ROADMAP

PREPARATION OF INDONESIA OCEAN ACCOUNTS

BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK

ROADMAP
PREPARATION OF INDONESIA OCEAN ACCOUNTS

Citation
This publication (and any material sourced from it) should be attributed as:
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF). 2022. Roadmap Preparation of
Indonesia Ocean Accounts. Jakarta.

2 | Page
List of Acronyms

BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional; Ministry of

National Development Planning
BIG Badan Informasi Geospasial; Geospatial Information Agency
BRIN Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, National Research and
Innovation Agency
FMA Fisheries Management Area
GOAP Global Ocean Accounts Partnership
IGT Informasi Geospasial Tematik; Thematic Geospatial Information

IPB Institut Pertanian Bogor; IPB University

KBLI Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia; Indonesia
Standard Industrial Classification
KKPRL Kesesuaian Kegiatan Pemanfaatan Ruang Laut; Suitability of
Marine Space Use
MMAF Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
MPA Marine Protected Area
NGO Non-Government Organization
NSPK Norma, Standar, Prosedur dan Kriteria; Norms, Standards,
Procedures and Criteria
PKKPRL Permohonan Persetujuan Kesesuaian Kegiatan Pemanfaatan
Ruang Laut; Appraisal on the Suitability of Marine Space Use
PRL Pengelolaan Ruang Laut; Marine Spatial Management
RPJMN Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional;
Indonesia’s National Medium-Term Development Plan
RZKAW Rencana Zonasi Kawasan Antarwilayah; Zoning Plan for Inter-
Region Seas Area
RZKSN Rencana Zonasi Kawasan Strategis Nasional; Zoning Plan for
National Strategic Areas
RZKSNT Rencana Zonasi Kawasan Strategis Nasional Tertentu; Zoning
Plan for Specific National Strategic Areas
RZWP3K Rencana Zonasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil; Zoning
Plan for Coastal Areas and Small Islands
SNI Standar Nasional Indonesia; Indonesian National Standard
 1. Table of Contents

1. Background 1
2. Challenges to the Ocean Accounts development 2
2.1. Marine and fisheries policy 2
2.2. Medium- and long-term projects 3
2.3. Accounts needs to support priority policies and projects 4
2.4. Priority accounts needs to be compiled 4
3. Strategy 1: Filling the gaps and overcoming challenges 6
3.1. Availability of data and information 6
3.1.1. Action plan 6
3.1.2. Primary output 6
3.2. Challenges to resources 7
3.2.1. Action plan 7
3.2.2. Primary output 7
3.3. Stakeholder engagement 7
3.3.1. Action plan 8
3.3.2. Primary output 8
4. Strategy 2: Establishment of a cross-stakeholder task force 8
4.1. Structure and organization of the task force 8
4.2. Scope of duties and functions 10
4.3. Expected results from the task force 13
5. Strategy 3: Preparation of the priority accounts 14
5.1. Ecosystem extent accounts (national/Fisheries Management Areas scale) 14
5.2. Fisheries accounts (selected species) 14
5.3. Flow to the economy accounts 14
5.4. Flow to the environment accounts 15
5.5. Ocean governance accounts 15
6. Strategy 4: Integration of accounts in the policy implementation 16
6.1. Marine spatial planning 16
6.2. Management of marine protected areas 17
6.3. Coastal and small islands management 18
6.4. Utilization of marine services 19
6.5. Strengthening the regulations and policies 20
6.6. Preparation of the dashboard for Ocean Accounts visualization 20
6.7. Incorporating the mandate of Ocean Accounts preparation in the RPJMN 20
7. Timeline of implementation 21
7.1. Short-term target 21
7.2. Medium-term target 21
7.3. Long-term target 22
 ROADMAP FOR THE PREPARATION OF
INDONESIA OCEAN ACCOUNTS

