Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.05:ME2-2ndSEM-2020-2021

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

DEGREE PROGRAM BSEE COURSE NO. ME 2

SPECIALIZATION Electrical COURSE TITLE Basic Thermodynamics
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME 6Hrs WK NO. 10-11 IM NO. 5

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Processes of Ideal Gases

II. LESSON TITLE

1. Isometric Process
2. Isobaric Process
3. Isothermal Process
4. Isentropic Process
5. Polytropic Process

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson provides the students an in-depth understanding about the different ideal gas processes
and the application of ideal gas laws.
.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Explain the processes of isometric, isobaric, isothermal, isentropic, and polytropic in ideal
gas.
2. Draw the PV and TS diagrams of the different processes of Ideal Gas.
3. Derive formulas and solve problems on the different processes of ideal gases.

V. LESSON CONTENT

Processes of Ideal Gas

1. Isometric or Isochoric or Isovolumic or Constant Volume Process:

Is an internally reversible constant volume process of a working substance. During this process,
volume remains constant (V = C). A constant volume process may be reversible or irreversible.
When unit mass of a gas is heated in a closed vessel (i.e., V = C), then, since volume remains
constant, no external work is done. But as temperature of the gas increases, the internal energy also
increases.

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Isometric Process

Note: From the figure above, the direction from point 1 to point 2 depends on the
value of pressure and temperature, if the initial pressure or temperature is less
than the final pressure or temperature, the direction will be upward and vice versa.

(a) Relation between p and T. (V=C)

p1 p2
= , (Charles Law)
T1 T2
or
T2 p2
=
T1 p1
(b) Work Done:
Work done in a non-flow system = ∫ PdV.
Here, V = C; V2 = V1
2
∴ Wn = ∫1 p dV = p (V2 − V1 ) = 0
(c) The Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = m𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
(d) Heat Supplied or the Heat Transferred:
From the Ideal Gas Law for a closed system undergoing a process,
Q = ∆U + W
In this case, W=0 @ V=c
Q = ∆U
Q = mcv (T2 − T1 )
(e) The Change in Enthalpy
∆H = mcp (T2 − T1 )
(f) The Change in Entropy
dQ
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚: dS =
T
T2
∆S = mcv ln
T1
(g) Reversible Steady Flow Constant Volume
a) Q = ∆U + ∆K + ∆Wf + Ws + ∆P
Since Q = ∆U
Ws = −(∆K + ∆Wf + ∆P)
Ws = −∆Wf = V(p1 − p2 )

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(∆P = 0, ∆K = 0 )
2
b) − ∫ Vdp = Ws + ∆K
1
−V(p2 − p1 ) = Ws + ∆K
(∆K = 0)
V(p1 − p2 ) = Ws
(h) Irreversible nonflow constant volume process
Q = ∆U + W𝑛
For reversible nonflow, Wn = 0
For irreversible nonflow, Wn ≠ 0
Wn = nonflow work
Ws = Steady flow work

Sample Problem:
1). Ten cu ft of air at 300 psia and 400°F is cooled to 140°F at constant volume. What are (a) the final
pressure, (b) the work, (c) the change of internal energy, (d) the transferred heat, (e) the change of
enthalpy, and (f) the change in entropy?
Solution:

V= 10 cu ft
P1= 300 psia
T1= 400+ 460= 860°R
T2= 140+ 460= 600°R

T2 p2
=
T1 p1

p1 T2 (300 psia)(600°R)
(a) p2 = = = 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝐩𝐬𝐢𝐚
T1 860°R
(b) W=0
(c) p1 V1 = mRT1
p1 V1
=m
RT1
p1 V1 (300lb/𝑖𝑛2 )(10 cu ft)(144 in2 /1ft 2 )
m= = = 9.147 lb
RT1 (53.34 ft − lb/lb°R)(860°R)

∆U = mcv (T2 − T1 ) = (9.417lb)(0.1714Btu/lb°R)(600 − 860)°R

∆𝐔 = −𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝐁𝐭𝐮

(d). Q = ∆U = mcv (T2 − T1 ) = (9.417lb)(0.1714Btu/lb°R)(600 − 860)°R

𝐐 = −𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝐁𝐭𝐮

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(e). Q = mcp (T2 − T1 ) = (9.417lb)(0.24Btu/lb°R)(600 − 860)°R

