do this, it is necessary to understand the

design and practical considerations of each member of the structure.

This table shows some information of bar diameters and weight:

Steel Diameter (mm) Weight (kg/m) Note

6 0.222

8 0.395 Stirrups

10 0.617

12 0.888

14 1.21

16 1.58

18 2

20 2.47 Heavy construction i.e.

25 3.86 dams

Or the following formula can be used to estimate the weight of reinforced steel bars

per unit length:

𝑫𝟐
𝒘= (𝟑. 𝟒)
𝟏𝟔𝟐

Where:

w = weight of steel bars (Kg/m)

D = bar diameter (mm)

18
This is derived from:

𝜋 𝐷 2 𝑙 ∗ 𝐷2
𝑤 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙 ∗ 𝛾𝑠 = ( ) ∗ 𝑙 ∗ 7850 =
4 1000 162

Where:

𝛾𝑠 = steel density (7850 Kg/m3)

𝑙 = length of bar (m)

Steel Reinforcement of Foundations

Types of reinforced steel needed to be considered for estimating in foundations:

 Main bars

 Stirrup bars

 Overlaps

 Dowels

 Hooks

A Reinforced Concrete Wall Footing

19
 A Reinforced Concrete Single Footing

General Information:

- Number of bars are calculated as:

𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 = +𝟏
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
- For foundations, cover = 75mm

- If the length of bars is not sufficient, overlap shall be used:

𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝒍𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒑 ≤ (𝟐𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎) ∗ 𝒅𝒃

- For stirrups, hooked and extended bars are necessary as:

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝒍𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒌 ≤ 𝟔𝒅𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒃 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝒍𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒌 ≤ 𝟏𝟐𝒅𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎, 𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎, 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎

- For each bend, (4𝑑𝑏 ) should also be added.

20
 Hook Details (ACI 318M-08)

- Length of dowel bars should be:

𝒍𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒍 (𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒌𝒔) = 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒑 + 𝑯 − 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 + 𝟒𝒅𝒃 + 𝟏𝟐𝒅𝒃

21
Example (1):

For the following foundation, estimate the quantity of reinforced steel. If the volume

is 40m3.

Solution:

Length = volume / area = 40 / (0.3 * 1) = 100m

The length of standard bar = 12m

100
∵ No. of Overlaps = = 8.33 ≈ 8
12

1- Main bars:

For ∅16: Overlap

𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (4 ∗ (100 + 0.3 ∗ 8)) = 409.6𝑚

(16)2
w= ∗ 409.6 = 647.27kg
162

For ∅14:

𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (3 ∗ (100 + 0.3 ∗ 8)) = 307.2𝑚

(14)2
w= ∗ 307.2 = 371.67kg
162

22
2- Stirrups:

100
No. of Stirrups = + 1 = 501
0.2

𝑙ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑘 & 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑 = (2 ∗ 6 ∗ 0.01) + (5 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.01) = 0.32𝑚 ≈ 0.3

∴ 𝑙𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 = 2 ∗ ((1 − 2 ∗ 0.075) + (0.4 − 2 ∗ 0.075)) + 0.3 = 2.5𝑚

(10)2
𝑤= ∗ 501 ∗ 2.5 = 773.15𝑘𝑔
162

Total Weight = 647.27 + 307.2 + 773.15 = 1792.09kg

Example (2):

For the following isolated square footing, find the quantity of the reinforced steel.

Solution:

1- Main Bars:

L= 2.5 – 2 * 0.075 = 2.35m

𝐿 2.35
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = +1= + 1 = 8.83 ≈ 9 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 For Hooks
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 0.3

Length of each bar = 2.35 + 2 ∗ (4db + 12db) = 2.35 + 32 ∗ 0.016 = 2.862m

23
Total length of the bars = 2.862 ∗ 9 ∗ 2 = 51.516m

(16)2
w= ∗ 51.516 = 81.408kg
162

2- Dowels:

Dowels and develpement length = 40db + H − cover + 12db + 4db

= 56 ∗ 0.025 + 0.45 − 0.075 = 1.775m

Total length = 1.775 ∗ 4 = 7.1𝑚

(25)2
w= ∗ 7.1 = 27.4kg
162

Example (3):

For a combined footing shown below, calculate the amount of reinforced steel. If the

width of the footing is 10m.