1. Background
Sustainable ocean development in Indonesia is an agenda that has a
very strong mandate, both in laws and regulations, development planning,
and sector policies. The sustainability of marine development rests on three
pillars or accounts of objectives, namely ecological sustainability, economic
growth, and social welfare. These accounts are carried out through the Blue
Economy approach. It is expected that by applying the Blue Economy
principle, marine resources will become a source of growth, health,
sustainability, and national welfare.
In Law 32/2014 on Marine Affairs, "Blue Economy" is defined as an
approach to improve sustainable marine management and conservation of
marine and coastal resources and their ecosystems, in order to achieve
economic growth according to principles such as community involvement,
resource efficiency, minimum waste, and multiple revenues. The Blue
Economy approach aimed to be implemented in the utilization and
exploitation of marine resources.
The performance of Blue Economy implementation is measured by the
achievements in the ecological, economic, and social objectives.
Consequently, indicators of performance of ocean development must describe
these three aspects. Achievements cannot be seen solely from economic
performance, such as investment value, tax revenue, and foreign exchange.
High economic growth but with ecosystem degradation and social inequality
on the other hand, for instance, are not the sustainability as mandated by
law. Thus, a comprehensive understanding is needed in terms of the
relationships and interrelationships between marine ecosystems, economic
utilization, and the socio-cultural life of the people. These relationships and
interactions can be described through numbers and data that are integrated,
comparable, and obtained on a regular basis. Integrating data from social,
environmental, and economic aspects is very important for sustainable ocean
development. Thus, the availability of instruments to measure and monitor
the impact of ocean development policies on ecological, economic, and social
aspects is a prerequisite for the implementation of a Blue Economy in
Indonesia.

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 However, the implementation is not easy, partly because the data are
scattered in various ministries/institutions and organizations with different
standards. To overcome these problems, one of the tools and instruments
available is the Ocean Accounts. Ocean Accounts provide data and
information, including maps that depict the interactions of the ocean economy
and environment as well as their impacts on ecosystems and society. The
description includes spatial and temporal dimensions because the
presentation is provided in two measurement periods.
Ocean accounting provides a means to address the fragmentation of
ocean data, providing a structure to construct the data in a more coherent
and transparent manner. In practice, the government can use the Ocean
Accounts to measure, manage and develop the ocean economy in an inclusive
and sustainable way. With ocean data growing rapidly, the availability of data,
especially those related to the marine ecosystem, social, and economic that
describes the welfare of the community will be better in terms of quality and
continuity. Therefore, the current Ocean Accounts have the appropriate
momentum to map and guide a new direction towards ocean sustainability
for the national welfare.

2. Challenges to the Ocean Accounts development

2.1. Marine and fisheries policy

The government through the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

is currently consistently encouraging the implementation of the Blue
Economy in marine and fisheries development. The Blue Economy, which is
explicitly stated in the Law no. 32/2014 concerning Marine Affairs, becomes
the principle in the utilization of: (a) fishery resources; (b) energy and mineral
resources; (c) coastal and small islands resources; and (d) unconventional
resources. These resources are then utilized in the economic activities of: (a)
marine industry; (b) marine tourism; (c) marine transportation; and (d) marine
construction.
Three main strategies were proposed for the Blue Economy
implementation, namely, i) increasing the quality and quantity of
conservation areas to maintain marine ecology and fishery resources, ii)
ensuring the utilization of resources in accordance with marine spatial
planning, and iii) sustainable utilization of capture fisheries and aquaculture.
Conservation areas development is focused on increasing the
proportion of access-restricted zones to maintain fish stock and marine
biodiversity. As compensation, the government seeks investments aimed at
providing financial support for communities around conservation areas.
Marine spatial planning allocates sector and community utilization as well the
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control. For fishery resources utilization, three breakthrough programs have
been launched, namely: i) quota-based capture fishery in accordance with its
ecological potential, ii) aquaculture for highly commercial commodities, and
iii) aquaculture village to preserve local fish and develop the local economy.

2.2. Medium- and long-term projects

The development of new conservation areas will be carried out in

locations that are targeted for fisheries management, or fisheries management
areas (FMAs), particularly those which will implement quota-based fishing. In
addition to establishing new protected areas, the implementation of zonation
in the existing marine conservation areas will be evaluated. The proportion of
no-take and no-go areas will be increased by focusing on locations with high
ecological value and environmental services. Evaluation of the existing
conservation areas will be carried out in the short term until the end of the
National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) of 2024, while the
establishment of new conservation areas and changes to the zoning of existing
areas will be completed in the medium-term period of the RPJMN 2025 –
2029.
For the Quota-based Fisheries Program, the development of FMAs for
industrial fishing will be carried out, especially in terms of improving port
infrastructure, fishery products processing plants, fishing vessels, and other
supporting economic activities. Fishing zones for these industries are FMA
572, 573, 711, 715, 716, and 718 (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Implementation of quota-based fishing in the FMAs

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 Three FMAs, i.e., FMA 571, 712, and 713, are designated for local
fishers, while FMA 714 will be focused on protecting fish spawning areas and
limited fishing activities. For aquaculture, the development of new sites will
be carried out in several locations. Integrated shrimp farming will be built in
several areas, including Kebumen Regency (Central Java) and Sumbawa
Regency (West Nusa Tenggara).

