Aggregate Impact Test

(IS: 2386 (part 4) -1963)

Introduction:
Toughness is the property of a material to resist impact. Due to traffic loads, the road aggregates are
subjected to the pounding action or impact and there is possibility of aggregates breaking into
smaller pieces. The road stones should therefore be tough enough to resist fracture under impact. A
test designed to evaluate the toughness of stones i.e., the resistance of the aggregates to fracture
under repeated impacts may be called an impact test for road aggregates. The aggregate impact
value indicates a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to an impact and expressed as
the percentage of the fines formed under specific impact load in terms of the total weight of the test
sample.

Aim:
To determine the aggregate Impact value.

Apparatus:
1. A cylindrical measure having internal diameter 7.5 cm and depth 5 cm for measuring
aggregates.
2. A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross section,1cm in diameter and 23 cm long,
rounded at one end.
3. IS sieve of sizes 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 2.36 mm for sieving the aggregates.
4. A balance of capacity not less than 500 g to weigh accurate up to 0.1 g.
5. Impact testing machine: The machine consists of a metal base with a plane lower surface
supported well on a firm floor, without rocking. A detachable cylindrical steel cup of
internal diameter 10.2 cm and depth 5 cm is rigidly fastened centrally to the base plate. A
metal hammer of weight between 13.5 and 14.0 kg having the lower end cylindrical in
shape, 10 cm in diameter and 5 cm long, with 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge is capable of
sliding freely between vertical guide, and fall concentric over the cup. There is an
arrangement for raising the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between vertical guides
from a height of 38 cm on the test sample in the cup, the height of fall being adjustable up to
0.5 cm. A key is provided for supporting the hammer while fastening or removing the cup.

1
 Fig. 2.1 Aggregate Impact Testing Machine

Procedure:
Oven dried aggregate passing through 12.5 mm IS sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve is filled in the
cylindrical measure in 3 layers by tamping each layer by 25 blows. Determine the net weight of
aggregate in the measure (W1). Sample is transferred from the measure to the cup of aggregate
impact testing machine and compacted by tamping 25 times. Metal hammer of weight 13.5 to 14 kg
is arranged to drop with a free fall of 38.0 cm by vertical guides and the test specimen is subjected
to 15 number of blows. The crushed aggregate is sieved through 2.36 mm IS sieve. Weigh the
fraction passing through IS 2.36 mm sieve (W2). The impact value is measured as percentage of
aggregates passing sieve (W2) to the total weight of the sample (W1).

2
Observation and Calculation:

Test No.
Observations 1 2 Average

Wt. of Aggregate Sample

Filling in The Cylinder=W1(g)
Wt. of Aggregate Sample
Passing 2.36 mm Sieve After
the Test= W2(g)
Aggregate Impact Value=
(W2/W1 ) x 100 (%)

Note: Value recorded up to first decimal place

Result: Aggregate Impact value = -----------%

Remarks:

Specifications:

Type of Pavement Material/Layer Maximum Aggregate Impact Value %

WBM Sub-base course 50
Cement Concrete Base course 45
Bituminous Macadam, Base course 35
WBM Surface course 30
Bituminous Wearing Surfaces 30

References:
1. Highway Material Testing (Laboratory Manual), Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, India.
2. Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Construction of Concrete Roads, IRC: 15,
1970, Indian Roads Congress.
3. Indian Standard Methods of Test for Aggregate for Concrete, IS: 2386 Part IV, Indian
Standards, Institution.
4. Online resource: http://www.vlab.co.in/
5. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Aggregate+Impact+Testing

3
 2. Los Angeles Abrasion Test
(IS: 2386 (part 5) -1963)
Introduction:
Due to the movements of traffic, the road stones used in the surfacing course are subjected to
wearing action at the top. Resistance to wear or hardness is hence an essential property for road
aggregates, especially when used in wearing course. Thus, road stones should be hard enough
to resist the abrasion due to the traffic. When fast moving traffic fitted with pneumatic tyres
move on the road, the soil particles present between the wheel and road surface causes abrasion
on the road stone. Steel tyres of animal drawn vehicles which rub against the stones can cause
considerable abrasion of the stones on the road surface. Hence in order to test the suitability of
road stones to resist the abrading action due to traffic, tests are carried out in the laboratory.
The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is to produce abrasive action by use of standard
steel balls which when mixed with aggregates and rotated in a drum for specific number of
revolutions also causes impact on aggregates. The percentage wear of the aggregates due to
rubbing with steel balls is determined and is known as Los Angeles Abrasion Value.