Solution:

1- Main Bars:

-Long side:

Length = 30 – 2 * 0.075 = 29.85m

24
 29.85
No . of bars = + 1 = 100.5 ≈ 101 bars
0.3

10 − 2 ∗ 0.075
No. of overlaps = =0
12

Length of each bar = (10 − 2 ∗ 0.075) + 2 ∗ (12db + 4db)

= 9.85 + 32 ∗ 0.025 = 10.65m

Total length = 2 ∗ 10.65 ∗ 101 = 2151.3m

(252 )
w= ∗ 2151.3 = 8299.768𝑘𝑔
162

-Short side:

Length = 10 – 2 * 0.075 = 9.85m

9.85
No . of bars = + 1 = 33.8 ≈ 34 bars
0.3

30 − 2 ∗ 0.075
No. of overlaps = = 2.48 ≈ 2
12

Length of each bar = (30 − 2 ∗ 0.075) + 2 ∗ (12db + 4db) + 2 ∗ 0.3

= 29.85 + 32 ∗ 0.025 + 0.6 = 31.25

Total length = 2 ∗ 31.25 ∗ 34 = 2125m

(252 )
w= ∗ 2125 = 8198.3kg
162

2- Dowels:

Length = 40db + H − cover + 12db + 4db

Length = 56 ∗ 0.025 + 0.45 − 0.075 = 1.775

Total Length = 8 ∗ 1.775 = 14.2m

(252 )
w= ∗ 14.2 = 54.78kg
162

25
Steel Reinforcement of Beams

In beams, there are two types of reinforcement:

1- Cut

2- Bend

In beams, the following types of bar shall be considered when estimating:

 Straight bars

 Bent bars

 Additional bars

 Stirrups

26
 A Reinforced Concrete Beam

Example:

For the following beam, estimate steel reinforcement. If stirrups (∅10@20cm c/c).

27
Solution:

Bottom Bars:-

1- Straight bar

Length = 5.1 – 2 * 0.04 = 5.02m

No. of bars = 2 bars

Total Length = 2 * 5.02 = 10.04m

2- Bent bar

Length = 5.02 – (2*d) + (d/sin45)*2 = 5.02 – (2 * 0.37) + ((0.37)/sin45) * 2 = 5.32m

No. of bars = 2 bars

Total length = 2 * 5.32 = 10.65m

(202 )
w = (10.65 + 10.04) ∗ = 51.09kg
162

Top Bars:-

1- Straight bars

Length = 5.1 – 2 * 0.04 = 5.02m

No. of bars = 2 bars

Total Length = 2 * 5.02 = 10.04m

2- Additional bars

Length = 1.75m

No. of bars = 4 bars

Total length = 4 * 1.75 = 7m

28
 162
𝑤 = (7 + 10.04) ∗ = 26.92𝑘𝑔
162

Stirrups:

5.02
No. of Stirrups = + 1 = 26.1 ≈ 26
0.2

Length of stirrups = ((0.45 – 0.08) + (0.3 – 0.08)) * 2 + (0.1 * 2) = 1.38m

Total length = 26 * 1.38 = 35.88m

102
𝑤 = (35.88) ∗ = 22.148𝑘𝑔
162

Steel Reinforcement of Slabs

The bars considered in beam are also taken into account in slab, except stirrups.

A Reinforced Concrete Slab

29
Example:

For the following slab, estimate the amount of steel reinforcement.

Solution:

Long Direction:

1- Straight bar

Distance = 4.4 – 2 * 0.02 = 4.36m

4.36 For hooks

No. of bars = + 1 = 11.9 ≈ 12 bars
0.4

Length of each bar = 10.6 – 2 *0.02 + 32 db = 10.56 + 32 * 0.012 = 10.944m

Total length = no. of bars * length of each bar

30
= 12 ∗ 10.944 = 131.328m

122
w= ∗ 131.328 = 116.736kg
162

2- Bent bars

For 5m span:

0.15−2∗0.02
Length of each bar = 5 + (2 ∗ ) − (2 ∗ 0.11) + (2 ∗ 0.2) + 0.5 + 1.33 −
cos45

0.02 = 7.30m

Total length = 12 ∗ 7.30 = 87.6m

122
w= ∗ 87.84 = 77.86kg
162

For 4m span:

0.15 − 2 ∗ 0.02
Length of each bar = 4 + (2 ∗ ) − (2 ∗ 0.11) + (2 ∗ 0.2) + 0.5 + 1.66
cos45
= 6.63m

Total length = 12 ∗ 6.63 = 79.57m

122
w= ∗ 79.57 = 70.73kg
162

3- Additional bars

For 5m span:

Length of each bar = (0.5 – 0.02 + 0.2 + 5/3) = 2.34m

For 4m span:

Length of each bar = (0.5 – 0.02 + 0.2 + 4/3) = 2.01m

Total length = (2.01 + 2.34) * 12 = 52.2m

122
w= ∗ 52.2 = 46.4kg
162

31
Short Direction:

1- Straight bar

Distance = 10.6 – 2 * 0.02 = 10.56m

10.56
No. of bars = + 1 = 27.4 ≈ 28 bars
0.4

Length of each bar = 4.4 – 2 *0.02 + 32 db = 4.36 + 32 * 0.012 = 4.744m

Total length = no. of bars * length of each bar

= 28 ∗ 4.744 = 132.832m

122
w= ∗ 132.832 = 118.072kg
162

2- Bent bars

0.15−2∗0.02
Length of each bar = (4.4 − 2 ∗ 0.02) + (2 ∗ ) − (2 ∗ 0.11) = 4.45m
cos45