2.3. Accounts needs to support priority policies and projects

To support the implementation of the Blue Economy in the utilization

of marine and fishery resources, it is necessary to develop instruments to
measure the performance and achievement. Aspects that must be monitored
and evaluated include changes in the extent and condition of marine
ecosystems, the flow of resources to economic activities, the impact of socio-
economic utilization on the quality of resources, and resource governance.
Data and information related to these matters must be available at the
beginning and at the end of the activity’s implementation, for instance, the
initial and final periods of the RPJMN. Therefore, measurements conducted
for both periods can illustrate the interaction of resources with economic
activities as well as the impact of the management policies.
These changes will subsequently become the input for improving
policies and rules for resource utilization. In more detail, this information will
also be used as a recommendation in granting permits for marine resources
utilization. Locations with declining ecosystem conditions both in extent and
quality must have their utilization permit reduced. Activities with significant
backflow to marine ecosystems should be accompanied with more frequent
monitoring and reporting and prepare for impact mitigation of the activities.

2.4. Priority accounts needs to be compiled

There are at least four accounts or modules that must be prepared to

support the implementation of Blue Economy in Indonesia (Table 1). The
accounts or modules are (1) ecosystem extent accounts (including the area,
condition, and monetary value of the resources), (2) flow to the economy, (3)
flow the environment, and (4) governance accounts.

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Table 1. Priority for accounts/module preparation
No. Accounts/Module Priority Technical Considerations
Short – Medium
Medium – Long
Term Term
1. Extent of area, √ - Secondary data is
condition, and obtained from institutions
monetary values of and global datasets
marine resources (satellite images).
- Accounts on fish
resources will be prepared
as an individual
ecosystem asset.
2. The flow of goods √ Focus on the standard
and services into industrial classification of
the economy (KBLI) as supported by the
MMAF
3. Flow of residuals √ Secondary data will be
(waste/pollution) relatively used, except for
into marine certain locations (ex.
environment from intensive use)
economic activities
4. Ocean economy √ The economic sector is very
large and beyond the
MMAF authority
5. Ocean governance √ Involve policies and
budgeting for marine
spatial planning,
conservation areas, species
protection, FMA
management planning,
fisheries management
plans, other sector
regulations, and
local/customary practices
and rules.
6. Combined √ Can only be compiled after
presentation all accounts or modules
(summary tables) are completed
7. Ocean wealth √
The accounts/modules are based on the guidelines provided by the Global
Ocean Account Partnership (GOAP).

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3. Strategy 1: Filling the gaps and overcoming
challenges

3.1. Availability of data and information

Data and information are important elements in preparing the Ocean

Accounts. Three important challenges that must be overcome include: i)
regular provision of data and information, ii) standardization of data and data
collection methods, and iii) management and utilization of cross-ministerial
data and information. However, problems on data and information should not
be a reason to delay the preparation of the Ocean Accounts.
Ocean Accounts can be prepared using available secondary data and
information. In addition, location selected for Ocean Accounts
implementation can also be adjusted to the availability of existing data and
information, thus it does not have to cover a wide scale as in national scope.
Areas with significant activities in both extent and intensity can be prioritized
for preparation of initial and final accounts.

3.1.1. Action plan

To resolve the problems and challenges in data and information
availability, the following activities will be carried out:
1. Collecting secondary data and information in the scope of:
− MMAF, ministries/institutions (data authors), NGO partners,
universities, and research institutes.
− Activities of bilateral and multilateral cooperation projects.
− Environmental impact, the results of marine spatial utilization
appraisals (PKKPRL).
− National and regional marine spatial planning (Zoning Plan for
Coastal Areas and Small Islands/ RZWP3K document).
2. Provision of relevant primary data through routine activities
conducted by the MMAF, ministries/institutions, and NGOs.
3. Preparation of standard methods for Ocean Accounts.
4. Preparation of thematic geospatial information of Ocean Accounts
to facilitate data access and exchange.

3.1.2. Primary output

Important results expected from the implementation of strategies and
action plans to overcome problems on data and information are: i) Ocean
Accounts database for primary and secondary data, ii) dashboard for
accounts visualization and the changes over time, iii) Indonesian National
Standard for Ocean Accounts, iii) thematic geospatial information for Ocean
Accounts.
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3.2. Challenges to resources

The preparation of Ocean Accounts requires a large number of

resources, especially for data collection and analysis. Specifically for a country
like Indonesia which has vast marine areas and high diversity of biological
and non-biological resources as well as immense economic utilization.
Financial resources and human capacity are the two main obstacles in the
compilation of Ocean Accounts.