Aim: To determine the Los Angeles abrasion value by Los Angeles abrasion method.

Apparatus:
The apparatus as per IS: 2386 (Part V) – 1963 consists of:
i. Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends
with an internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm and capable of rotating
about its horizontal axis. A removable steel shaft projecting radially 88 mm into
cylinder and extending full length (i.e.500 mm) is mounted firmly on the interior of
cylinder. The shelf is placed at a distance 1250 mm minimum from the opening in
the direction of rotation.
ii. Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48mm in diameter and
each weighing between 390 to 445g; six to twelve balls are required.
iii. Sieve: 1.70, 2.36,4.75,6.3,10,12.5,20,25,40,50,63,80 mm IS Sieves.
iv. Balance of capacity 5kg or 10kg and accuracy 0.1g.
v. Oven
vi. Tray etc
Fig. 3.1 Los Angeles Machine
 Procedure:
The test sample consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105° – 110°C. The sample should
conform to any of the grading shown in table 3.1.
i. Select the grading to be used in the test such that it conforms to the grading to be
used in construction, to the maximum extent possible.
ii. Take 5 kg of sample for grading A, B, C & D and 10 kg for grading E, F & G.
iii. Choose the abrasive charge as per Table 3.1 depending on grading of aggregates.
iv. Place the aggregates and abrasive charge on the cylinder and fix the cover.
v. Rotate the machine at a speed of 30 – 33 revolutions per minute. The number of
revolutions is 500 for grading A, B, C & D and 1000 for grading E, F & G. The
machine should be balanced and driven such that there is uniform peripheral speed.
vi. The machine is stopped after the desired number of revolutions and material is
discharged to a tray.
vii. The entire stone dust is sieved on 1.70 mm IS sieve.
viii. The material coarser than 1.7mm size is weighed correct to one gram.

Table 3.1 Grading for Los Angeles Test

Abrasive
Wt. in grams of each Sample in the Size Range, mm Charge
Grading

Wt. of
4.75-2.36

Number
6.3-4.75

spheres
20-12.5

12.5-10

Charge
10-6.3
80-63

63-50

50-40

40-25

25-20

Of
(g)

A - - - 1250 1250 1250 1250 - - - 12 5000±25

B - - - - - 2500 2500 - - - 11 4584±25
C - - - - - - - 2500 2500 - 8 3330±20
D - - - - - - - - - 5000 6 2500±15
E 2500* 2500* 5000* - - - - - - - 12 5000±25
F - - 5000* 5000* - - - - - - 12 5000±25
G - - - 5000* 5000* - - - - - 12 5000±25
*Tolerance of ±2 percent permitted.

Observation:
Original weight of aggregate sample = W1 g
Weight of aggregate sample retained = W2 g
Weight passing 1.7mm IS sieve = W1 - W2 g
Abrasion Value = (W1 - W2 ) / W1 X 100 %
Result:
Los Angeles Abrasion Value =---------%
Remarks:

IRC specifications:
Los Angeles test is commonly used to evaluate the hardness of aggregates. The test has more
acceptability because the resistance to abrasion and impact is determined simultaneously.
Depending upon the value, the suitability of aggregates for different road constructions can be
judged as per IRC specifications as given:

Table 3.2 IRC specifications

Sl. Type of Pavement Max. permissible
No. abrasion value in %
1 Water bound macadam sub base course 60
2 WBM base course with bituminous surfacing 50
3 Bituminous bound macadam 50
4 WBM surfacing course 40
5 Bituminous penetration macadam 40
6 Bituminous surface dressing, cement concrete 35
surface course
7 Bituminous concrete surface course 30