Total length = 28 ∗ 4.45 = 124.63m

122
w= ∗ 124.63 = 110.78kg
162

3- Additional bars

Length of each bar = (1 + 0.2 + 0.5 − 0.02) ∗ 2 = 3.36𝑚

Total length = 28 ∗ 3.36 = 94.08m

122
w= ∗ 94.08 = 83.62kg
162

Total weight = 116.736 + 77.86 + 70.73 + 46.4 + 118.072 + 110.78 + 83.62 =

624.198kg

32
9) Gypsum Plastering

Gypsum plastering is measured by square meter (m2), it is then converted to

weight (Kg).

The following formula is used to estimate the quantity of gypsum:

𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐲𝐩𝐬𝐮𝐦 = 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 ∗ 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 ∗ 𝐠𝐲𝐩𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟏 (𝟑. 𝟓)

Where:

Thickness = 0.02 m

The density of gypsum = 1275 Kg/m3

- The factor of (1.1) is used because gypsum losses 10% of its volume when

adding water.

Example:

For 1m2, estimate the amount of gypsum required for plastering.

Solution:

Amount of required gypsum = 1 * 0.02 * 1275 * 1.1 = 26.6Kg

10) Cement Plastering

For this kind of plastering, mortar cement (1: 3) can be used. This may also be

measured by (m2); but to estimate the quantity of materials, the volume is required.

Note that the thickness is 2cm.

V = area ∗ 0.02

𝐕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 (𝐂 + 𝟑𝐂) (𝟑. 𝟔)

33
Example:

For 1m2, estimate the quantity of sand and cement required for plastering.

Solution:

Volume = 1 * 0.02 = 0.02m3

0.02 = 0.75 * (4C)

C = 0.006667m3

C = 0.006667 * 1400 = 9.3 Kg (amount of cement)

S = 3 * 0.006667 = 0.02m3 (amount of sand)

11) Tile work

Tile may have different dimensions (20* 20) cm, (25 * 25) cm, (30 * 30) cm and etc.

The joints between tiles = (2 – 4mm).

Number of tiles can be determined as:

No. of tiles = Total area/ area of a tile

Example:

For 1m2 floor, determine the number of tile (30 cm * 30 cm). If joints distance is

3mm.

Solution:

1
No. of tiles = = 10.89 ≈ 11 tiles
0.303 ∗ 0.303

34
Main Items in Construction of Building Works

1- Cleaning site

2- Earthwork (m3)

- Excavation

- Filling

3- Concrete in foundation (m3)

4- Damp proof course (DPC) (m3 or m2)

5- Masonry (m3)

6- Lintel over openings (m3)

7- Reinforced concrete work (m3)

8- Flooring and roofing (concrete, stone, marble or mosaic, etc.)

9- Plastering and pointing (m2)

10- Door and windows (m2)

11- Wood work (m2 or m.l)

12- Steel reinforcement (Kg or tonnes)

13- White-washing or colour washing or distempering (m2)

14- Painting (m2)

15- Sanitary works

- Water closet set (No.)

- Cast Iron (C.I) (m.l)

- Cast Iron (C.I) cowl (No.)

- Latrine pan (No.)

- Manhole (No.)

16- Water supply

- Galvanized Iron (G.I) water tank (No.)

- G.I pipe (of different sizes, dia.) (m.l)

- Brass stop tap (No.)

35
 Forms of Estimates

1) Details of measurements and calculation of quantities

Item Operation or Dimensions

No. Unit Quantity
No. (description) Length Breadth Height or depth

1 Cleaning site

2 Excavation m3

3 Concrete of foundation m3

2) Abstract of estimated quantities of construction

Item Operation or Rate $ (or Amount $

Unit Quantity
No. (description) ID)/unit (or ID)

1 Cleaning site

2 Excavation

3 Concrete of foundation

Total

Add (5 – 10 %) for contingencies

Grand total

Example:

For the building shown in the figures, estimate these quantities:

- Earthwork in excavation ( 70cm breadth, 80cm depth)

- Earthwork in filling (15cm depth for filling below tile floor)

- Crushed stone (7cm thickness)

- Lean concrete in foundation (30cm depth, 70cm breadth)

36
- Masonry work in foundation in 2 steps (1st step: 40cm breadth, 45cm depth and;

2nd step: 20cm breadth, 45cm depth)

- Lean concrete for damp proof course (DPC) (10cm depth)

- Masonry work in superstructure (20 cm breadth and 3m depth)