𝐐 = −𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝐁𝐭𝐮

T2 600
(f). ∆S = mcv ln ( ) = (9.417lb)(0.1714Btu/lb°R)ln °R
T1 860

∆S = -0581 Btu/°R

2. Isobaric or Constant Pressure Process:

An Isobaric process is an internally reversible process of a substance during which the pressure
remains constant (P = C) and this process is represented by means of a horizontal line on the PV-diagram
as shown.
When a unit mass of a gas is taken in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston and is heated.
Then the piston moves up maintaining same pressure (i.e., P = C). As the volume of the gas increases,
the work is done by the gas on the piston. As the temperature of the gas increases, Internal Energy
increases.
So, heat supplied in a constant pressure heating process is utilized for two purposes:
(i) For doing some external work.
(ii) For increasing the internal energy of the gas.

Isobaric Process

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(a) Relation between V and T

T2 V2
= , (Charles Law)
T1 V1
(b) Work Done:
Work done in non-flow system.
2
W1−2 = ∫ pdV
1
Since p is constant
2
Wn = ∫ pdV = p (V2 − V1 )
1
If the pressure P is in N/m2 and volume is in m3 then the resultant unit of work will be N-m or J

Work done in steady flow system

2
Ws = − ∫1 Vdp where: dP = 0 @ P = C
Ws = 0
If kinetic energy is given,
2
− ∫1 Vdp =Ws + ∆K
Ws = −∆K
(c) Change in Internal Energy:
ΔU = U2 – U1
ΔU = mcv (T2 − T1 )
(d) Heat Transferred:
Q = ΔU + Wn
Q = ΔU + ΔPV
But, H = U + PV; ∆H = ∆U + ∆PV
Q = ΔH
Heat supplied is equal to the change in enthalpy
Q = mcp (T2 − T1 )
(e) Change in Enthalpy:
∆H = mcp (T2 − T1 )
(f) Change in Entropy:
dQ
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚: dS =
T

T2
∆S = mcp ln
T1

Sample Problems:
1. A perfect gas has a value of R= 319.2 J/kg.K and k= 1.26. If 120 kJ are added to 2.27 kg of this gas
at constant pressure when the initial temperature is 32.2°C, find (a) T2 (b) ∆H (c) ∆U, and (d) work
for a non-flow process.

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Solution:

k= 1.26
m= 2.27 kg
R= 0.3192 kJ/kgK
Q= 120 kJ
T1 = 32.2 +273= 305.2K

(a)
kR (1.26)(0.3192kJ/kgK)
cp = = = 1.5469 kJ/kgK
k−1 1.26 − 1
Q = mcp (T2 − T1 )
120 kJ = (2.27 kg)(1.5469 kJ/kgK) (T2 − (32.2℃ + 273)
𝐓𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟗. 𝟒 𝐊
(b)
∆H = mcp (T2 − T1 ) = Q
∆𝐇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐉
(c)
R (0.3192kJ/kgK)
cv = = = 1.2277 kJ/kgK
k−1 1.26 − 1

kJ
∆U = mcv (T2 − T1 ) = (2.27 𝑘𝑔) (1.2277 ) (339.4 K − 305.2K) = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟑 𝐤𝐉
kgK
(d)
mRT2 mRT1
Wn = p(V2 − V1 ) = p [ − ] = mR(T2 − T1 )
P2 P1
0.3192kJ
Wn = (2.27 kg) ( )(339.4 − 305.2)K
kgK
𝐖𝐧 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟖𝐤𝐉

3. Isothermal Process:
An isothermal process is an internally reversible constant temperature process of a substance.
During this process, temperature remains constant (T = C). The law for the process is PV = C and is
represented by means of a curve as shown on the PV-diagram. It is represented by means of a horizontal
line on T-S diagram.

Isothermal Process

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(a) PV and T Relation (T=C)

p1 V1 = p2 V2 ( Boyle′ sLaw)
p1 V2
=
p2 V1
(b) Work Done:
1. The work done in a non-flow system.
2
W1−2 = ∫ pdV
1
The law for the process is,
C
pV = C ; p =
V
pV = p1 V1 = p2 V2 = C
2
CdV V2 V2 V2 P1 P1 V2 P1
W1−2 =∫ = C ln = p1 V1 ln = p2 V2 ln = p2 V2 ln = p1 V1 ln = mRT ln = mRT ln
1 V V1 V1 V1 P2 P2 V1 P2

2. Steady Flow Isothermal

2.1 Q = ∆P + ∆K + ∆H + Ws
Ws = Q − ∆P − ∆K
Ws = Q
(∆P = 0 ; ∆K = 0)

2
2.2 − ∫1 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = Ws + ∆K
−pdV
from pV = C, pdV + Vdp = 0, dp =
V
2 2 2
pdV
− ∫ Vdp = − ∫ V [− ] = ∫ pdV
1 1 V 1
V2
p1 V1 ln = Ws + ∆K
V1
Ws = Wn ; (∆K = 0)
V2 V2 P1 P1 V2 P1
Ws = p1 V1 ln = p2 V2 ln = p2 V2 ln = p1 V1 ln = mRT ln = mRT ln
V1 V1 P2 P2 V1 P2
(c) Change in Internal Energy:
∆U = mcv (T2 − T1 ); (T= C; T2 = T1 )
∆U = 0
(d) Heat Transferred:
Q = ΔU + Wn
V2 V2 P1 P1 V2 P1
Q = Wn = p1 V1 ln = p2 V2 ln = p2 V2 ln = p1 V1 ln = mRT ln = mRT ln
V1 V1 P2 P2 V1 P2
(e) Change in Enthalpy
∆H = mc𝑝 (T2 − T1 ); (T= C; T2 = T1 )
∆H = 0
(f) Change in Entropy
Q P1 V2
∆S = = mRln = mRln
T P2 V1

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Sample Problem:
1. During an isothermal process at 88°F, the pressure on 8 lb of air drops from 80 psia to 5 psig. For an
internally reversible process, determine (a) the∫ pdV and the work of a nonflow process, (b) the − ∫ Vdp
and the work of a steady flow process during which ∆K = 0, (c) Q, (d) ∆U and ∆H, and (e) ∆S
Solution:

T= 88+ 460= 548°R

m= 8 lb
p1= 80 psia
p2= 5+14.7= 19.7 psia

P P
(a) ∫ pdV = p1 V1 ln 1 = mRT ln 1
P 2 P 2

lb
(8lb) (53.34 ft. °R) (548°R) 80
∫ pdV = lb ln
778 ft − lb/Btu 19.7

∫ pdV = 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟐 𝐁𝐭𝐮

Wn = ∫ pdV = 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟐 𝐁𝐭𝐮

V P
(b) − ∫ Vdp = p1 V1 ln 2 = mRT ln 1 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟐 𝐁𝐭𝐮
V 1 P 2

(c) Q = ∆U + Wn
Q = Wn = 421.2 Btu
(d) ∆𝐔 = 𝟎
∆𝐇 = 𝟎
(e)
Q 421.2 Btu
∆S = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟔 𝐁𝐭𝐮/°𝐑
T 548°R

4. Isentropic or Reversible Adiabatic Process:

An isentropic process is a reversible adiabatic process. Adiabatic simply means no heat. A
reversible adiabatic is one of constant entropy.
A process is said to be reversible adiabatic, when the heat added or rejected during the process
is zero (Q=0). In this case the process should be very fast so that there is very little time for the exchange
of heat to take place. The system for this process may be considered as piston and cylinder mechanism.

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Isentropic Process

(a) PV and T relation (S=C or PVk=C)

p1 V1 k = p2 V2 k , pressure − volume

T1 V2 k−1
=[ ] , temperature − volume
T2 V1

k−1
T1 P1 k
=[ ] , temperature − pressure
T2 P2

(b) Work Done:

The work done in a non-flow system.
C
from pV k = C ; p =
VK
2 2 2
Wn = ∫ pdV = ∫ CV −𝑘 dV = C ∫ V −𝑘 dV
1 1 1
Integrating and simplifying,

p2 V2 − p1 V1 mR (T2 − T1 )
Wn = =
1−k 1−k
(c) Steady flow isentropic
c.1) Q = ∆P + ∆K + ∆H + Ws
Ws = −∆P − ∆K − ∆H ; since Q = 0
If (∆P = 0; ∆K = 0)
Ws = −∆H

2
c.2) − ∫1 Vdp = Ws + ∆K
C
where: V = k
p

2
k (p2 V2 − p1 V1 ) k (mR (T2 − T1 )
Ws = − ∫ Vdp = =
1 1−k 1−k
Ws = k Wn

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(d) Change in Internal Energy

Q = ΔU + Wn
ΔU = −Wn
p2 V2 − p1 V1 mR (T2 − T1 )
ΔU = mcv (T2 − T1 ) = − =−
1−k 1−k

(e) Change in Enthalpy

ΔH = mcp (T2 − T1 )
(f) Heat Transferred
Q = ΔU + Wn
ΔU = −Wn
Q =0
Here, Heat supplied = 0 (Since neither heat enters nor leaves the system during the adiabatic
process).
(g) Change in Entropy
Q
∆S = = 0
T
Sample Problems:
1. An adiabatic expansion of air occurs through a nozzle from 828 kPa and 71°C to 138 kPa. The
initial kinetic energy is negligible. For an isentropic expansion, compute the specific volume,
temperature and speed at the exit section.
Solution:

P T
P1=828 kPa
1
1 T1= 71 +273 = 344K
P2=138 kPa
k air =1.4
2 2
R air = 0.28708 kNm/kgK
V S

k−1 1.4−1
P2 k 138kPa 1.4
T2 = T1 [ ] = 344K [ ] = 206 K
P1 828kPa

𝐭 𝟐 = −𝟔𝟕°𝐂

RT1 (0.28708 kNm/kgK)(344K)

v1 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟑𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠
p1 828 kN/m2

1 1
p1 k 828 kPa 1.4
v2 = v1 [ ] = 0.1193m3 /kg [ ] = 0.429m3 /kg
p2 138 kPa

1.0062kJ
∆h = cp (T2 − T1 ) = (206K − 344K) = −138.9 kJ/kg
kgK
Q = ∆P + ∆K + ∆h + Ws
If (Q = 0, ∆P = 0, Ws = 0)

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kJ
∆K = −∆h = − (−138.9 ) = 138.9 kJ/kg
kg
𝑣2
∆K = K 2 − K1 =
2k
𝑣 2 = 2k (∆K)
kg. m m m2
𝑣 = √2k (∆K) = √2 (1 ) (138,900 N. ) = 277,800
N s2 kg s2

𝒗 = 𝟓𝟐𝟕. 𝟏 𝐦/𝐬

5. Polytropic Process:
Polytropic process is an internally reversible process and is given by the law (PV n = C) where n
is a constant.

Polytropic Process

(a) PV and T relation (PV n = C)

p1 V1 n = p2 V2 n , pressure − volume

T1 V2 n−1
=[ ] , temperature − volume
T2 V1

n−1
T1 P1 n
=[ ] , temperature − pressure
T2 P2

(b) Work Done:

The work done in a non-flow system.
C
from pV n = C ; p =
Vn
2 2 2
Wn = ∫ pdV = ∫ CV −𝑛 dV = C ∫ V −𝑛 dV
1 1 1
Integrating and simplifying,

p2 V2 − p1 V1 mR (T2 − T1 )
Wn = =
1−n 1−n

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(c) Steady flow polytropic

c.1) Q = ∆P + ∆K + ∆H + Ws
Ws = Q − ∆P − ∆K − ∆H
If (∆P = 0; ∆K = 0)
Ws = Q − ∆H

2
c.2) − ∫1 Vdp = Ws + ∆K
C
where: V = n
p

2
n (p2 V2 − p1 V1 ) n mR (T2 − T1 )
Ws = − ∫ Vdp = =
1 1−n 1−n
Ws = n Wn
(d) Change in Internal Energy
ΔU = mcv (T2 − T1 )
(e) Change in Enthalpy
ΔH = mcp (T2 − T1 )
(f) Heat Transferred
Q = ΔU + Wn
mR (T2 − T1 )
Q = mcv (T2 − T1 ) +
1−n n
cv − ncv + R
Q = m[ ] (T2 − T1 )
1−n

cp − ncv
Q = m[ ] (T2 − T1 )
1−n

k−n
Q = mcv [ ] (T2 − T1 )
1−n

Q = mcn (T2 − T1 )
where:
k−n
cn = cv [ ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
1−n
(g) Change in Entropy