3.2.1. Action plan

To tackle the problems of the availability of financial resources and
human capacity in the preparation of the Ocean Accounts, the following
activities will be carried out:
1. Establish site priorities and accounts according to national and
local contexts.
2. Establish cooperation with local, national, and international
stakeholders.
3. Assign data and information accounts as one of the requirements
for the use of marine space and its resources.
4. Develop general and technical guidelines.
5. Develop competency standards
6. Implementation of training on a regular basis.

3.2.2. Primary output

Important results from the implementation of strategies and action
plans to address resource problems (financial and human resources) include:
i) implementation of accounts sheet preparation activities/projects, ii) data
and information for preparing accounts sheets of marine space utilization
activities, iii) general and technical guidelines preparation of the Ocean
Accounts sheet, iii) work competency module, and iv) trained human
resources in the preparation of the Ocean Accounts sheet.

3.3. Stakeholder engagement

The involvement of government institutions, universities, NGOs, private

sector, and the community is one of the challenges in developing the Ocean
Accounts in Indonesia. Currently, the understanding on the importance of
Ocean Accounts in national and regional development as well as sustainable
investment/business activities is still lacking. The awareness of stakeholders
towards the potential use of Ocean Accounts as an instrument for determining
incentives and disincentives needs to be continually raised.

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3.3.1. Action plan
To increase stakeholder understanding and participation, the following
activities will be carried out:
1. Mainstreaming the preparation and utilization of Ocean Accounts
2. Establish a national communication/coordination forum as a
medium for discussion and dissemination of information on Ocean
Accounts.
3. Establishing a network of data collection, especially for coastal,
marine, and small island ecosystems.

3.3.2. Primary output

Expected results from the implementation of strategies and action plans
to increase stakeholder participation are: i) recommendations and input from
stakeholders, ii) publication/dissemination materials, iii) nodes of network for
data collection/monitoring of coastal, marine, and small islands ecosystems.

4. Strategy 2: Establishment of a cross-stakeholder

task force
Regarding challenges on the provision of data and information which
are scattered across various institutions, the preparation of the Ocean
Accounts must also involve various ministries/agencies, including
universities and NGOs. This cross-stakeholder task force is expected to be
able to resolve the challenges related to: i) coordination across different
sectors/organizations, ii) division of roles and responsibilities, and iii) political
support, policy, and budgeting.

4.1. Structure and organization of the task force

Management of marine resources cannot be carried out by the Ministry

of Marine Affairs and Fisheries alone. Many other sectors also have strategies
and interests in utilizing marine space and resources. This cross-sector
interest is also reflected in the variety of data and information, regulations,
institutions, and permits for marine resources utilization. However, for the
permanent use of marine resources, all actors must obtain permission from
the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in the form of Suitability of Marine
Space Use (KKPRL). This instrument will later become one of the tools to
ensure the Ocean Accounts become one of the inputs in granting permission.
Preparation of Ocean Accounts, in particular, ministries/institutions
being the part of the core cross-ministerial team are the MMAF, Ministry of
National Development Planning (BAPPENAS), Ministry of Finance, Statistics
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Indonesia, and Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) (see Table 2). In addition
to the five agencies, the team will also involve ministries/agencies acting as
data authority for marine ecosystems and resources. Currently, the data
authority for mangroves is at the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and
the guardian for coral reefs and seagrass is at the National Research and
Innovation Agency (BRIN).

Table 2. Roles and authorities of ministries/agencies

No. Ministry/ Roles and authorities
Agency
1. MMAF Undertake government affairs in the field of marine
and fisheries which include, among others,
management of marine space, management of marine
biodiversity and conservation, management of coastal
and small islands, management of capture fisheries,
management of aquaculture, strengthening
competitiveness and logistics system for marine and
fishery products, increasing the sustainability of
marine and fishery businesses, and oversees the
management of marine and fishery resources.
2. Ministry of Undertake government affairs in the field of state
Finance finance and assets which include, among others,
budgeting, non-tax state revenues, taxes, customs
and excise, state treasury and assets, financial
accounts, and management of budget financing and
risks.
3. Statistics Undertake government duties in the field of statistics
Indonesia which include, among others, assessment, preparation
and formulation of policies in the field of statistics;
coordinating national and regional statistical activities;
determination and implementation of basic statistics;
and the establishment of a national statistical system.
4. Bappenas Administering government affairs in the field of
national development planning which includes,
among others, coordination and formulation of
national development planning policies in the fields of
themes, targets, policy directions for national
development priorities, regulatory frameworks,
institutional frameworks, funding frameworks, public
service and investment frameworks, macroeconomic
frameworks, framework, regional development policy,
international cooperation, and national priority
infrastructure project plan framework.
5. BIG Undertake government duties in the field of geospatial
information which includes, among others, the
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No. Ministry/ Roles and authorities
Agency
implementation of basic geospatial information which
includes data collection and processing, data and
information management, the use of basic geospatial
information, integration of thematic geospatial
information organized by government agencies and/or
local governments in accordance with statutory
regulations.