References:
1. Highway Material Testing (Laboratory Manual), Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, India.
2. Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Construction of Concrete Roads, IRC:
15, 1970, Indian Roads Congress.
3. Indian Standard Methods of Test for Aggregate for Concrete, IS: 2386 Part V, Indian
Standards, Institution
4. Online resource: http://www.vlab.co.in/
5. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=aggregate+abrasion+test
 3.1 Shape Tests
(IS: 2386 (Part 1)-1963)
Introduction:
Particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and elongated particles
contained in it. In the case of gravel it is determined by its angularity number. For base course
and construction of bituminous and cement concrete types, the presence of flaky and elongated
particles are considered undesirable as they may cause inherent weakness with possibilities of
breaking down under heavy loads. Rounded aggregates are preferred in cement concrete road
construction as the workability of concrete improves. Angular shape of particles is desirable
for granular base course due to increased stability derived from the better interlocking. The
particle shape of the aggregate mass is determined by the percentage of flaky and elongated
particles in it

Aim:
To determine the Flakiness index of the aggregate by standard flakiness gauge.

Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a standard thickness gauge shown in Figure 4.1.1, IS sieves of sizes
63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25,20,16,12.5,10 and 6.3 mm and a balance with accuracy to weight the
sample.

Fig. 4.1.1 Thickness gauge

Procedure:
1. The sample is sieved through IS sieve sizes 63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10 and
6.3 mm.
2. Minimum 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested are taken and weighed.
3. Separate the flaky material of each fraction by using the standard thickness gauge
4. The amount of flaky material is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 percent of the test sample

Calculation:

Flakiness Index:
The flakiness index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose least
dimension is less than three-fifths (0.6) of their mean dimension. Applicable to sizes>= 6.3
mm.
If W1, W2, …, Wi are the total weights of each fraction of aggregates taken and x1 , x2, …, xi
are the weights of material passing the different thickness gauges then:

Flakiness Index (%) = ( x1+ x2 +------ xi) 100 = (X/W)x100 %

(W1 + W2 + ---- WI)
Observation Table:

Size of aggregate Wt. Of the Thickness Weight of

Passing Retained fraction gauge size, aggregate in
through on I.S. consisting of at (0.6 times the each
I.S. Seive, Seive, least 200 mean sieve) fraction passing
(mm) (mm) pieces (gm) (mm) thickness gauge
(g)
63 50 W1 33.9 X1
50 40 W2 27.00 X2
40 31.5 W3 19.50 X3
31.5 25 W4 16.95 X4
25 20 W5 13.5 X5
20 16 W6 10.80 X6
16 12.5 W7 8.55 X7
12.5 10 W8 6.75 X8
10 6.3 W9 4.89 X9
Total W= X=

Result: The Flakiness Index =---------%

 3.2 Shape Tests
(IS: 2386 (Part 1)-1963)
Elongation Index:
The percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension is greater than one and
four fifth times (1.8 times) their mean dimension. Applicable to sizes >=6.3 mm.

Aim:
To determine the Elongation Index by using standard Elongation gauge.

Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a standard elongation gauge (Length gauge) shown in Figure 4.2.1,
IS sieves of sizes 63, 50, 40, 25,20,16,12.5,10 and 6.3 mm and a balance with 0.1g accuracy to
weight the sample.

Fig. 4.2.1 Elongation Gauge

Procedure:
1. The sample is sieved through IS sieve sizes 63, 50, 40, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.3 mm.
 2. Minimum 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested are taken and weighed.
3. Separate the elongated material of each fraction by using the standard length gauge
4. The amount of elongated material is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 percent of the test
sample

Calculation:
Elongation Index:
The percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension is greater than one and
four fifth times (1.8 times) their mean dimension. Applicable to sizes >=6.3 mm.

