LESSON Iy_ l~The Communication Process: 01 me Notes and Perspectives Lecture Notes 8. Communication, like } Hil i Predict itis also unnep 5 4 Continuous process that we cannot possibly manipulate oF We mean that itis beep a @Ple and irreversible, thus when we say communication is a process, itis both dynamic and ever changing. 8.1 The proc Svein, 1 ok COMMUMication iewolves variables thet affect the whole communication 8.2 These : meee riables should always be considered when negotiating meaning since disregarding or them would surely lead to communication breakdowe, 8.3 The most basic of these factors are the speaker and the listener - the speaker is also known as the encoder or the sender of the message, while the listener is the decoder or the receiver. (Antonio, etal,, 2011, p.5) 8.44 In an interaction, each Person plays dual roles — that of a sender and a receiver of the message because the receiver becomes the sender of the message when he/she respends to what was said. (Litao, et.al., 2011, p.5) 8.5 The message variable seat across from the former to the latter is equal importance; the message, which is sent through a channel. A 8.6 Elements /stages of the communication process (Ang, 2009, p.6) FEEDBACKdels of communication 114. Diagrams/graphic representations of the basi¢ 11.4.1 Aristotelian Model The Aristotelian model was developed amony, the Greeks in ancient times, ty is the most simple and it has basic elements: speaker, mensage and audience SPEAKER »> MESSAGE > ONE-WAY PROCESS: AUDIENCE 11.4.2 Lasswell Model The Lasswell Model is one of the earliest models of communic was developed by Harold Lasswe ation which lin 1948. It consists of five basic elements in a linear pattern, INwHaT wHo SAYS WHAT mee TOowHoM common P| asin WITH WHAT EFFECT [mer 1143 The Shannon-Weaver Model aah's is a model originall nen, Pasic elements: inform trae, Moreover, this mode ly designed communication. It has T receiver, destination, and ication as a one-way process of14.4 SIGNAL, RECEIVER MESSAGE rwronwasn || raansmirren > (>| receiver bec | ‘ ll Schramm’s Model The highlight of Wilbur Schramm’s model of communication is the field of experience “concept.” This model assumed that every communicator (sender) has within himself past and present experiences that help him/her relate to other communicators. These experiences form a “field of experiences” from which he draws meaning at any point of communication. is) (Se) HR FIELD OF EXPERIENCE 145 Berlo’s Model The model of communication of David Berlo focuses on the speaker's and receiver's knowledge, attitudes, socio-cultural system and communication skills. The message on the other hand gives emphasis on the element, structure, content treatment and coding. Likewise, the channels of communication are focused on the five senses: seeing, hearing, touching, smelling and tasting.iCEIVER (R) S (8) MESSAGE [CHANNEL — [REI ne re a Communication Skill Communication Skill | Element Seeing : ir ledge leds Structure Hearing Knowledgi Knowledge : ir itudes Content Touching, Atti Attitude a li Socio-cul Socio-Cultural System Treatment _| Smelling sees Coding Tasting 11.46 White's Model Eugene White focuses on the eight stages of oral communication, a Thinking - a desire, feeling, or an emotion provides * communicator or stimulus to communicate, "order to make his/her selection 3. Expressing ~ the sane unicator then uses his/her vocal mechanism to a roduce the sounds of mBuage accompanied by his/her facial expression, gestures, and body stance, 1ga Transmitting ~ when sound waves 5 . s spread at 1,000 ft. per second an speed of 186,000 miles per second carry the speaker's message a athe neeates eave at Receiving ~ when the sound waves make an i 5 an impact upon the listener's ears ai the resulting nerve impulses reach the brain via the auditory nerve: light wae sean listener's eyes after which resulting nerve impulses reach the brain via optic nenve. Decoding ~ the communicator interprets the language symbols he/she receives and thine further. Feedbacking — the communicator may show overt behavior like a nod, yawn or smile or he she may not show any behavior at all. Monitoring - while the communicator watches signs or understanding of his/her message amonghis/herlisteners, he/sheis also attuned to whats goinginsidehim/her; the communicator ig receiving and decoding messages about himself/herself from his/her audience in order to adjust to the particular situation.GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Since communication is a two-way process, it is important that you know the principl s to be observed to make it effective. For both oral and written communication, you should be able to apply the following principles: 1. Know your purpose in communicating. Are you communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or to persuade? While you may have more than one purpose, there is still a more dominant objective or reason why you communicate. Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate the speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational background, profession, culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers. Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you want to share something. In speaking situations, speakers are invited because they have something to share. This also applies to writing. You write because you wish that other people learn something from you. You may then utilize several or multiple communication techniques to easily catch the attention of the audience. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation, The environment in which your speech or writing is to be delivered determines the kind of language you will use. 395. Work on the feedback given you. Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers, work on them. Take ms. In the long run, constructive criticisms kindly to critici will prove beneficial to you as you learn to address them, PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION 1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your z claims are supported by facts and essential information. 3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in speech is a must. 4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the appropriate gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence even if you do not feel confident enough. 5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: THE 7Cs 1. Be clear. Be clear about your message. Always be guided by your Purpose in communicating.5. Be coherent. conve a i i onvey Josical message. The ideas should be connected to each other i a ated to the topic. Make sure that you observe 4 = Structure that will present a smooth flow of your ideas. ‘se transitional or cohesive devices so that the ideas cohere with one another. 6. Be complete. that the audience will not be left wanting of any informa Always place yourself in the shoes of the audience, who is always interested to receive new information. 7. Be courteous. The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any overtone/undertone or insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation. ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or organization thereby affecting their communication. For instance, given the unethical communication practice of a certain company of conceal remittance of deducted premiums from employees’ salaries to the SSS or the Social Security System (or GSIS or Government Service Insurance System in the case of government offices), the company’s accountability to its employees is undoubtedly affected. Compare this situation with that of an organization that observes ethical Practice and remits the employees’ monthly contributions to the SSS. or GSIS regularly. It is important to note that one’s behavior should be regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness. Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication: g the non- 1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your integrity as a person. One’s behavior and decision-making style affect, in turn, the operations of an organization.2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether is needed or not, the data you provide should alway contextualized and correct Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately Never conceal or hide information that are necessary § purposes of tr nsparency Observing a code of ethics is essential as it determines the kind of behavior that is proper and desirable over one that is displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed bya person or a company that will create a good reputation or a posit image not only for an individual but also for the organization. It will, therefore, pave the way for the attainment of the desired results leading to the success of an individual or the entire company Suce in decision-making will likewise impact the company's reputation. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS Check your understanding of the input by answering the following questions: 1. What are communication models? Wh: y do you think they were introduced? How does one model differ from the other/s? If you were to choose a cone what would you pre by any of these model 4. How do the principles of effe from those of effective have similarities at all? eptual model for communication, fer and why? How can you be guided Is when you communicate? ctive oral communication differ written communication? Do they 5. How can one observe ethi > im communication?How do you think has communication mode changed or improved over time? What modes are now being utilized and which were not present before? What are the advantages and/ or disadvantages of each mode? @ wweur In Unit 1, Lesson 3, you learned about the communication types. Note that this topic overlaps with the lesson on communication mode which is the focus of this unit. Thus, it is important for you to know how communication types and modes complement cach other to achieve good communication. COMMUNICATION MODES Communication mode refers to the channel through which one expresses his/her communicative intent. It is the medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts. Views or feelings can be communicated through face-to-face interaction, video, or audio. The mode may also be text-based. The most common of all these modes is the face-to-face interaction. It is an informal or casual conversation between two °r more people. People engage in social conversations to establish relationships or maintain them. It is one way of gaining new acquaintances or friends. How to speak, what to speak, when to Speak, and to whom one is speaking are all important considerations in building relationships.Jo you How ther being conveyed, you are able to note visual cue he 5 (Dau Woire Suggest®: “Be brave enough to start a con that matters.” This simply means that even if the people you in a social event are strangers to you, you need to be enough to meet new faces and initiate an