4.2. Scope of duties and functions

The cross-ministerial/institutional task force will be established

through the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. The task
force consists of: i) Director, ii) Person in Charge, iii) Task force, and iv) Expert
Team. In carrying out its activities, the Task force will be assisted by the
secretariat. In order to work optimally, the designation of working fields or
subjects is adjusted to the duties and functions of the work units that
represent the ministries/agencies (Table 3).

Table 3. Title of task forces in the cross-ministry/agency task force

No. Title Ministries/ Task
Institutions
1. Thematic Center for Spatial Leading, formulating,
Geospatial Mapping and Atlas coordinating, and aligning
Information for - BIG the preparation of the
Ocean Accounts Account 1 - Extent and
Conditions through
activities:
● primary and/or
secondary data and
information collection in
strategic mapping
● compilation and
tabulation of data and
accounts information in
the strategic
mapping/IGT sector
● conduct the analysis and
present the results in the
form of tables, maps,
and/or infographics for
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No. Title Ministries/ Task
Institutions
strategic mapping
● preparation of norms,
standards, procedures,
and criteria (NSPK)
2. Marine and Directorate of Leading, formulating,
Fishery Appraisal – coordinating, and aligning
Resources Ministry of Finance the preparation of the
Assessment Account 1 – Monetary
Value through the following
activities:
● collection of primary
and/or secondary data
and information required
for the assessment
● compilation and
tabulation of data and
accounts information on
the resource’s evaluation
● undertake analysis and
present the results in the
form of tables, maps,
and/or infographics
● preparation of NSPK
3. Implementation Directorate of Leading, formulating,
of Environmental Production coordinating, and aligning
Account System Accounts – the preparation of the
into Ocean Statistics Indonesia Account 2 – Flow to the
Accounts Economy and Account 3 –
Flow to the Environment
through the following
activities:
● collection of primary
and/or secondary data
and information on the
implementation of the
environmental accounting
system in the Ocean
Accounts
● review of supporting
materials and information

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No. Title Ministries/ Task
Institutions
related to the
implementation of the
environmental accounting
system in the marine
resources account
● preparation of data
compilation and
tabulation on the
environmental accounting
system in the Ocean
Accounts
● analyze and present the
results in the form of
tables, maps, and/or
infographics
● dissemination of results
● preparation of NSPK
4. Governance and 2. Directorate of Leading, formulating,
Policy Adoption Marine Affairs coordinating, and aligning
and Fisheries – the preparation of Account
Bappenas 5 – Ocean Governance
through the following
3. Directorate of activities:
Marine
● collection of primary
Biodiversity and
and/or secondary data
Conservation –
and information on ocean
MMAF
governance and policy
● compilation and
tabulation of data on
ocean governance and
policy
● analysis and presentation
of the results in the form
of tables, maps, and/or
infographics
● evaluation and
formulation of
recommendations for
adoption of accounts into
the development-related
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No. Title Ministries/ Task
Institutions
policy
● preparation of NSPK

5. Expert Group 1. Department of Provide scientific input and

Resources and considerations related to the
Environmental preparation of the Ocean
Economics, Accounts
Faculty of
Economics and
Management,
IPB University
2. REKAM
Foundation
6. Secretariat Directorate of Assisting the coordination,
Marine Biodiversity communication, and
and Conservation – implementation of task force
MMAF activities.

4.3. Expected results from the task force

In accordance with its duties and responsibilities, the task force will
produce accounts output in the form of: i) ecosystem extent accounts, ii) flow
to the economy accounts, iii) flow to the environment accounts, and iv) ocean
governance accounts. In addition to the accounts, the task force also
formulates standards methods to be adopted in the Indonesian National
Standard (SNI) for Ocean Accounts, dissemination materials, and
recommendations for policy adoption in the resource utilization permission,
performance of institutions, and accommodation in the national development
documents (medium- and long-term national development and strategic
plan).