- Reinforced concrete of the roof (15cm thickness and 50cm projected out of the

external face of walls)

- Finishing work (gypsum plastering, cement plastering and tile work)

37
38
The Section of the Foundation

39
40
Item Dimensions
Item description Unit No. Quantity Remark
No. L B H
1 Excavation
A m3 3 9.6 0.7 0.8 16.128 L= (4.45+4.45)+(2*0.7/2)=9.6m
B m3 4 3.7 0.7 0.8 8.288 L= 4.4- 0.7=3.7m
C m3 3 3.15 0.7 0.8 5.292 L=3.85-0.7=3.15m
D m3 1 1.9 0.7 0.8 1.064 L= 2.6-0.7=6.9m
E m3 1 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.392 L= 1.4-0.7= 0.7m
31.164
2 Filling (up to G.L.) Up to ground level
Total length
Crushed stone m3 55.65 0.7 0.07 -2.72
=(3*9.6)+(4*3.7)+(3*3.15)+1.9+0.7=55.65m
Lean Concrete of foundation m3 55.65 0.7 0.3 -11.68
Masonry work 1st step m3 55.65 0.4 0.45 -10.017
Filling m3 6.747 Filling= 31.164-(2.72+11.68+10.017)=6.747 m3

Filling Floor area

Room 1 m3 1 4.25 3.65 0.15 2.3268
Room 2 m3 1 4.25 3.65 0.15 2.3268
Room 3 m3 1 4.2 3.8 0.15 2.394
Verandah m3 1 4.2 2.1 0.15 1.323
Corridor m3 1 2.8 2.4 0.15 1.008
W.C m3 1 1.2 1 0.15 0.18
Bath m3 1 1.3 1.2 0.15 0.234
9.7926
Total quantity = 6.747 +9.792 16.54
3 Crushed Stone
A m2 3 9.6 0.7 20.16
B m2 4 3.7 0.7 10.36

41
 C m2 3 3.15 0.7 6.615
D m2 1 1.9 0.7 1.33
E m2 1 0.7 0.7 0.49
38.955
4 Lean Concrete
A m3 3 9.6 0.7 0.3 6.048
B m3 4 3.7 0.7 0.3 3.108
C m3 3 3.15 0.7 0.3 1.9845
D m3 1 1.9 0.7 0.3 0.399
E m3 1 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.147
11.6865
5 Masonry under DPC
1st Step
A m3 3 9.3 0.4 0.45 5.022 L=8.9+0.4=9.3m
B m3 4 4 0.4 0.45 2.88 L=4.4-0.4=4m
C m3 3 3.45 0.4 0.45 1.863 L= 3.85-0.4=3.45m
D m3 1 2.2 0.4 0.45 0.396 L=2.6-0.4=2.2m
E m3 1 1 0.4 0.45 0.18 L=1.4-0.4=1m
10.341
2nd Step
A m3 3 9.1 0.2 0.45 2.457 L=8.9+0.2=9.1m
B m3 4 4.2 0.2 0.45 1.512 L=4.4-0.2=4.2m
C m3 3 3.65 0.2 0.45 0.9855 L= 3.85-0.2=3.65m
D m3 1 2.4 0.2 0.45 0.216 L=2.6-0.2=2.4m
E m3 1 1.2 0.2 0.45 0.108 L=1.4-0.2=1.2m
5.2785
Total Quantity = 10.341 +5.2785 15.6195
6 Lean Concrete of DPC
A m3 3 9.1 0.2 0.1 0.546

42
 B m3 4 4.2 0.2 0.1 0.336
C m3 3 3.65 0.2 0.1 0.219
D m3 1 2.4 0.2 0.1 0.048
E m3 1 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.024
1.173
7 Masonry work above DPC
A m3 3 9.1 0.2 3 16.38
B m3 3 4.2 0.2 3 7.56
C m3 3 3.65 0.2 3 6.57
D m3 1 2.4 0.2 3 1.44
E m3 1 1.2 0.1 3 0.36 Thickness of the wall of W.C & Bath =0.1m
32.31
Deductions:
Doors & Windows
D1 m3 5 1 0.2 2.2 2.2
D2 m3 2 0.8 0.2 2 0.64
W1 m3 5 1.5 0.2 2 3
W2 m3 2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.036
-5.876
Lintels dimension (20 * 25cm)& extended (0.5cm)
Lintels over doors &windows
from each side of door and windows
D1 m3 5 2 0.2 0.25 0.5 L = 1 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 2m
D2 m3 2 1.8 0.2 0.25 0.18 L = 0.8 + 0.5 + 0.5 =1.8m
W1 m3 5 2.5 0.2 0.25 0.625 L= 1.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 =2.5m
W2 m3 2 1.3 0.2 0.25 0.13 L = 0.3 + 0.5 + 0.5 =1.3m
-1.435
Total Quantity = 32.31 – (5.876 + 1.435) 24.999
8 Reinforced Concrete
m3 1 10.1 9.45 0.15 14.3167 Long = 8.9 + 0.2 +(0.5*2) = 10.1m