interesting conversa But what kind of topics matter to strangers you are meeting {« first time? In a social gathering like a wedding, for instance do not dwell on topics that are never-ending in nature. You that m discuss politics and religion as these are sensitive issues impinge on one’s beliefs and practices. Instead, start a conver focusing on what you experience at the moment—ambience atmosphere of the wedding reception, music, food, relations} the bride or groom. These are topics sufficient until the recept ends. Note that one topic may lead to another. You should be 25 to hold a conversation at a social event without offending the oz i hould be followed by top party. In other words, maintenance, topic change or shift, and, finally, topic closure. Margaret J. Wheatley states: “All social change begins wit a conversation.” Indeed, this is so especially if that one single a=: simple conversation blossoms into a deeper contact. Eventually, yor and your newfound friend may find yourselves enjoying each othe: company, sharing the same interests, and deciding to work on som significant projects. Later on, all of these will result in changes the yield profound social consequences. ‘As Diana Wheatleylaprtly puts it: “Meaning is made in conversation, Reality is created in communication,And knowledge is je Language is the vel understa Nerated thre ele th KLIN OF the Bh sOCiAL inter ‘rourh which we World, Another mode of coy MuNication is Video! Web came People who ¢ If there are ‘ technical yl very effective mode eee ted by distance, conversation via Skype significant, meaningful or hear clearly the voice Other clectronic allow video calls are Viber, WhatsApp, Apple FaceTime, and Fac : others. In more formal settings, people conferencing. While this is people who want to disadvantage is thi used so that two or me n communicate ere eek this could be coun of Communic or ex for people separa tion expec ple, you may e i loved ones memorable and see with ye especially during, occasions, You are up close the face applications that ble to f your beloved. ebook Messenger, among, can also engage in vi jeo- ent Communication mode for ach other despite distance, a © time zone difference betwee se, one of them should make the way for a successful communic a conv n reach out to ‘n countries. In this ca necessary ation. The third mode of communication is audio. Audio means transmitted sound. Thus, in this mode of communi voice of the sp adjustments to pave the ation, only the ker is heard. Ordinarily, someone's voice is heard through the telephone or an answering machine when the other party is not able to answer a call. In Skype, when a person cannot be contacted or is not online, a voice message or voice mail can be sent. An obvious downside of this mode is not being able to see the body language or cues of the person you are talking to. The audio communication mode is quite difficult especially if you are listening to people with different accents. For instance, in relation to the World Englishes paradigm, other speakers of English apart from those who speak it as a native language may find it peculiar listening to the accent of Filipinos. Some Filipinos are not able to distinguish the sound of // and /i/ in English words as in the examples sin and seen. Some are not able to produce the sound of hard and soft /th/ and simply substitute /d/ as in the examples those and dos and thing and ting. Some also interchange /v/ with /b/ and 41 with /p/.nel instant messaging, Socy ™ Likew commun The fourth and last mode is GXEbAEE ComMuniCAtiOn as comail, facsimile, fexe messanin ites such as Bacebook, While te 84 Wide offer text-based interaction eb nor ori clio benefit Hy provide video a udience quickly does nor orig reach and can disseminate information to a biges Those engaged iy The last three modes are all virtual inn © able to hear and/or see each other in + nication s ng the actual physical setting. comm simula COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS your understanding by answering the of the input Check following questions: lL. Whar are the different types of communication mode and hoy do they differ from each other? What are the other forms or modes of communication thar have not been discussed and which have recently become part of virtual communication technology? illustration: Explain Diana Wheatley’s quote and give one “Meaning is made in conversation, Reality is created in communication, And knowledge is generated through social interaction... Language is the vehicle through which we create our understanding of the world.” 4. Asa speaker of English as a second language, what can you say about the difficulty of other speakers in understanding the Philippine English variety that you use? advent of computer-mediated communication 0! w can you be more responsible with what you post 5. With the way of conveying messages to tht CMC, ho in your own account as a audience?Many global companies operate in the Philippines. These companies have Filipino counterparts which compete with them. An example of a global company is McDonald's; its Filipino competition is Jollibee Work in groups. Choose a global company and a Filipino counterpart that you have visited as a customer. Reflect on your experience as a customer of these companies. What are the similarities and differences between the two? Did you have a good experience with either of them? Which company has provided better products and services for you? Share your answer with the class.