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5. Strategy 3: Preparation of the priority accounts
Priority accounts that have been decided are then compiled by the task
force. Each account has certainly different challenges and problems in terms
of data availability, standard methods, technical capacity in its preparation,
and the complexity of the issues. Approach that will be used is to maximize
the best available data and anticipate when more up-to-date data and
information will be available.

5.1. Ecosystem extent accounts (national/Fisheries

Management Areas scale)

Ecosystem extent accounts are the first priority accounts that must be
prepared. These accounts play a very important role in the management of
marine resources, especially regarding to the process of resource utilization
and its impact on the ecosystem within a certain period of time.
The action plan for the preparation of ecosystem extents includes the
following activities: i) secondary data collection on a national scale, ii) primary
data collection for priority locations, iii) data analysis and presentation, and
iv) result dissemination.

5.2. Fisheries accounts (selected species)

Fisheries account is part of the ecosystem extent accounts and is

methodically included in the individual ecosystem asset. Fisheries account
can help evaluate changes in ecosystem extent to changes in stock of fish
resources. In addition, considering that fish resources are one of the most
important parts of ecosystem services, the impact of economic utilization on
fish stocks and population health need to be evaluated.
The action plan for preparing fisheries account includes the following
activities: i) secondary data collection on national production, ii) primary data
collection on priority species, iii) data analysis and presentation, iv) results
dissemination.

5.3. Flow to the economy accounts

Accounts of the flow of goods and services from marine resources to

economic activities are a tool to evaluate the benefits of the ecosystems for
local and national economy. The value of economic benefits is also determined
by the ecosystem quality. Therefore, there is a reciprocal relationship between
the ecosystem extent accounts and the flow to the economy accounts in terms
of the quantity and quality of the supply of goods and services.

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 The action plan for preparing flow to the economy accounts includes
the following activities: i) secondary data collection on a national scale, ii)
primary data collection on the activities under the qualification of KBLI of the
MMAF, iii) data analysis and presentation, and iv) results dissemination.

5.4. Flow to the environment accounts

The backflow accounts from economic activities to marine ecosystems

as emissions and pollutants are a tool to evaluate the impact of local and
national economic activities on the ecosystem quality. The value of economic
benefits is also determined by the quality of the ecosystem. Therefore, there
is a reciprocal relationship between the ecosystem extent accounts and the
flow to environment accounts in terms of the quantity of emission or pollutant
flowing from economic activities to the environment.
The action plan for preparing the flow to the environment accounts
includes the following activities: i) secondary data collection on a national
scale, ii) primary data collection for priority pollutants (waste from fisheries,
industry, and tourism) in priority locations under the MPA management
(fishery centers, coastal industrial areas, and marine tourism destinations),
iii) analysis and presentation of data, iv) results dissemination.

5.5. Ocean governance accounts

Governance accounts are one of the most important accounts to

prepare. Management of marine space and resources governance involves all
rules, norms, policies, and financial aspects that take place at the site. Ocean
governance will have a direct influence on ecosystem extent condition,
economic activity, and pollution control. Thus, ocean governance needs to
respond to conditions and changes of other accounts. Most times, knowing
the conditions and changes in the accounts can tell how well the policies and
rules that have been implemented to manage marine space and resources are.
The action plan for preparing the ocean governance accounts includes
the following activities: i) secondary data collection on a national scale, ii)
primary data collection for priority locations (areas with high use intensity,
conservation areas, and customary areas), iii) data analysis and presentation,
iv) results dissemination.

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6. Strategy 4: Integration of accounts in the policy
implementation
The preparation of Ocean Accounts will not have real benefits if it is not
adopted in the formulation and implementation of marine management
policies. Policies that have the potential to be improved through the
preparation of Ocean Accounts include those related to spatial planning,
resource utilization, environmental conservation, and fisheries. However,
adoption into policy will not be possible without the integration of accounts
in the performance of institutions and national development planning.

6.1. Marine spatial planning

The most fundamental policy that requires Ocean Accounts is marine

spatial planning. In Indonesia’s laws and regulations, marine spatial planning
is the very basic position before utilization activities are carried out by the
sector, industry, and the community. The Ocean Accounts not only provide
baseline information for granting permits, but also summarizes ecosystem
changes and their benefits based on the interactions with social and economic
activities (Table 4).