43
 Short= 3.85 + 4.4 + 0.2 +(2 * 0.5) = 9.45m

9 Finishing Works
9-1 Cement Plastering
Front and Back elevations m2 2 8.45 3.25 54.925
Side elevations m2 2 9.1 3.25 59.15
Verandah wall side m2 2 2.3 2.85 13.11
Verandah ceiling m2 1 4.2 2.85 11.97
Under Slab (projected) m2 2 10.1 0.5 10.1 Long
Under Slab (projected) m2 2 8.45 0.5 8.45 short
Faces of slab (front &back) m2 2 9.45 0.15 2.835
Faces of slab (Sides) m2 2 10.1 0.15 3.03
163.57
Around doors & windows
D1 sides m2 6 0.075 2.2 0.99 Only 3 doors plastered by cement
D1 top m2 3 1 0.075 0.225
W1 sides m2 10 0.075 2 1.5 2 sides for each (2*5)
W1 tops &bottoms m2 10 1.5 0.075 1.125
W2 m2 8 0.3 0.075 0.18 2 windows * 4 sides =8
4.02
167.59 =163.57+ 4.02 =167.59 m2
Deductions:
D1 m2 3 1 2.2 6.6
W1 m2 5 1.5 2 15
W2 m2 2 0.3 0.3 0.18
21.78
Total net Quantity = 167.59 + 21.78 145.81

44
9-2 Gypsum Plastering
Room 1 & 2
Walls m2 4 4.25 2.85 48.45 Long walls
Walls m2 4 3.65 2.85 41.61 Short walls
Ceiling m2 2 4.25 3.65 31.025
Room 3
Walls m2 2 4.2 2.85 23.94 Long walls
Walls m2 2 3.8 2.85 21.66 Short walls
Ceiling m2 1 4.2 3.8 15.96
Corridor
Walls m2 2 2.8 2.85 15.96
Walls m2 2 2.4 2.85 13.68
Ceiling m2 1 2.8 2.4 6.72
Around doors & windows
D1 sides m2 14 0.075 2 2.1 7 doors plastered * 2 sides = 14
D1 tops m2 7 1 0.075 0.525
D2 sides m2 4 0.075 1.8 0.54
D2 tops m2 2 0.8 0.075 0.12
W1 sides m2 10 0.075 2 1.5
W1 tops m2 10 1.5 0.075 1.125
224.915
Deduction:
D1 m2 7 1 2 14
W1 m2 5 1.5 2 15
D2 m2 2 0.8 1.8 2.88
-31.88

Total net Quantity = 224.915 – 31.88 193.035

45
9-3 Glass Tile
Walls W.C & Bath m2 4 1.2 2.2 10.56
Walls W.C m2 2 1 2.2 4.4
Walls Bath m2 2 1.3 2.2 5.72

Around doors & widows

D2 sides m2 4 0.075 2 0.6
D2 tops m2 2 0.8 0.075 0.12
W2 tops & sides m2 8 0.3 0.075 0.18

Skirts (20cm height)

Room 1 & 2
Long walls m2 4 4.25 0.2 3.4 2 walls * 2 rooms = 4
Short walls m2 4 3.65 0.2 2.92
Room 3
Long walls m2 2 4.2 0.2 1.68
Short walls m2 2 3.8 0.2 1.52
Corridor
Long walls m2 2 2.8 0.2 1.12
Short walls m2 2 2.4 0.2 0.96
Verandah
Long wall m2 1 4.2 0.2 0.84
Short walls m2 2 2.3 0.2 0.92
Beside in & out D1 m2 18 0.075 0.2 0.27
Beside out D2 m2 4 0.075 0.2 0.06

35.27
Deductions:
D1 m2 7 1 0.2 1.4

46
 D2 m2 2 0.8 0.2 0.32 Outside bath & W.C
D2 m2 2 0.8 2 3.2 Inside Bath & W.C
W2 m2 2 0.3 0.3 0.18
-5.1
Total net Quantity = 35.27 – 5.1 30.17

9-4 Mosaic (floor) tile

Room 1 & 2 m2 2 4.25 3.65 31.025
Room 3 m2 1 4.2 3.8 15.96
Corridors m2 1 2.8 2.4 6.72
Verandah m2 1 4.2 2.3 9.66
Additions under D1 m2 5 1 0.2 1
64.365
9-5 False Ceilings
W.C m2 1 1.2 1 1.2
Bath m2 1 1.3 1.2 1.56
2.76

47
B: Canal Earthworks
Based on the natural ground level, depth and the required design level of a

canal, the section of the canal may be:

 Fully in cutting

 Fully in embankment

 Partly in cutting and partly in filling

1) Section fully in cutting

Sectional area of excavation = bd + zd2

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 = (𝐛𝐝 + 𝐳𝐝𝟐 ) ∗ 𝐋
Permanent land width = (bd + 2zd) + extra land width beyond canal

2) Section of Canal partly in cutting and partly in filling

b & d: are the same as for the section in cutting

H: total height of banking from bed level of the canal

h: height of banking above N.G.L

b1 & b2: are the width of banking

z:1 : the side slope in cutting

S:1 : side slope in filling

48
 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝐛𝐝 + 𝐳𝐝𝟐
𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 = (𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 ) ∗ 𝐡 + 𝟐𝐒 ∗ 𝐡𝟐

3) Section fully in filling

b: width

H: height of banking from bed level of the canal

d: depth of filling between N.G.L bed level of the canal

h: depth of banking above N.G.L

Volume of filling = (b1 h + Sh2 + b2 h + Sh2 + bd + Sd2 ) ∗ L

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 = ((𝐛𝟏 + 𝐛𝟐 )𝐡 + 𝟐𝐒𝐡𝟐 + 𝐛𝐝 + 𝐒𝐝𝟐 ) ∗ 𝐋

Permanent land width = (b + b1 + b2 + 2Sh + 2zd) + extra land width beyond the outer toe of banks

Example:

Calculate the quantity of earthwork of a portion of channel with the following data:

Bed width = 6m

Free board = 0.5m

Slope of cutting: 1:1 , slope of banking: 2:1

Fully supply depth = 1.2m

Top widths of banks are 1.5m and 2.5m.

49
 H = 1.7m

Distance 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

N.G.L 335.24 334.8 334.43 334.12 334.5 334.98 334.68 334.4 334.6 334.1 333.8

Proposed bed level 334 333.94 333.88 333.82 333.76 333.7 333.64 333.58 333.52 333.46 333.4

Solution:

Top of bank level = Proposed bed level + H

Height of filling (h) = Top of bank level − N. G. L

Distance 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

N.G.L 335.24 334.8 334.43 334.12 334.5 334.98 334.68 334.4 334.6 334.1 333.8

Proposed bed level 334 333.94 333.88 333.82 333.76 333.7 333.64 333.58 333.52 333.46 333.4

Top of bank level 335.7 335.64 335.58 335.52 335.46 335.4 335.34 335.28 335.22 335.16 335.1

Height of filling 0.46 0.84 1.15 1.4 0.96 0.42 0.66 0.88 0.62 1.06 1.3

Mean height 0.65 0.995 1.275 1.18 0.69 0.54 0.77 0.75 0.84 1.18

50
 b = 6m, z = 1, S = 1, b1 = 1.5m, b2 = 2.5m

di = N. G. L − bed level

A1 = (bd + z𝑑 2 ), Q1 = (bd + z𝑑 2 ) ∗ 𝐿

A2 = (b1 + 𝑏2 )h + 2Sℎ2 , Q2 = ((b1 + 𝑏2 )h + 2Sℎ2 ) ∗ 𝐿

Depth Mean Height of

Distance (m) A1 L Q1 Mean height A2 Q2
(di) depth (d) filling

0 1.24 0.46

50 0.86 1.05 7.4 50 370.125 0.84 0.65 4.29 214.5

100 0.55 0.705 4.727 50 236.35 1.15 0.995 7.9401 397.005

150 0.3 0.425 2.73 50 136.53 1.4 1.275 11.6025 580.125

200 0.74 0.52 3.39 50 169.52 0.96 1.18 10.2896 514.48

250 1.28 1.01 7.08 50 354.005 0.42 0.69 4.6644 233.22

300 1.04 1.16 8.305 50 415.28 0.66 0.54 3.3264 166.32

350 0.82 0.93 6.44 50 322.245 0.88 0.77 5.45 272.58

400 1.08 0.95 6.6 50 330.125 0.62 0.75 5.25 262.5

450 0.64 0.86 5.899 50 294.98 1.06 0.84 6.18 309.12

500 0.4 0.52 3.39 50 169.52 1.3 1.18 10.2896 514.48

Total 2798.683 3464.33

51
C: Road Earthwork Estimating
Cross-section of earthwork of road in filling or in cutting is usually in the form of

trapezium, and the quantity of earthwork can be calculated as:

Quantity = Sectional area ∗ Length

1
Sectional area = Bd + 2 ( ∗ Sd ∗ d) = Bd + Sd2
2
S:1 is the ratio of side slops (horizontal : vertical)
𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ( 𝐁𝐝 + 𝐒𝐝𝟐 ) ∗ 𝐋

Note: if it is required to turf or pitch the sides of the road, it will be significant to

determine both side areas as:

Side area = mean sloping breadth ∗ Length
Mean sloping breadth = (Sd2 + d2 )1/2
1
Area of both side slopes = 2dL(S 2 + 1)2

52
 Example:

Prepare an estimate for the road from a station of 420m to a station of 660m. Draw the

longitudinal section and cross-section both cutting and filling. Implement the rate of

earthwork in cutting and filling of 3000ID/m3 and 2000ID/m2 for turfing. Side slopes

are 1.5:1 for cutting and 2:1 for filling and the road width is 12m. The natural ground

level (N.G.L) at different chainage are provided as:

Chainage 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660

N.G.L 118.6 119.25 119.4 118.85 118.5 117.25 116.8 117.15 117.2

Solution:

As it is shown in the above figure, 118.6 is the reference (zero elevation).

1
Design level @ any point = 118.6 − ( ) ∗ distance from zero elevation
200
Height = D. L − N. G. L
Chainage 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660

N.G.L 118.6 119.25 119.4 118.85 118.5 117.25 116.8 117.15 117.2

D.L 118.6 118.45 118.3 118.15 118 117.85 117.7 117.55 117.4

Height 0 -0.8 -1.1 -0.7 -0.5 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.2

53
 1) Earthwork

B = 12m, S = 1.5 for cutting, S = 2 for filling

Distance (m) Height (m) Mean Height (m) Length (m) Area (m2) Earthwork

di d L A Cutting (m3) Filling (m3)

420 0 0 0

450 -0.8 -0.4 30 -5.04 -151.2

480 -1.1 -0.95 30 -12.75375 -382.6125

510 -0.7 -0.9 30 -12.015 -360.45

540 -0.5 -0.6 30 -7.74 -232.2

0 -0.25 14 -3.09375 -43.3125

570 0.6 0.3 16 3.78 60.48

600 0.9 0.75 30 10.125 303.75

630 0.4 0.65 30 8.645 259.35

660 0.2 0.3 30 3.78 113.4

-1169.775 736.98

2) Turfing the slope surface

Mean sloping breadth = (Sd2 + d2 )1/2
Distance (m) Height (m) Mean Height (m) d Sloping breadth (m) Length (m) Area (m2)

420 0

450 -0.8

480 -1.1

510 -0.7

540 -0.5

570 0.6 0.3 0.67082 16 21.452

600 0.9 0.75 1.677051 30 100.62

630 0.4 0.65 1.453444 30 87.204

54
 660 0.2 0.3 0.67082 30 40.248
249.52

Abstract Cost

Item No. Quantity Unit Rate (ID) Amount Note

Earthwork (Cutting) 1169.775 m3 3000 3509325

Earthwork (Filling) 736.98 m3 3000 2210940

Turfing 249.52 m2 2000 499040

Total 6219305

55
Worked Example:

Prepare a detailed estimate for a reinforced concrete retaining wall of 30 m in length whose cross-section is given below.

Assume: hook length = 15cm, overlap = 40cm, cover = 7cm (earth) and 5cm (form).

Stem

56
57
 Solution:

Item Dimensions
Details of Items Unit Nos. Quantity Remark
No. L (m) B (m) D (m)

1 RCC work 1 : 2 : 4

Base Slab (Toe and

m3 1 30 3 0.5 45
Heel)