If W1, W2, …, Wi are the total weights of each fraction of aggregates taken and Y1 , Y2, …, Yi
are the weights of material retained on the different length gauges then:

Elongation Index (%) = ( Y1+ Y2 +------Y) 100 = (Y/W)x100 %

(W1 + W2 + ---- WI)
Size of aggregate Wt. Of the Length Weight of
Passing Retained fraction gauge size, aggregate in
through on I.S. consisting of at (1.8 times each
I.S. Seive, Seive, least 200 the mean fraction
(mm) (mm) pieces (gm) sieve) (mm) retained on the
length gauge
(g)
50 40 W1 81.0 Y2
40 25 W2 58.50 Y3
25 20 W3 40.5 Y5
20 16 W4 32.4 X6
16 12.5 W5 25.6 Y7
12.5 10 W6 20.2 Y8
10 6.3 W7 14.7 Y9
Total W= Y=

Result: The Elongation Index=---------%

References:
1. Highway Material Testing (Laboratory Manual), Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, India.
2. Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Construction of Concrete Roads, IRC:
15, 1970, Indian Roads Congress.
3. Indian Standard Methods of Test for Aggregate for Concrete, IS: 2386 Part I, Indian
Standards, Institution
 4.Penetration test
(IS: 1203-1978)
Introduction:
In this test we examine the consistency of a sample of bitumen by determining the distance in
tenths of a millimeter that a standard needle vertically penetrates the bitumen specimen under
known conditions of loading, time and temperature. This is the most widely used method of
measuring the consistency of a bituminous material at a given temperature. It is a means of
classification rather than a measure of quality.
Penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in
tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 second.
Aim:
To determine the penetration value of a given bitumen sample.
Apparatus:
▪ Standard Penetration Apparatus (Penetrometer): It is an apparatus which allows
the needle assembly of gross weight 100g to penetrate without appreciable friction for
the desired duration of time. The dial is accurately calibrated to give penetration value
in units of one tenth of a mm. electrically operated automatic penetrometers are also
available.
▪ Needle: A straight, highly polished cylindrical, hard steel needle with conical end.
▪ Container: A flat bottomed cylindrical metallic container 55 mm in diameter and 35
mm or 57 mm in height.
▪ Water Bath: A water bath is maintained at 25 ± 1°C containing not less than 10 liters
of water, the sample is immersed to depth not less than 100mm from the top and
supported on a perforated shell

Fig. 5.1 Penetrometer

 Fig. 5.2 Penetration value
Procedure:
i. Heat the bitumen to softening point +900C.
ii. Pour the bitumen into the container at least 10 mm above the expected penetration.
iii. Place all the sample containers to cool in atmospheric temperature for 1 hour.
iv. Place the sample containers in temperature controlled water bath at a temperature
of 250C ± 1oC for a period of 1 hour.
v. Fill the transfer dish with water from the water bath to cover the container
completely.
vi. Take off the sample container from the water bath, place in transfer dish and place
under the middle of penetrometer.
vii. Adjust the needle to make a contact with surface of the sample.
viii. See the dial reading and release the needle exactly for 5 seconds.
ix. Note the final reading.
x. Difference between the initial and final readings is taken as the penetration value in
1/10th of mm.

Report:
• Express the depth of penetration of the needle in tenths of mm.
• The value of penetration reported shall be the mean of not less than three determinations
whose values do not differ by more than the difference given below.
 Table 5.1
Penetration Maximum difference
0 to 49 2
50 to 149 4
150 to 249 6
250 and above 8

Observation:
(i) Pouring temperature = 100 oC (ii) Period of cooling in atmosphere, minutes = 60 minutes
(iii) Room temperature = 27 oC (iv) Period of cooling in water bath, minutes = 60 minutes
(v) Actual test temperature = 25 oC

Penetrometer Sample No 1 Sample No 2

dial Test Test Test Mean Test Test Test Mean
readings 1 2 3 value 1 2 3 value
Initial
Final
Average Value = …… (Grade is ----/----)

IS Specifications:
Table 5.1 IRC specifications
Penetration Grade Repeatability

0-80 4%
80-225 5%
>225 7%

Table 5.2 IRC specifications

Bitumen
Grade A25 A35 &S35 A45 A65 & A90 & A200&S200
&S45 S65 S90
Penetration
Value 20-30 30-40 40-50 60-70 80-100 175-225
References:
1. Highway Material Testing (Laboratory Manual), Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, India.
2. Indian Standard Methods for Testing Tar and Bitumen, Determination of Penetration,
IS 1203, Indian Standards Institution.
3. Online resource: http://www.vlab.co.in/
 6. Softening Point
(IS: 1205-1978)
Introduction:
The Softening Point of bitumen or tar is the temperature at which the substance attains
particular degree of softening. As per IS: 334-1982, it is the temperature in ºC at which a
standard ball passes through a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5
cm, when heated under water or glycerin at specified conditions of test. The binder should have
sufficient fluidity before its applications in road uses. The determination of softening point
helps to know the temperature up to which a bituminous binder should be heated for various
road use applications. Softening point is determined by ring and ball apparatus.