Table 4. Adoption of Ocean Accounts in marine spatial planning

Present condition Ocean Accounts Support

Marine spatial planning ● Minimize the impact of investment and

instruments, such as resource utilization on the marine
RZWP3K, RZKAW, environment
RZKSN, and RZKSNT,
● Ensuring the sustainable use of
encourage the increase of
resources
investment in marine
space utilization in ● Recognize the current and future impacts
Indonesia of marine space utilization
● Monitor the changes in quantity and
quality of marine resources
● Recognize the effectiveness of marine
spatial planning implementation

Data on ecosystem and ● Baseline information on the

resources become input in status/condition of resources
preparing marine spatial
● Changes in resources status/conditions
planning
from baseline within a certain period (e.g.
the RPJMN period)

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 Present condition Ocean Accounts Support

The Directorate General of• Increase the effectiveness of coaching in

PRL facilitates the marine space management for local
preparation of provincial governments
marine spatial planning

The action plan to adopt Ocean Accounts in marine spatial planning

includes: i) preparation of the Ocean Accounts in areas with intensive marine
space utilization (extent and investment value), ii) application of the accounts
for the assessment of the Suitability of Marine Space Use (PKKPRL), iii) the
use of Ocean Accounts for baseline and spatial use evaluation tool.

6.2. Management of marine protected areas

Management of conservation areas highly requires Ocean Accounts,

starting from the identification process, area determination, to assessment of
its effectiveness. Areas with good ecosystem extent conditions and high
monetary value are priority areas to be protected. The impact of management
can be seen from changes in the Ocean Accounts. Conservation areas with
stable or increasing accounts means that the management is sufficiently
effective (Table 5). In addition, the Ocean Accounts will practically help
conclude matters related to: i) estimation of payments for the use of
conservation areas (payments for environmental services), ii) providing
incentives and disincentives to area managers, particularly local
governments, iii) feasibility assessment of conservation activities by
comparing the value of protected objects with the conservation costs.

Table 5. Adoption of Ocean Accounts in the management of marine

protected areas

Present condition Ocean Accounts Support

Conservation • Assess the effectiveness of

management to preserve ecosystem/habitat conservation and
the ecosystem/habitat biodiversity with the allocated inputs (costs
and its biodiversity and human resources)

Directorate General of • Increase the effectiveness of coaching in the

PRL provides guidance on management of MPA for local governments
conservation management
in preserving the
ecosystem/habitat and
biodiversity

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 Present condition Ocean Accounts Support

Utilization of marine • Ensuring the value of non-tax state revenue

biodiversity and is equivalent to the economic value of the
conservation areas is use of conservation areas and marine
subject to a levy as non- biodiversity
tax state revenue

The action plan to adopt the Ocean Accounts in the MPA management
includes: i) preparation of Ocean Accounts in areas with high biodiversity), ii)
preparation of baseline information of marine conservation areas, iii) the use
of Ocean Accounts to assess the impact of area management, iv) the use of
Ocean Accounts for zoning revision.

6.3. Coastal and small islands management

The challenge in implementing habitat rehabilitation or restoration is

determining the performance indicators. This is important to measure
whether ecosystem services are properly restored. In addition, small islands
are vulnerable to environmental changes, thus require an instrument as a
tool to monitor and assess the impact of activities (Table 6).

Table 6. Adoption of Ocean Accounts in coastal and small island

management

Present condition Ocean Accounts Support

Environmental • Assess the effectiveness of ecosystem/habitat

rehabilitation/ restoration rehabilitation/restoration with the allocated
for coastal and small inputs (costs and human resources)
islands

Encouraging investment • Ensure that economic benefits do not

and sustainable use of adversely affect the ecosystem quality of
coastal and small islands coastal and small islands
• Assess environmental degradation and
damages in the coastal and small islands

Pollution control includes • Information on the degradation scale and level

efforts in pollution compared to the initial value
recovery • Determine the compensation value

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 The action plan to adopt a marine resource account in the management
of coastal and small islands includes: i) preparation of a marine resource
account in rehabilitation or restoration areas), ii) preparation of changes to
rehabilitation or restoration areas in the form of a resource account iii) use
resource accounts to assess the impact of rehabilitation or restoration.

6.4. Utilization of marine services

Utilization of marine services is currently being the priority for marine

development, especially in utilizing marine space and resources. Marine
services comprise the provision of goods and services and are primarily related
to non-extractive uses. Ocean accounts play an important role in managing
and monitoring the impacts of marine ecosystem service utilization (Table 7).

Table 7. Adoption of Ocean Accounts in the utilization of marine services

Present condition Ocean Accounts Support

Utilization of marine Maintain resources quality to support

services is very dependent sustainable use
on the quality of
resources

Utilization of marine • To ensure that economic benefits do not cause

services has a socio- a negative impact on ecosystem quality
economic impact on the • Assess the environmental damages in marine
community as economic resources
growth and the provision
of employment

Utilization of marine • Ensuring the value of non-tax state revenue is

services is subject to a equivalent to the economic value of resources
levy as non-tax state utilization
revenue • Support the preparation of the gross regional
domestic product of the marine environment

The action plan to adopt the Ocean Accounts in marine services

utilization includes: i) preparation of the Ocean Accounts in the area or
location of marine service utilization), ii) preparation of baseline information
as Ocean Accounts iii) the use of Ocean Accounts to assess the impact marine
services utilization, iv) the use of Ocean Accounts to determine tariffs for
marine services utilization.

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6.5. Strengthening the regulations and policies

Adoption in development policy cannot be carried out properly if

preparing the Ocean Accounts is not included as the mandate and
performance indicators. Considering that the collection of data and
information on coastal and marine resources has so far been carried out
through various activities (e.g., field surveys for spatial planning and surveys
for conservation reserves), it is necessary to have an additional mandate that
suggest the use of data and information as material in preparing Ocean
Accounts.
The action plans that will be carried out include: i) evaluation of
regulations and mandates for preparing the current Ocean Accounts, ii)
formulation of the Ocean Accounts into norms of legislation, iii) evaluation of
integrating Ocean Accounts in development planning (strategic planning of
ministries/agencies and RPJMN).

6.6. Preparation of the dashboard for Ocean Accounts

visualization

Visualization of the Ocean Accounts is important to disseminate the

information to decision makers and stakeholders. The Ocean Accounts
visualization dashboard enables all parties to monitor and find out changes
in each account according to the preferred location or activity. In order to be
optimally used, general criteria that a dashboard needs to have must be
accomplished, including: i) easy to use and user-friendly appearance, ii)
having inter-operability with the existing systems, iii) being connected to the
information system in the main ministries/agencies (MMAF, Ministry of
Finance, Statistics Indonesia, Bappenas, and BIG).
The action plans to be carried out include: i) preparation of a database
system, ii) dashboard development, iii) connection and updating with the
primary information system at each ministry/agency.

6.7. Incorporating the mandate of Ocean Accounts

preparation in the RPJMN

Implementing national development for five years is carried out in

accordance with the 2020-2024 RPJMN. The provision of the new RPJMN is
undertaken at the end of the governmental period prior to the presidential
election. Therefore, now is the right time to formulate and include the
narrative content of the Ocean Accounts in the process of RPJMN provision
for the next period. The Ocean Accounts is important to be included in
government programs in the next RPJMN with the consideration that the
RPJMN i) becomes the basis for ministries/agencies in organizing activities
and budget allocations, and ii) synergize and provide a reference for all sectors
and local governments. Therefore, the mandate for Ocean Accounts
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preparation will be settled for five years and integrated at the sector and
government level.
The action plans that will be carried out include: i) formulation of the
narrative mandate for Ocean Accounts preparation, ii) conducting public
consultations at national and local level, iii) formulation of five-year
performance targets and indicators.

7. Timeline of implementation
The implementation for the Roadmap for Ocean Accounts Preparation
in Indonesia is divided into three periods, i.e., short, medium, and long term.
The time span of each period is adjusted to the cycle of the national
development planning.

7.1. Short-term target

Short-term targets include outputs to be accomplished in 2022:

1. Availability of secondary data for preparing the accounts.
2. Compilation of a national scale ecosystem extent accounts.
3. Draft Indonesian National Standard for preparing Ocean Accounts.
4. Draft input for the RPJMN 2025–2029.
5. Draft material content for the mandate of preparing the Ocean
Accounts in the laws and regulations

7.2. Medium-term target

The medium-term targets include outputs to be achieved in 2022 until

the end of the 2020-2024 RPJMN:
1. Completeness of secondary data for Ocean Accounts preparation.
2. The preparation of an economic flow accounts and accounts of
waste flows to the marine environment on a priority location scale.
3. Compilation of national governance accounts sheets and priority
locations
4. Determination of the Indonesian National Standard for preparing
the Ocean Accounts.
5. Establishment of general guidelines and technical guidelines
6. Work competency standard design
7. Accommodating the preparation of the accounts of marine
resources in the Final Draft of the RPJMN 2025–2029.
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 8. Dissemination and socialization materials
9. Data visualization dashboard and accounts information

7.3. Long-term target

Long-term targets include outputs to be achieved during the period of

RPJMN 2025–2029:
1. Primary data update
2. Periodic updating of the accounts sheet (beginning, middle, and
end of the RPJMN).
3. Implementation of accounts sheet adoption in implementing
marine and fisheries development policies.
4. Capacity building of human resources through regular training.

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BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK