Fundamentals

of
Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics
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Unit-2
Introduction to IC Engines and RAC
By
Mr. Mahendra Singh
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MIET, Meerut 1
 Syllabus
IC Engine: Basic Components, Construction and Working of Two stroke
and four stroke SI & CI engine, merits and demerits, scavenging process;
Introduction to electric, and hybrid electric vehicles.

Refrigeration: Its meaning and application, unit of refrigeration;

Coefficient of performance, methods of refrigeration, construction and
working of domestic refrigerator, concept of heat pump. Formula based
numerical problems on cooling load.

Air-Conditioning: Its meaning and application, humidity, dry

bulb, wet bulb, and dew point temperatures, comfort
conditions, construction and working of window 2 air
 I.C. Engine
Q.1 Define an engine.
 It is a device which converts one form of energy into
another form of useful energy.

Based on combustion engines are classified into

 Internal Combustion Engine (I.C. Engine)

 External Combustion Engine (E.C. Engine)

3
 I.C. Engine
Q.2 Define an Internal Combustion Engine.

 In internal combustion engine the

burning or combustion of the fuel
takes place inside the cylinder.
Example- Automobile engines
 Petrol engine
 Diesel engine

4
 I.C. Engine
Q .3 What is External Combustion Engine?

 In external combustion engine the combustion of the fuel

takes place outside the engine.
Example- Steam engine, Closed gas turbine etc.

5
Q .4 What is the difference between ICE and ECE ?
I.C. Engine
Ans:

6
 I.C. Engine
Q.5 What are Advantages of I.C. Engine ?
These are the following advantages of an I.C. Engine
 Mechanical Simplicity
 Low initial cost due to absence of boiler, turbine
condenser etc
 High efficiency than external combustion engine
 Power to weight ratio is high
 Very suitable for small power requirement applications
 Starting time is very less
 Requires less maintenance
7
Q. 6 What are the Disadvantages
I.C. Engineof I.C. Engine?
These are the following disadvantages of an I.C.
Engine
 Variety of fuels that can be used is limited to very fine
quality gaseous and liquid fuel.
 Fuel used is very costly like gasoline or diesel.
 Engine emissions are generally high compared to
external combustion engine.
 Not suitable of large scale power generation.
 In case of reciprocating internal combustion noise is
generated due to detonation.
8
 I.C. Engine
Q.7 Give the Classification of I.C. Engine.
 On the basis of strokes used
 Two Stroke cycle Engines
 Four Stroke Cycle Engines

 On the basis of cycle used

 Otto Cycle Engines
 Diesel Cycle Engines
 Dual Cycle Engines

9
 On the basis of types of fuel used
 Petrol Engines
 Diesel Engines
 Gas Engines

 On the basis types of Ignition Method :

 Spark Ignition (SI)
 Compression Ignition (CI)

10
 On the basis types of cooling system used:
 Air cooled engines
 Water cooled engines

 On the basis types of different position of cylinder

engines:
 Horizontal cylinder engines
 Vertical cylinder engines
 Inclined cylinder engines
11
Q .8 What are the main
I.C.Components
Engine of I.C.E. ?

12
Q.9 Define TDC andI.C.
BDCEngine
in an I.C.E.
Top-Dead-Center (TDC): It is position of the piston when it is farthest from the
crank shaft.

Note:-In case of horizontal engine TDC is known as inner dead center(IDC)

Bottom-Dead-Center (BDC): It is the position of the piston when it is nearest

to the crankshaft.

Note:-In case of horizontal engine BDC is known as outer dead center(ODC) .

13
Q .10 What do meanI.C.
by stroke
Enginein an IC Engine?

Stroke: When piston moves

from TDC to BDC or BDC to
TDC is known as stoke.

Stroke Length (L): It is the

distance between TDC and
BDC.

14
 I.C. Engine
Q .11 Define Bore, Swept volume and clearance Vol..
Bore (D): Inner diameter of the cylinder or diameter
of the piston face.