Stem m3 1 30 (0.6+0.2)/2 6 72

2 Steel Bars

Stem

Right Side

∅22mm @ 40 cm c/c N = (( 30 - 2 * 0.05)/0.4) + 1 = 75.75

m 76 7.43 564.68
(full height) L =6.5 – 0.05 – 0.07+0.75 + 2*0.15 =7.43m

∅22mm @ 40 cm c/c (up N = ((29.9 – 2 * 0.2)/0.4) + 1 = 74.75

m 75 4.93 369.75
to 3.6m) L = 3.6 + 0.5 + 0.75 + 0.15 – 0.07 = 4.93 m

∅22mm @ 20 cm c/c (up N = ((29.9 – 2 * 0.1)/0.2) + 1 = 149.5

m 150 3.13 469.5
to 1.8m) L = 1.8 + 0.5 + 0.75 + 0.15 – 0.075 = 3.13m

Total 1403.93 Dia. 22mm

58
 N = ((6.5 – 0.05 – 0.07)/0.25) + 1 = 26.52

∅14mm @ 25 cm c/c m 27 31 837 L = 30 – 2 * cover + 2 * overlap + 2 * hooks

L = 30 – 2 * 0.05 + 2 * 0.4 + 2*0.15 = 31m

Left Side

∅14mm @ 30 cm c/c N = ((30 – 2 * 0.05)/ 0.3) +1 = 100.66

m 101 6.7 676.7
(vertical bars) L = 6.5 – 0.05 – 0.07 + (2 * 0.15) = 6.68m

Total 1513.7 Dia. 14mm

N = ((6.5 – 0.05 – 0.07)/ 0.3 )+ 1 = 22.26

∅10mm @ 30 cm c/c m 22 31 682 L = 30 – 2 * cover + 2 * overlap + 2 * hooks

L = 30 – 2 * 0.05 + 2 * 0.4 + 2*0.15 = 31m

Base Slab

∅10mm @ 25 cm c/c N = (( 0.75 – 0.05 + 0.6 + 0.3)/0.25 ) +1 = 7.4

m 7 31 217
(Toe) L = 31

∅10mm @ 20 cm c/c N = ((1.65 + 0.6 + 0.75 - 0.25 – 0.05)/0.2 ) + 1 = 14.5

m 15 31 449.5
(Heel) L = 31

Total 1348.5 Dia. 10mm

∅16mm @ 15 cm c/c N = ((30 – 2 * 0.05)/ 0.15) + 1 = 200.33

m 200 1.9 380
(Toe) L = 0.75 + 0.6 + 0.3 + (2 * 0.15) – 0.05 = 1.9m

59
 ∅16mm @ 10 cm c/c N = ((30 – 2 * 0.05)/ 0.1) + 1 = 300
m 300 3 900
(Heel) L = 1.65 + 0.6 + 0.75 – 0.25 – 0.05 + (2 * 0.15) = 3

Total 1280 Dia. 16mm

Abstract of Quantities

1. Reinforced Concrete 117m3

2. Steel Bars
222
2.1 ∅22mm = (1403.93) * = 4194.457kg
162

162
2.2 ∅16mm = (1280) * = 2022.716kg
162

142
2.3 ∅14mm = (1513.7) * = 1831.39kg
162
102
2.4 ∅10mm = (1348.5) * = 832.4kg
162

60
Worked Example:

Prepare a detailed estimate for a reinforced concrete water pool of interior dimensions (14m * 35m). the used mix is (1 : 2 : 4).

Assume: hook length = 16*db, overlap = 30cm, cover = 7.5cm (earth) and 4cm (form).

200 200
mm mm
14m

Ø12 @ 250 Ø12 @ 250

mm mm

4.5 m
Ø16 @ 200
Ø16 @ 200 mm
mm Ø16 @ 300
Ø25 @ 350
mm
.3m mm 0.3 m

400 mm
400 mm

15 m

Ø16 @ 300 mm

61
 Solution:

Item Dimensions
Details of Items Unit Nos. Quantity Remark
No. L (m) B (m) D (m)

1 RCC work 1 : 2 : 4

Base Slab m3 1 36 15 0.4 216

Walls

Long direction m3 2 (35+0.4) 0.2 4.5 63.72

Short direction m3 2 14 0.2 4.5 25.2

Total Quantity 304.92

2 Steel Bars

Base Slab

N = 2 * (( 15 - 2 * 0.075)/0.3) + 1 = 101

∅16mm @300mm m 101 37.262 3763.462 L = 36 – 2 * cover + 2 * hooks + 3 * overlap

L =(36 – 2*0.075) + 32*0.016 + 0.3 * 3 =37.262m

N = 2 * (( 36 - 2 * 0.075)/0.35) + 1 = 206.85
∅25mm @ 350 mm m 207 15.95 3301.65
L = 15 – 2 * cover + 2 * hooks + 1 * overlap

62
 L =(15 – 2*0.075) + 32*0.025 + 0.3 * 1 =15.95m

Dowels We consider all walls are one wall (L = 98.8m)

N = 2*(98.8/0.20) + 1 = 990

∅16mm @200mm m 990 1.221 1208.79 L = base thickness – cover + 40db +12db + 4db

L = 0.4 - 0.075 + 56 * 0.016 = 1.221m

Walls

N = 2*(98.8/0.20) + 1 = 990

∅16mm @200mm m 990 4.716 4668.84 L = H + hook – cover

L = 4.5 + 16 * 0.016 – 0.04 = 4.716m

N = 2*((4.5 – 2* 0.02)/0.25) + 1 = 38

(no. overlap = 8)

∅12mm @ 250mm m 38 102.416 3891.808 L = 98.8 + (8 * overlap)+ (32db * 4) - (8 * cover)

L = 98.8 + (8 * 0.3) + (32 * 0.012 * 4) - (8 * 0.04) =

102.416m

63
 Abstract of Quantities

1. Reinforced Concrete = 216m3

2. Steel Bars
122
2.1 ∅12mm = (3891.808) * = 3459.384889kg
162
162
2.2 ∅16mm = (3763.462) + (1208.79) + (4668.84) * =15235.30588kg
162

252
2.3 ∅25mm = (3301.65) * = 12737.84722kg
162

64