Lab Report

Alfaisal University

Chemistry Department

CHM102 lab

Experiment No.1

Measurements and Expression of Experimental Data

Prepared by:
o Basma Alyemni (ID:211139)
o Lulu Aleissa (ID:211036)
o Reem Binkhzayem (ID:211074)
o Haya Al Ghosheyan (ID:211075)

Lab Instructor:
o Dr. Samira Amir

Submission date: September 22, 2020

 Lab Report
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to become familiar with the general types of
laboratory glassware equipment and tools. Another aim is to record observations in
the laboratory and analyze experimental calculations. The main goal of the
experiment is to able to measure mass and volume using different tools like
graduated cylinders, beakers, burets, flasks. We have to assess the relative accuracy
and precision of various measuring tools by comparing the accepted values to the
ones we got.

Introduction:
The ability to write down and document accurate and precise calculations is vital
in the lab. In this experiment, we will use the different types of glassware to measure
quantitative observations and calculations. We will use the metric system for
measurements while following the rules of significant figures

Two main types of laboratory glassware:

o (TC) “to contain” glassware: those that contain a certain volume and usually
used to prepare solutions, such as volumetric flasks and beakers.
o (TD)”to deliver” glassware: those that deliver a certain volume and
transports it between containers, such as: pipets, burets, and graduated
cylinders.

Laboratory glassware categories:

o Volumetric glassware: is a type of glassware that has high levels of accuracy
in measuring certain volumes, such as: volumetric flasks, burets, and
volumetric pipets.
o Non-volumetric glassware is a type of glassware that is not used for
measuring certain volumes because it’s less accurate than volumetric
glassware. Examples of non-volumetric glassware are graduated cylinders,
Erlenmeyer flasks, and beakers.

When it comes to glassware used in the lab, different types are used for different
purposes. Certain types of glassware are designed to be used in a high level of
accuracy experiments and display accurate and precise results, while other glassware
is not designed for a high level of accuracy use.
-Examples of accurate and precise glassware includes pipets, volumetric flasks, and
burets.
-Examples of less accurate and precise glassware includes beakers, Erlenmeyer
flasks, and granulated cylinders.

While the type of glassware used is highly important in the lab, the cleanliness of
the glassware is vital when used in lab experiments to make sure there are no traces
or small amounts of undesired materials .Chemical contamination while preforming
high accuracy experiments can result if the glassware isn’t clean which will cause
several errors when measuring the desired volume. To obtain the desired result and
have error-free measurement of the volume needed, the cleanliness and hygiene of
the lab glassware must be maintained at all times.

The widespread staple rule for calculating volumes is to include one more digit
after the digit corresponding with the closest spaced markings. As for the
calculations obtained from instruments which deliver digital results, such as
electronic laboratory balances, all digits should be considered, with the
understanding that the final digit is within (one) unit of the true value.

The smallest divisions possible differ in beakers, graduated cylinders, and in

burets. Which affects their readings.

For instance, In beakers, the smallest division is 10 mL, so we can read the volume
to 1/10 of 10 mL or 1mL. Thus, attaining a reading error of 1mL.

However, In graduated cylinders, the smallest division is is 1mL. Therefore,

attaining a reading error of 0.1 mL or 1/10 of the smallest division.

And in burets, the smallest division is 0.1 mL. Which concludes that it attains a
reading error of 0.01 mL. Interesting enough, when reading the measurement marks
of the buret, you can notice the numbers increasing as you go further down, differing
from both the beaker and the graduated cylinder. The reading marks are purposely
designed in that way, since the liquid leaves the buret at the bottom.
Procedure:
1- Calculate the weight of an empty dry 20mL beaker, a 20mL graduated cylinder,
and weigh a 150mL beaker that you will transfer into from the buret, because you
can’t weigh burets effectively.

2- Write down the mass for each glassware separately on the data sheet (three
individual tables).

(Don’t forget that you should include the trailing zero, because it’s counted as a
significant figure and should be written since we’re dealing with precise tools of
measurement).

3- Pour 20mL of water in each glassware accurately.

4- Mark the volume for each glassware tool and approximate one place past the
marked measurement.

5- Weigh and write down the mass for each tool with its contents.

6- Repeat this procedure for each glassware measurement tool.

Results:
Equipment:
o Beaker
o Graduated cylinder
o Buret
o Laboratory balance
o Distilled water
o A large beaker to provide distilled water reservoir
Calculations:

Table .1 displays three different trials of measurements for the (1) dry mass, (2) mass with water, and lastly
(3) mass of water, including the average of each measurement. It also confirms a possibility of an error of
+- 2.0 ml.

Table 2. Also displays three separate attempts of measurements for the (1) dry mass of the graduated
cylinder, (2) mass with water, and (3) mass of water itself.
Just like the table before, including the average of each measurement, also confirming a possibility of an
error of +- 0.23 ml.

Table 3. Illustrates three trials as well, for the (1) dry mass of the buret, (2) its mass with water, and (3)
the mass of water itself. Including the average of each measurement, and proving a possibility of an error
of +-0.063.
Discussion/Conclusion:

When we performed our test, we compared the expected values to the calculated
value we found. we discovered that our outcomes were demonstrated to be accurate
and precise despite having small percentage errors.

Percentage error:
o Table (1): ((calculated value – expected value) / expected value) x 100 =
((19.66– 20) / 20) x 100 = -1.7%

o Table (2): ((calculated value – expected value) / expected value) x 100%=

((19.78– 20) / 20) x 100 = -1.1%

o Table (3): ((calculated value – expected value) / expected value) x 100%=

((20.03 - 20) / 20) x 100 = 0.15%

errors like that are due to small mistakes that often occur to the human eyes during
various measurements, such as the length, or other quantities from glassware.
Another reason would be that the balance might have been used incorrectly, it can
be easily affected by it’s surroundings since it’s extremely sensitive.

The small percentages verify the experiment sufficiently. From the percentages, we
determined that the buret is the most precise and accurate measurement tool for the
mass of water; since table (3) had the smallest percent error. The reading error for
the buret is ± 0.01 mL.

Reference:

- Lab notes
- Procedure in the lab
- The lab lecture