Q mcn (T2 − T1 ) mcn ∆T T2

∆S = = = = mcn ln
T T T T1
Sample Problems:
1. During a polytropic process, 10 lb of an ideal gas, whose R=40 ft.lb/lb.°R and cp= 0.25 Btu/lb°R, changes
state from 20 psia and 40°F to 120 psia and 340°F. Determine (a) n, (b) ∆U and ∆H (c) ∆S (d) Q (e) ∫ pdV,
(f) − ∫ Vdp (g) If the process is steady flow during which ∆K = 0, What is Ws? What is ∆K if Ws = 0 ? (h)
What is the work for a non-flow process?
Solution: P1= 20 psia m= 10 lb T1 = 40 + 460= 500 °R cp= 0.25 Btu/lb°R
P2 = 120 psia R= 40 ft.lb/lb°R T2 = 340 +460 = 800 °R

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(a)
n−1
p2 n T2
[ ] =
p1 T1

n−1
120 n 800
[ ] =
20 500

n−1
ln 6 = ln1.6
n

n − 1 0.4700
=
n 1.7918

𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟔

40
(b) cv = cp − R = 0.25 − = 0.1986 BTU/lb°R
778
∆U = mcv (T2 − T1 )
∆U = (10lb)(0.1986Btu/lb°R) (800°R − 500°R)
∆𝐔 = 𝟓𝟗𝟓. 𝟖 𝐁𝐭𝐮

∆H = mcp (T2 − T1 )
∆H = (10lb)(0.25 Btu/lb°R)(800°R − 500°R)
∆H = (10lb)(0.25 Btu/lb°R)(800°R − 500°R)
∆H = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝐁𝐭𝐮

(b)
c𝑝 0.25
k= = = 1.259
𝑐𝑣 0.1986

k−n 1.259 − 1.356

cn = cv [ ] = 0.1986Btu/lb°R [ ] = 0.0541Btu/lb°R
1−n 1 − 1.356

T2 0.0541Btu 800°R
∆S = mcn ln = (10 lb) ( ) ln = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟑 𝐁𝐭𝐮/𝐥𝐛°𝐑
T1 lb°R 500°R

(d)
Q = mcn (T2 − T1 ) = (10lb)( 0.0541Btu/lb°R ) (800°R − 500°R)
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟑 𝐁𝐭𝐮

(e)
ft. lb
mR (T2 − T1 ) (10 lb)(40 lb°R)(800°R − 500°R)
∫ pdV = Wn = = = −𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟑 𝐁𝐭𝐮
1−n 1 − 1.356

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(f)
2
n (p2 V2 − p1 V1 ) n mR (T2 − T1 )
Ws = − ∫ Vdp = = = nWn
1 1−n 1−n

Ws = (1.356)(−433.3 Btu ) = −𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟕 𝐁𝐭𝐮

(g) ) If the process is steady flow during which ∆K = 0, What is Ws?
Ws = Q − ∆P − ∆K − ∆H
Ws = Q − ∆H = 162.3 Btu − 750 Btu = −𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟕 𝐁𝐭𝐮

What is ∆K if Ws = 0 ?
Ws = Q − ∆P − ∆K − ∆H
∆K = Q − ∆H = 162.3 Btu − 750 Btu = −𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟕 𝐁𝐭𝐮
(h)
ft. lb
mR (T2 − T1 ) (10 lb)(40 lb°R)(800°R − 500°R)
Wn = ∫ pdV = = = −𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟑 𝐁𝐭𝐮
1−n 1 − 1.356

P T

2 1

1 2

V S

Note: Please see additional examples on Thermodynamics 1 by Sta Maria that was uploaded at our
Google Classroom during the start of the semester.

6.Throttling Process:
A throttling process is defined as a process in which there is no change in enthalpy
from state one to state two, h1 = h2; no work is done, W = 0; and the process is adiabatic, Q =
0. ... Finally, the theory states that an ideal throttling process is adiabatic.
Throttling is an irreversible process in which a fluid, flowing across a restriction, undergoes a drop
in a total pressure, such a process occurs in the flow through a porous plug, a partially closed valve, or
a small orifice.
Joule and Thomson performed the basic throttling experiments in the period 1852-62, and their
experiments clarified the process and let to use of throttling as a method for determining certain properties
of gaseous substances.
A steady stream of gas flows through a porous plug contained in a horizontal tube. This system
is open, is thermally insulated (Q = 0) and does not exchange work with its environment (W = 0). At
sections 1 and 2, both the temperature and the pressure are measured. If the kinetic energy does not
change significantly as the fluid passes through the porous plug, the steady flow energy equation reduces
to –

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Q = ∆P + ∆K + ∆H + Ws
0 = 0 + 0 + ∆H + 0

∆H = 0

H2 − H1 = 0 ; ∴ H2 = H1

Hence, in an adiabatic throttling process the enthalpy remains constant.

Where is throttling process used?

An application of the throttling process occurs in vapor-compression refrigerators,
where a throttling valve is used to reduce the pressure and reduce the temperature of the
refrigerant from the pressure at the exit of the condenser to the lower pressure existing in the
evaporator.
Note: This process will be discussed further on your Refrigeration and Power Plant Engineering subjects.

Table 1 shows the various quantities involved in various processes.

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Table 1. Summary Table of Ideal Gas Process Formulas

𝟐 𝟐
Process Relation between P, V and T ∫ 𝐩𝐝𝐕 , (𝑾𝒏 ) − ∫ 𝐕𝐝𝐩, (𝑾𝒔 ) ∆𝐔 ∆𝐇 Q Value of n c ∆𝐒
𝟏 𝟏

V1 = V2 0
T2
Isometric T2 p2 V(p1 − p2 ) mcv (T2 − T1 ) mcp (T2 − T1 ) mcv (T2 − T1 ) ∞ cv mcv ln
For reversible nonflow, Wn = 0 T1
=
T1 p1 For irreversible nonflow, Wn ≠ 0
p1 = p2
T2
Isobaric T2 V2 p (V2 − V1 ) 0 mcv (T2 − T1 ) mcp (T2 − T1 ) mcp (T2 − T1 ) 0 cP mcp ln
= T1
T1 V1

V2 V2 V2 P1
T1 = T2 p1 V1 ln p1 V1 ln p1 V1 ln mRln
V1 V1 V1 P2
Isothermal p1 V2 0 0 1 ∞
= V2 V2 V2 V2
p2 V1 mRT ln mRT ln mRT ln mRln
V1 V1 V1 V1

p1 V1 k = p2 V2 k
mcv (T2 − T1 )
k−1
p2 V2 − p1 V1 k (p2 V2 − p1 V1 )
T1 V2 p2 V2 − p1 V1
Isentropic =[ ] 1−k 1−k − 0 k 0 0
T2 V1 1−k mcp (T2 − T1 )
mR (T2 − T1 ) k (mR (T2 − T1 )
k−1 mR (T2 − T1 )
T1 P1 k 1−k 1−k −
=[ ] 1−k
T2 P2

p1 V1 n = p2 V2 n

T1 V2 n−1 p2 V2 − p1 V1 n (p2 V2 − p1 V1 )
=[ ] 1−n T2
Polytropic T2 V1 1−n n cn mcn ln
mcv (T2 − T1 ) mcp (T2 − T1 ) mcn (T2 − T1 ) T1
n−1 mR (T2 − T1 ) n mR (T2 − T1 )
T1 P1 n 1−n 1−n
=[ ]
T2 P2

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Curves for Different Values of n

Polytropic processes are all inclusive in that many of the prior equations can be obtained by
choosing proper values of n.

Let n=0; then pV0= C, or p=C, an isobaric process

Let n=∞ ; then, from pVn = C, we have
p1/n V = p1/∞V = V = C, an isometric process.
Let n = k; then pVk = C, an isentropic process.
Let n =1; then pV =C, an isothermal process.

Effect of varying n

Expansions or compressions are imagined to take place from some common point
1. Notice that all positive values of n give curves in the second and fourth quadrants
on the pV plane (a); that the positive values of n may produce curves in all four
quadrants on the TS plane (b) Notice too that curves with values of n between 1 and
k will fall in the second and fourth quadrants on the TS plane and within a very narrow
region on the pV plane.