Swept Volume (VS): Volume displaced by the

piston as it travels through one stroke.
𝝅 𝟐
𝑽𝑺 = 𝑫 L
𝟒

If there are K no. of cylinders then total swept

volume
𝝅
𝑽𝑺 = 𝑲 𝑫𝟐 L
𝟒

Clearance Volume (VC): It is the volume of the

cylinder when piston is at TDC or IDC, therefore it is
minimum volume.
15
Q .12 Define Compression ratio in an ICE.
I.C. Engine
Compression ration (r): It is
defined as the ratio of volume
before compression to the
volume of after compression.

volume before compression =

V C + VS

volume after compression = VC

𝑽𝑪 +𝑽𝑺
r=
𝑽𝑪
16
Q.13 What do you I.C.
meanEngine
by Four Stroke Engines?

 Cycle operations (Intake, Compression,

Expansion or power and Exhaust) completed in
four strokes of the piston or two revolution (720o)
of the crank.

 Four Stroke Engines may SI or CI.

17
Q.14 Explain with suitable sketches the working of
Four Stroke SI Engines.

18
Working:
Suction Stroke:
 Piston moves down from TDC to BDC.
 Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed.
 Pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric
pressure.
 The mixture of air fuel is sucked into the cylinder through
the inlet valve.
Compression Stroke:
 Piston moves up from BDC to TDC.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
 Temperature and pressure increased due to compression of air
fuel mixture in the cylinder.
19
Power or Expansion Stroke:
 The burning gases expand rapidly.
 Gases exert an impulse (thrust or force) on the piston.
 The piston is pushed from TDC to BDC.
 This reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into rotary motion of
the crankshaft through connecting rod.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.

Exhaust Stroke:
 Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC.
 Exhaust valve is opened and the inlet valve is closed.
 The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust
valve.
 The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC and the cylinder is ready to
receive fresh charge to start a new cycle.
20
Q.15 Explain with suitable sketches the working of
Four Stroke CI Engines.

21
Working:
Suction Stroke:
 Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
 Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed.
 The pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric
pressure.
 Fresh air from the atmosphere is sucked into the engine cylinder
through air cleaner and inlet valve.

Compression stroke:
 Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
 The only air is drawn during suction stroke is compressed to a high
pressure and temperature.
22
Power or expansion stroke:
 Fuel (diesel) is injected inside the cylinder with the help of fuel
injector.
 The burning gases expand rapidly and push the piston from TDC to
BDC.
 This movement of piston is converted into rotary motion of the crank
shaft through connecting rod.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
Exhaust Stroke:
 Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
 Exhaust valve is opened the inlet valve is closed.
 The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust
valve.
 The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC and the cylinder is ready to
receive fresh air to start a new cycle. 23
Q.16 Write down the differences between SI and CI Engines.
I.C. Engine
S. No. SI Engine CI Engine
It works on OTTO Cycle or constant volume heat It works on DIESEL Cycle or constant pressure
1
addition. heat addition.
During the intake or suction process, air and fuel During the intake or suction process, only air is
2
are used. used.
The fuel used Petrol which is highly volatile. Self The fuel used Diesel which is low volatile. Self-
3
Ignition temperature is high. ignition temperature is low.
4 The fuel is supplied by Carburetor. The fuel is supplied by Injector.
5 The maintenance cost is low. The maintenance cost is high.
6 It is used in Small Vehicles. It is used in Heavy Vehicles.
7 The compression ratio is 6 to 10. The compression ratio is 16 to 22.

8 The starting of this engine is easy. Starting is a little difficult comparatively SI engine.

9 It produces less noise. It produces high noise.

Lower thermal efficiency because of the low High thermal efficiency because of the high
10
compression ratio. compression ratio.
24
Q.17 What do you mean
I.C. by Two Stroke Engines?
Engine
 Cycle operations (Intake, Compression, Expansion or
power and Exhaust) completed in two strokes of the
piston or one revolution (360o) of the crank.

 Two Stroke Engines may SI or CI.

25
Q.18 Explain with suitable sketches the working of
Two Stroke SI Engines.
Working:
Compression and Ignition:
 The piston moves from (BDC) to
(TDC).
 Both transfer and exhaust
ports are covered by the
piston.
 Air fuel mixture is compressed
by moving piston. The pressure
and temperature increases at
the end of compression. 26
 As piston almost reaches the top dead center. The air
fuel mixture inside the cylinder is ignited by means of
an electric spark produced by a spark plug.

 At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered by the

piston. Fresh air fuel mixture enters the crankcase
through the inlet port.