Aim:
To determine the softening point of bitumen/ tar.

Apparatus:
The ring and ball apparatus consisting of
i. Steel balls-two numbers each of 9.5 mm diameter weighing 3.5 ± 0.05 g.
ii. Brass rings-two numbers each having depth of 6.4 mm. The inside diameter at bottom
and top is 15.9mm and 17.5 mm respectively.
iii. Ball guides to guide the movement of steel balls centrally.
iv. Support -that can hold rings in position and also allows for suspension of a
thermometer. The distance between the bottom of the rings and the top surface of the
bottom plate of the support is 25mm.
v. Thermometer that can read up to 100° C with an accuracy of 0.2° C.
vi. Bath-heat resistant glass beaker not less than 85 mm in diameter &1220mm deep.
vii. Stirrer.
 Fig. 7.1 Softening Point

Fig. 7.2 Softening Point Test Setup

OBSERVATIONS:
i. Grade of bitumen = 60/70
ii. Approximate softening point = 40 oC
iii. Liquid used in water bath(water/Glycerin) = water
iv. Period of air cooling (minutes) = 30 min
v. Period of cooling in water bath(minutes) = 15 min

Test Property Sample

1 2 Mean value
Temperature when
the ball touches
bottom, °C
Result: Softening point of bitumen / tar = -------°C

Discussion:
• Test is affected by quality of liquid, weight of ball, rate of heating etc.
• It gives an idea of the temperature at which the bituminous material attains a certain
viscosity.
• Bitumen with higher softening point is used in warmer places.
• Softening point is very critical for thick films like joint and crack fillers, to ensure they
will not flow.
 5. Ductility Test
(ASTM D113 | BIS:1208 | BIS:73)
Introduction:
The ductility test gives a measure of adhesive property of bitumen and its ability to stretch.
In flexible pavement design, it is necessary that binder should form a thin ductile film
around aggregates so that physical interlocking of the aggregates is improved. Binder
material having insufficient ductility gets cracked when subjected to repeated traffic loads
and it provides pervious pavement surface. Ductility of a bituminous material is measured
by the distance in centimeters to which it will elongate before breaking when two ends of
standard briquette specimen of material are pulled apart at a specified speed and specified
temperature.
Aim:
To measure the ductility of a given sample of bitumen.
Apparatus:

i. Briquette mould: It is made of brass. Circular holes are provided at ends called
clips to grip the fixed and movable ends of the testing machine. The mould when
properly assembled form a briquette specimen of following dimensions.

Total length 75.0 ± 0.5 mm

Distance between clips 30.0 ± 0.3mm

Width at mount of slip 20.0 ± 0.2mm

Width at minimum cross-section (half way between clips) 10.0 ± 0.1mm

Thickness throughout 10.0 ± 0.1mm

ii. Water bath: A bath maintained within 25.0° ±0.1 °C of the specified test
temperature containing not less than 10 liters of water, the specimen being
submerged to a depth of not less than 10 cm and supported on a perforated shell and
less than 5 cm from the bottom of the bath.

iii. Testing machine: For pulling the briquette of bituminous material apart, any
apparatus may be used which is so constructed that the specimen will be
 continuously submerged in water while the two clips are being pulled apart
horizontally at a uniform speed of 50 ± 2.5 mm per minute.