The isentropic curve on the pV plane is steeper than the isothermal curve and on the TS plane the
constant volume curve is steeper than the constant pressure curve when both are drawn between the
same temperature limits.

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Table 2. Gas Constant

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VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES (Week 10-11)

Brainwriting Activity

Directions: Please answer the statement accurately. Write your answer in a bond paper. Read
Instruction on how to submit your activities written at the last page.

• What are the different ideal gas processes and how it applies in the real world? Give examples
on the applications for each process.

VII. EVALUATION EVALUATION (Synchronous Assessment through MS Teams Platform)

Module 5 Quiz will be uploaded in our MS Teams. The schedule will be announced in our GC.
Please ask questions in our GC if there are topics that you are difficult to understand for the
instructor to explain thru online consultation.

VIII. ASSIGNMENT (Week 10-11)

Directions: Please answer the following problems neat and accurately. Write your solutions
legibly in a short bond paper. Read Instruction on how to submit your activities written at the last
page.

1. A reversible, nonflow, constant volume process decreases the internal energy by 316.5 kJ for
2.268 kg of a gas for which R= 430 J/kg.K and k= 1.35. For the process, determine a) the
work, b) Q, and c) change in entropy. The initial temperature is 204.4°C.

2. While the pressure remains constant at 689.5kPa, the volume of a system of air changes from
0.567 m3 to 0.283 m3. What is a) change in internal energy b) change in enthalpy c) Heat
transferred d) change in entropy e) If the process is nonflow and internally reversible, what is
the work?

3. If 10 kg/min of air are compressed isothermally from p1= 96 kPa and V1= 7.65 m3/min to p2=
620 kPa, find the work, the change in entropy and the heat for (a) nonflow process and (b)
steady flow process with 𝑣1 = 15 m/s and 𝑣2 = 60 m/s.

4. One pound of an ideal gas undergoes an isentropic process from 95.3 psig and a volume of
0.6 ft3 to a final volume of 3.6 ft3. If cp= 0.124 and cv=0.093 Btu/lb.R, what are (a) t2 , (b) p2 ,
(c) ∆H and (d) W.

5. The work required to compress a gas reversibly according to pV1.30 =C is 67,790 J, if there is
no flow. Determine ∆U and Q if the gas is (a) air (b) Methane. Refer to the table of Gas
constant.

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IX. REFERENCES

A) Book/Printed Resources

Cengel, Y.A., (2017). Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences,5th Edition

Cengel, Y. A. and Boles M. A., (2002). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th ed.,
McGraw-Hill,
Eastop, T.D & Mc Conkey, A. (2009). Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists
Moran, M.J. (2014). Engineering thermodynamics. 8th Edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Moran, M. J. et. al. (2011). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th ed., Wiley.
Powers, J. M., Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics. Department of Aerospace and Mechanical
Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5637 USA
updated 20 March 2019, 11:13am
Sta. Maria, H.B. (2008). Thermodynamics 1
Sonntag R. E., Borgnakke C., Van Wylen G. J., (2003) Fundamentals of Thermodynamics,
6th ed., Wiley.
Wu, Chih. (2006). Thermodynamics and Heat Powered Cycles: A Cognitive Engineering
Approach

B) e-Resources

https://www.engineeringenotes.com/thermal-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gases-and-
ideal-gas-processes-with-equation-thermodynamics/49023

Please Read!!!!!
Hard copies of all learning activities and assignments are to be submitted at the Engineering Office. Please
take a photo of what you have submitted and send it in Instructor’s messenger that served as proof and for
you to have a second copy in case your activities and assignments will be lost. Write your name, Course/year,
Subject, Instructor’s name, Chapter Title, and Learning Activity No.& Assignment No. (LA No. and ASS No.
will be based on the Instructional Module No.) at the upper portion of your paper. Learning activities and
Assignments will be done separately. Use short bond paper and place it on a large brown envelope with a
complete label and send it to your instructor (Engr. Larry P. Remolazo, CP# 09166217169) at Nueva Vizcaya
State University, College of Engineering, 3702 Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya.

Disclaimer: This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed
textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the faculty member for his respective
teaching assignments. Various sources as mentioned at the end of the document as well as freely available
material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with
the respective authors or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial
purpose and the faculty member is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of
this document. The faculty member makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

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