27
Expansion and Exhaust:
 The burning gases expand in the cylinder. The burning
gases force the piston to move down. Thus useful work
is obtained.
 When the piston moves down, the air fuel mixture
in the crankcase is partially compressed.
 This compression is known as crank case
compression.
 At the end of expansion, exhaust port is
uncovered. Burnt gases escape to the atmosphere.
Transfer port is also opened.
28
Q.19 Explain with suitable sketches the working of
Two Stroke CI Engines.
Working:
Compression and ignition:
 The piston moves upwards from
(BDC) to (TDC). Both transfer and
exhaust ports are covered.
 Air which is transferred already into
the engine cylinder is compressed by
moving piston.
 The pressure and temperature of the
air increases. 29
 Piston almost reaches the top dead center. The
fuel is injected into the hot compressed air inside
the cylinder.

 The fuel mixed with hot air and burns.

 The admission of fresh air into the crankcase

continues till the piston reaches the top dead
center.

30
Expansion and Exhaust:
 The burning gases expand in the cylinder.
 Burning gases force the piston to move down. Thus
useful work is obtained.

 At the same time, the air in the crank case is compressed

by the movement of the piston from BDC to TDC.

 At the end of expansion, the exhaust port is uncovered.

 The burnt gases escape to the atmosphere through the

exhaust port.
31
Q.20 Write down the differences between
engines. I.C. Engine 4 strokes and 2 strokes

S. No. 4-stroke 2-Stroke

Four stroke of the piston and two revolution of Two stroke of the piston and one revolution of
1
crankshaft crankshaft
One power stroke in every two revolution of One power stroke in each revolution of
2
crankshaft crankshaft
3 Power produce is less Theoretically twice power
Heavier flywheel due to non-uniform turning Lighter flywheel due to more uniform turning
4
movement movement
Lesser cooling and lubrication requirements Greater cooling and lubrication requirements
5

Contains valve and valve mechanism Contains ports arrangement

6

Volumetric efficiency and Thermal efficiency is Volumetric efficiency and Thermal efficiency is
7
high low
8 Heavy and bulky Light and compact
32
 Q.21 What is Scavenging process?
 Scavenging is a process of
pushing exhaust gases out of the
cylinder.

 This action takes place in the two

stroke engine.

 The charge (air fuel mixture or air)

enters the engine cylinder from the
crank case at a pressure higher
than the exhaust gases. 33
 This fresh charge forces the burnt gases to the atmosphere
through the exhaust port. During the period both the
transfer and exhaust ports are kept open for a short period.

 Hence there is a possibility of the fresh charge escaping

out with the burnt gases.

 This is over- come by designing the piston to have a

deflected shape.

 This shape of piston deflects the fresh charge upward in

the engine cylinder. It also helps out in forcing out the burnt
gases to atmosphere. 34
35
36
37
38
39
Q.22 What is electric vehicle? What are the main components
of electric vehicle?
 An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric
motor for propulsion.
 The electric motors are the replacement of ICE.
 Main components of electric vehicle are Battery, Electric motor,
Battery charger, Power electric converter.

40
 I.C. Engine
Electric Vehicles
 Advantages:
 Better for the environment.
 Electricity is less expensive than fuels.
 Less maintenance at a lower cost.
 Produce less noise.

 Disadvantages:
 EVs have short ranges for driving.(100 to 400 km)
 Charging can take a lot of time.
 Initial investment is high.
 Charging stations are not available everywhere.
41
Q.23 What is hybrid vehicle? Give the classification of hybrid
vehicles?
 A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that
combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE)
system with an electric propulsion system .

 Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving

technologies such as regenerative brakes which convert
the vehicle's kinetic energy to electric energy, which is
stored in a battery or super-capacitor.

42
HybridI.C. Engine
Electric Vehicles

43
 Types of Hybrid Vehicles
Parallel Hybrid
Toyota Camry, Honda Accord, Toyota Prius, Hyundai Sonata,
etc.

Series Hybrid
BMW i3, Kia Optima, Ford Fusion, Chevrolet Volt, etc.

Plug-in Hybrid
BMW 330e, Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in Hybrid, Volvo XC40

Mild-Hybrid
Maruti Suzuki Ertiga, Ciaz, Baleno, etc.
44
 I.C. Engine
Advantages of Hybrid Cars
 Cleaner Emission: Compared to the ICE engine, hybrid
cars produce less emissions and it is environmental friendly.

 Less Fuel Dependency: With an electric motor to support

the primary petrol engine, there is additional power
available. Hence, there is less dependency on fossil fuel.

 Smaller and Efficient Engine: Petrol engines used in

hybrid cars are smaller in size and comparatively fuel
efficient.
45
 I.C. Engine
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cars
 Lower Performance: Since the main motive is to increase the
fuel efficiency or range of the hybrid car, the power or
acceleration can lag behind a conventional internal combustion
engine car.

 Expensive to Buy: Although car companies are trying to bridge

the gap in pricing between a conventional vehicle and hybrid,
hybrids continue to demand higher costs.

 High Maintenance Cost: With several mechanical parts in the

cars and with two sets of engines powering the hybrids, the
maintenance continues to be on the higher side. Also, not all
mechanics are trained to repair a hybrid car. 46
Q.24 Compare the relative advantages and disadvantages
among IC engine, Electric and Hybrid vehicles.

47
 KME 101-T
Refrigeration
Its meaning and application, unit of refrigeration;
Coefficient of performance, methods of refrigeration,
construction and working of domestic refrigerator,
concept of heat pump. Formula based numerical
problems on cooling load.

48
Q.1 Define refrigeration and refrigerant. What are the
applications of refrigeration in different fields.
 Refrigeration is a process of maintaining lower temperature compare to
surrounding temperature.

 In order to maintain temperature continuously refrigeration system must run

on a cycle.

 Refrigerant is a substance used for producing lower temperature.

 Example are NH3, water, air, R-11, R-12, R-134 etc.

 Refrigerants absorb heat at a low temperature and reject heat at a higher

temperature . 49
 Applications of Refrigeration
I.C. Engine
1. Domestic refrigeration

2. Chemical refrigeration

3. Industrial refrigeration

4. Transport refrigeration

5. Air-conditioning

50
Q.2 Give the name of any four environment friendly
refrigerants.

 These include ethane, propane, isobutane,

difluoromethane (HFC-32), and a blend of four alkanes
called R-441A (ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane).

 These refrigerants are already being used in some places

around the world

51
Q.3 Explain the term 1 tonne of refrigeration. What are the
methods of refrigeration.

 It is the amount of heat that is to be removed from one

tonne of water at zero (0oC) in order to convert it into ice
at 0 oC in one day (24 hours).

 Tonne of refrigeration represents heat transfer rate.

1 T.R. = 3.5 kJ/s = 3.5 kW = 210 kJ/min

52
 Methods
I.C.for Refrigeration
Engine
 Natural Refrigeration Methods
 Natural ice for refrigeration
 Evaporative Cooling
 Artificial Refrigeration Methods
 Gas refrigeration system
 Vapour Compression refrigeration system
 Vapour absorption system
 Artificial Refrigeration Methods
 Gas refrigeration system
 Vapour Compression refrigeration system
 Vapour absorption system 53
Q.4 Define refrigerator and heat pump.
 Clausius Statement: “It is impossible to construct a
device which operates on a cycle and transfer heat from
low temperature body to high temperature body without
any external work.”High Temperature
Reservoir TH
QH

R
QL
Low Temperature
Reservoir
TL
 Refrigerator
High Temperature  Refrigerator works on the Clausius
Reservoir
statement.
TH  It absorb the heat from the low
QH temperature medium and rejects
heat into high temperature medium
R W
by consuming external work.
QL
 Refrigerator used to maintain low
TL temperature as compared to
Low Temperature surrounding.
Reservoir
 Refrigerator
High Temperature
Reservoir 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑹 =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅
TH
𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕
QH 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑹 =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅

R W
QL

TL
Low Temperature
Reservoir
 Heat Pump
High Temperature
 Heat Pump works on the Clausius
Reservoir
statement.
TH  It absorb the heat from the low
QH temperature medium and rejects
heat into high temperature medium
H.P W
by consuming external work.
QL  Heat pump used to maintain High
TL temperature as compared to
surrounding.
Low Temperature
Reservoir
 Heat Pump
High Temperature
Reservoir 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯.𝑷. =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅
TH
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕
QH 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯.𝑷. =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅

H.P W
QL

TL
Low Temperature
Reservoir
 Refrigerator & Heat Pump
High Temperature High Temperature
Reservoir Reservoir

TH = Tatm. TH TH
QH QH

R W H.P. W
QL QL

TL TL TL = Tatm.
Low Temperature Low Temperature
Reservoir Reservoir
Q.5 Derive the relation between &
Refrigerator theHeat
COP of refrigerator
Pump
and heat pump.
 Coefficient of Performance
 The efficiency of a refrigerator and heat pump is expressed in
terms of the coefficient of performance (COP).

 The value of COP can be greater than unity.

 Thermal efficiency can never be greater than 1.

 The COP represents the running cost of refrigerator and heat

pump.

 Higher the value of COP lower the running cost.

Q.6 Explain construction and working of domestic
refrigerator.
 Refrigerator is a cyclic device which is used to maintain
lower temperature as compared to surrounding
temperature.

62
1. COMPRESSOR:

 It is a mechanical device which transfers mechanical

energy to working fluids i.e. refrigerant which is coming
from evaporator.
 Compressor raises the pressure and temperature of the
refrigerant.

63
2. CONDENSER

 It is a type of heat exchanger.

 The refrigerant enters into the condenser from the
compressor.
 Condenser rejects the heat from working fluid (refrigerant)
by means cooling coils made up of copper into the
atmosphere.
 Due to heat rejection from refrigerant, it converts from
gaseous state to liquid state.
 After condensing refrigerant goes into the expansion
devices.
64
3. THROTTLING/EXPANSION DEVICES

 In expansion valve the pressure and temperature

decreases which comes from condenser.

 It also regulates the flow of refrigerant into the

evaporator and maintains the flow rate equal to the rate
of evaporation in the evaporator.

 We can regulate and control the temperature of refrigerator

using expansion devices by varying the opening as per our
requirements.
65
4. EVAPORATOR

 Refrigerant comes from throttling device enters into the evaporator at very
low temp and pressure.

 In evaporator refrigerant goes through cooling coils and heat is

absorbed by the refrigerant.

 Due to this temperature of the refrigerant increases and liquid refrigerant

expends and converts into vapours after that refrigerant goes to the
compressor.

 Evaporator works as a heat exchanger between storage space and

cooling coils.

 This cycle repeats continuously. 66

Good practices to minimize the amount of energy
consumed by refrigerator
1. Open the refrigerator door the fewest times
possible for the shortest duration possible.

2. Cool the hot foods to room temperature

first before putting them into the refrigerator.

3. Check the door gasket for leaks

4. Avoid unnecessarily low temperature settings.

5. Avoid excessive ice build-up on the interior
surfaces of the evaporator. 67
 KME 101-T

Air-Conditioning
Its meaning and application, humidity, dry bulb, wet
bulb, and dew point temperatures, comfort
conditions, construction and working of window air
conditioner.

68
 Q.1 Define the term ‘air-conditioning’. What are
the different applications of air- conditioning.?
 Air-Conditioning is a process of controlling air
temperature, humidity, ventilation, filtration and air
circulation in a space (Building or Vehicle).
Applications of air- conditioning:
 Residential and office buildings
 Hospitals and cinema halls
 Libraries, museums, computer canters
 Transport vehicles : Car, bus, aircraft etc
 Food and process industries
 Production shop laboratories. 69
Q.2 Define the following
(i) Dry Air (ii) Atmospheric air (iii) Saturated air
(i) Dry air : It is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small
amounts of some other gases.

(ii) Atmospheric air : Air in the atmosphere normally

contains some water vapor (or moisture), number of
pollutants and referred as atmospheric air.

(iii) Saturated air : Saturated air is air that holds water

vapor at its highest level i.e. just about to condense.
70
Q.3 Define the following
(i) specific humidity (ii) relative humidity
(i) specific humidity:
 It is also known as absolute humidity or humidity ratio and
denoted by 𝜔.

 Specific humidity can be defined as the mass of water vapor

present in a unit mass of dry air.

71
(ii) Relative Humidity(ϕ):

 Relative humidity (RH) is a measure of how much water

vapor is in a water-air mixture compared to the maximum
amount possible.

𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

ϕ=
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

 RH is a ratio of the humidity ratio of a particular water-air

mixture compared to the saturation humidity ratio at a
given temperature.
72
 Q.4 What is Psychrometry?
I.C. Engine

 Moist air is the mixture of water vapour and dry air.

 The properties of moist air are called Psychrometric

properties.

 The science in which we deal with the Psychrometric

properties is known as psychrometry.

73
Q.5 Define the following: (i) Dry Bulb Temperature
(ii)Wet Bulb Temperature (iii) Dew point Temperature

 In psychrometry, a
psychrometer comprises
of a dry bulb and a wet
bulb thermometer.

74
(i) Dry Bulb Temperature (Tdb or T)

 The dry bulb thermometer has bare bulb which is directly

exposed to air and measure the actual temperature.

(ii) Wet Bulb Temperature (Twb)

 The bulb of wet bulb thermometer is covered by a wick
thoroughly wetted by water.

 The temperature which is measured by the wet wick

covered bulb is known as wet bulb temperature. 75
(iii) Dew point Temperature

T
Pv
Tdb
1

Tdp 2

S
76
 The air in atmosphere contain moisture (water vapour).

 If we reduce the temperature of the air, moisture get condense.

 The temperature at which first drop of dew is formed or

condensation begins when the air is cooled at
constant pressure is known as dew point temperature.

 Denoted by Tdp.

77
 Q.6 Explain the human comfort. What are the conditions
for comfort air conditioning?
 Human Comfort refers to the control of temperature and
humidity of air and its circulation.

 So that the resulting environment becomes human friendly.

 General human comfort conditions are to maintained in the

range of
• Temperatures 22 °C to 27 °C
• Relative humidity 40% to 60%
• Air velocity 5 m/min to 8 m/min
78
Q.7 With the help of neat sketch describe the working of
window type air-conditioner.

 Air-Conditioning is a process of controlling air temperature,

humidity, quality and ventilation in a space (Building or Vehicle).

 Air conditioning can be used in both domestic and

commercial environments.

 This process is most commonly used to achieve a more

comfortable interior environment, typically for humans and other
animals.

79
 I.C.Air
Window Engine
Conditioner
 Window air conditioner is
sometimes referred to as room
air conditioner.

 It is the simplest form of an

air conditioning system and is
mounted on windows or
walls.

 It is a single unit that is

assembled in a casing where all
the components are located.
80
Window
WindowAir
Air Conditioner
Conditioner

81
 Window
I.C.AirEngine
Conditioner

Compressor

 The refrigerant enters the compressor at low temperature and

pressure in a gaseous state.

 In compressor temperature and pressure of refrigerant
increases.

 The refrigerant leaves the compressor and enters to the

condenser.

 Since this process requires work, an electric motor may be used.

82
Condenser

 It is a kind of heat exchanger in which refrigerant of high

pressure and temperature enters which coming from
compressor. .

 The function of the condenser in a refrigeration system is

to transfer heat from the refrigerant to another medium,
such as air.

 By rejecting heat, the gaseous refrigerant condenses to liquid

inside the condenser.
83
Throttling/Expansion valve

 High pressure refrigerant from the condenser enters the

throttling device, the pressure and temperature of the
refrigerant drops down suddenly.

 Throttling valve also controls the amount of the refrigerant

flowing through it.

84
Evaporator

 It is a kind of heat exchanger in which refrigerant of low

pressure and temperature enters which is coming from
throttling valve.

 The function of the evaporator is to absorb heat by the

refrigerant from the space to be cooled.

 By absorbing heat, the refrigerant converts from liquid

state to gaseous state.
85
 Filter Drier is used to remove the moisture from the
refrigerant.

 Drain Pan is used to contain the water that condensate from

the cooling coil and is discharged out to the outdoor.

 Propeller Fan is used in air-cooled condenser to help move

the air molecules over the surface of the condensing coil.

 Fan Motor is located here. It has a double shaft where the

indoor blower and outdoor propeller fan are connected
together.
86
 Specification
A window air-c conditioner is normally specified by the
following parameters:

 Capacity : 1, 1.5 and 2 ton etc

 Overall dimensions : length x width x height

 Power supply : AC, 220-240 volts

 Control : site or remote

87
 I.C. Engine

Thank You
TME-771
TME-773
TME-788 88 Optimization Techniques
FiniteDoctoral
Element in Engineering
Methods in Engineering
Seminar-I 88 of 88
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