iv. Thermometer: Range 0-44°C and readable up to 0.2°C

Fig.6.1 Ductility testing Machine

Fig6.2 Briquette mould

 Fig.6.3 Ductility

Procedure:
i. Melt the bituminous test material completely at a temperature of 75°C to 100° C
above the approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid.
ii. Strain the fluid through IS sieve 30.
iii. After stirring the fluid, pour it in the mould assembly and place it on a brass plate.
In order to prevent the material under test from sticking, coat the surface of the plate
and interior surfaces of the sides of the mould with mercury or by a mixture of equal
parts of glycerin and dextrin.
iv. After about 30-40 minutes, keep the plate assembly along with the sample in a water
bath. Maintain the temperature of the water bath at 25° C for half an hour.
v. Remove the sample and mould assembly from the water bath and trim the specimen
by leveling the surface using a hot knife.
vi. Replace the mould assembly in water bath for 80 to 90 minutes.
vii. Remove the sides of the mould.
viii. Hook the clips carefully on the machine without causing any initial strain.
ix. Adjust the pointer to read zero.
x. Start the machine and pull clips horizontally at a speed of 50 mm per minute.
xi. Note the distance at which the bitumen thread of specimen breaks.
xii. Mean of three observations rounded to nearest whole number is ductility value.
Note: Machine may have a provision to fix two or more moulds so as to test three specimens
simultaneously.
Observation:
(i) Bitumen Grade =
(ii) Pouring Temperature =
(iii) Test Temperature =
(iv) Period of cooling in minutes (a) In air = (b) In water bath before trimming = (c)
In water bath after trimming =

Reading Briquette Number Mean

1 2 3 value

(a) Initial Reading

(b) Final Reading

Ductility= (b) - (a)

Result:
Ductility value =-------cm

IS Specification:
Suitability of bitumen is judged depending on its type and proposed use. Bitumen with low
ductility value may get cracked especially in cold weather. Minimum values of ductility
specified by ISI for various grades are as follows.

Table 5.1 IS specifications

Source of paving bitumen and Min ductility value (cm)

penetration grade
Assam Petroleum A25 5
A35 10
A45 12
A65, A90 & A200 15
Bitumen from sources other than Assam
50
Petroleum S35
S45, S65 & S90 75

Discussion:
• Ductility of bitumen is affected by the pouring temperature, briquette size,
placement of briquette, test temperature, rate of pulling.
• Ductility value ranges from 5-100. Low value implies cracking.
• Some minimum ductility is needed for flexural strength.
• The lack of ductility does not necessarily indicate poor quality.
 7. Flash and Fire Point
(IS: 1209 – 1978)
Introduction:
This test is done to determine the flash point and the fire point of asphaltic bitumen and fluxed
native asphalt, cutback bitumen and blown type bitumen as per IS: 1209 – 1978. The principle
behind this test is given below:
Flash Point – The lowest temperature at which the vapour of bitumen momentarily catches
fire in the form of flash under specified test conditions.
Fire Point – The lowest temperature under specified test conditions at which the bituminous
material gets ignited and burns.
Aim:
To determine the flash and fire point of bitumen by Pensky-Martens closed tester.
Apparatus:
i. Pensky-Martens closed tester consists of cup, lid, stirrer device, shutter,
flame exposure device.
ii. Thermometer (0 – 3500C) – sensitivity – 0.10C.

Fig.8.1 Pensky-Martens closed tester

Procedure:
A. Flash Point
i. Soften the bitumen between 75 and 100oC. Stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles
and water.
ii. Fill the cup with the bituminous material to be tested upto the filling mark. Place it
on the bath. Fix the open clip. Insert the thermometer of high or low range as per
requirement and also the stirrer, to stir it.
iii. Light the test flame, adjust it. Supply heat at such a rate that the temperature
increase, recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5oC nor more than 6oC
per minute.
iv. Open flash point is taken as that temperature when a flash first appears at any point
on the surface of the material in the cup. Take care that the bluish halo that
sometimes surrounds the test flame is not confused with the true flash. Discontinue
the stirring during the application of the test flame.
v. Flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at the time
the flash occurs.
B. Fire Point:

After flash point, heating should be continued at such a rate that the increase in temperature
recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5oC nor more than 6oC per minute. The test
flame should be lighted and adjusted so that it is of the size of a bead 4mm in dia.

Reporting of Result:

The flash point is taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at the time of the flame
application that causes a bright flash in the interior of the cup in closed system. For open cup
it is the instance when flash appears first at any point on the surface of the material. The heating
is continued until the volatiles ignite and the material continues to burn for 5 seconds. The
temperature of the sample material when this occurs is recorded as the fire point.
Result:
The Flash Point =--------0C
The Fire Point =---------0C

Remark: