NAME:__________________________________________

11
GRADE/SECTION:______________________________

STATISTICS
AND PROBABILITY
Quarter IV – Week 3
The Rejection Region

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Mathematics – Grade 11
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter IV - Week 3: The Rejection Region
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Schools Division of Puerto Princesa City

Development Team of the Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Maria Jessica C. Arnejo
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Management Team:
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Division of Puerto Princesa City-Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)

Sta. Monica Heights, Brgy. Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
Telephone No.: (048) 434 9438
Email Address: [email protected]
 Lesson 1
The Rejection Region when the
Population Variance is known
MELCs: Identify the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance when:
a. the population variance is assumed to be known;
b. the population variance is assumed to be unknown ; and
c. the Central Limit Theorem is to be used. M11/12/SP-IVc-1
Objectives: 1. Determine the critical value using the Standard Normal Table.
2. Draw the rejection region for a given level of significance when the
population variance is assumed to be known and the Central Limit Theorem
is to be used.
3. Identify the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance.

Let’s Try
Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Circle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which of the following serves as the basis for either accepting or rejecting a hypothesis?
A. Critical Value C. Significance Level
B. Degree of Freedom D. z value

2. What does α=0.05 mean?

A. The rejection region has an area of 0.05.
B. The rejection region has an area of 0.95.
C. The acceptance region has an area of 0.05.
D. The acceptance region has an area of 0.95.

3. The computed test statistic falls within the rejection region, what decision can you
make?
A. Accept Ho C. Reject Ha
B. Accept Ho and Ha D. Reject Ho

4. What is referred to as the set of values of test statistic for which the null hypothesis is
rejected?
A. Critical Value C. Rejection Region
B. Degree of Freedom D. Significance Level

5. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called

A. critical value. C. rejection region
B. degree of freedom. D. significance level

6. When n=25, what is the degree of freedom?

A. 22 B. 23 C. 24 D. 25

7. What is the critical value when Ha: µ> µ0 and α= 0.05?

A. 0.4500 B. 1.64 C. 1.65 D. 1.645

1
8-10. Refer to the figure below to answer numbers 8-10.

1.645
Critical Value

8. Which of the following alternative hypotheses is illustrated by the graph above?

A. Ha: µ>µ0 C. Ha: µ<µ0
B. Ha: µ≠µ0 D. Ha: µ=µ0

9. If the computed test statistic is 1.82. What decision can be made?

A. Accept Ho C. Reject Ha
B. Accept Ho and Ha D. Reject Ho

10. If the computed test statistic is 1.25. What decision can be made?
A. Accept Ho C. Reject Ha
B. Accept Ho and Ha D. Reject Ho

Let’s Explore and Discover

Unlocking
The leader of the association of multicab drivers claims
of Difficulties
that the average daily take home pay of all jeepney drivers in
Puerto Princesa City is ₱325.00. A random sample of 100
• Rejection
multicab drivers in Puerto Princesa City was interviewed and
region is the
the average daily take home pay of these drivers is found to be
set of values
₱350.00. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average
of test
daily take home pay of all multicab divers in Puerto Princesa
statistic for
City is different from ₱325.00. Assume that the population
which the
variance is ₱8,100.00.
null
hypothesis is
rejected.

• Significance How do you think the leader of the association proves

level is the his claim?
probability of How can we be confident that the net take home pay of all
rejecting the multicab drivers in Puerto Princesa City is different from
null ₱325.00?
hypothesis
when it is In this lesson, you will be taught when to accept or reject
true. a null hypothesis by using the critical value method and by
applying the concept of Central Limit Theorem.

2
 The level of significance will help us determine a critical value which defines the
rejection region (or critical region) and the acceptance region. Thus, this critical value serves
as the basis for either accepting or rejecting a hypothesis.

For instance, when 𝛼 = 0.05, the rejection region will have an area of 0.05; therefore
the acceptance region will have an area of 0.95. (Recall that area of the normal curve is equal
to 1.) On the other hand, if 𝛼 = 0.01, the rejection region will be 0.01 and the acceptance
region will be 0.99.

The test of any statistical hypothesis can be one-tailed test where Ha is directional or
two-tailed test where Ha is nondirectional. Look at the illustrations below and try to examine
each situation.

Acceptance Acceptance
Rejection Region Area
Region Area
Rejection Region
Region Area = 0.05 0.95
0.95
Area = 0.05

Critical Value
Critical Value
• α = 0.05 • α = 0.05
• Ha is directional • Ha is directional
• Ha uses the greater than (>) symbol • Ha uses the less than (<) symbol to
to express equivalent mathematical express equivalent mathematical
statement(Example: Ha: µ > 100 ) statement (Example: Ha: µ < 100 )
(Note: The value of α is arbitrary.) (Note: The value of α is arbitrary.)

Figure 1. One-tailed Test, Right Tail Figure 2. One-tailed Test, Left Tail

Acceptance
Region Area

Rejection Region Rejection Region

Area = 0.025 0.95 Area = 0.025
(α is divided by 2) (α is divided by 2)

Critical Value

• α = 0.05
• Ha is non-directional
• Ha uses not equal to (≠) symbol to express equivalent
mathematical statement (Example: µ ≠100 )
(Note: The value of α is arbitrary.)

Figure 1. Two-tailed Test

3
Example 1: Find the appropriate rejection region when Ha: µ>µ0, α = 0.05.

The symbol used to express the mathematical statement is greater than which means
that Ha is directional, thus, it is one-tailed test, right tail to be specific (fig. 1 on p.3).

0.5 - 0.05 = 0.45 (Look at the

Standard Normal Table at the right ) 0.4500
is between 1.64 and 1.65. To get the z-
value we get the average (1.64 + 1.65) / 2 =
1.645.

Rejection
A = 0.95 Region

1.645
Critical Value

Example 2: Find the appropriate rejection region when Ha: µ<µ0, α = 0.01.
The symbol used to express the mathematical statement is less than which means
that Ha is directional, thus, it is one-tailed test, left tail to be specific (fig 1 on p.3).

0.5 - 0.01 = 0.4900 (Look at the

Standard Normal Table at the right ).
0.4900 is between 2.32 and 2.33 To get the
z-value we get the average (2.32 + 2.33) / 2
= 2.325

Rejection
Region
A = 0.99

2.325
Critical Value

4
Let us now take the problem on page 2 as example 3. Use the following steps as your guide.
Step 1. State the null (Ho) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses.
In the sample problem, you are asked to find out if the average daily take home pay
of all multicab divers in Puerto Princesa City is different from ₱325.00. The word “different”
implies a not equal statement, thus

Ho: µ = ₱325.00 Ha: µ ≠ ₱325.00

Step 2. Choose the level of significance.
It is given in the problem that the level of significance to be used is α = 0.05. In other
cases, 0.01 and 0.1 are used since significance level is arbitrary.

Step 3. Compute the test statistic.

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
The population mean is being tested, the variance is known and n>30, so the formula
for z-value is to be used.
Given: ̅ =₱350.00
𝒙 𝝁= ₱𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝝈 = √𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 90 n = 100
Substitute the given values to the formula.
350 − 325
𝑧=
90
√100
25
𝑧=
90
10
𝑧 = 2.78
Step 4. Determine the critical value.
The alternative hypothesis is Ha: µ ≠ ₱325.00, non-directional since the symbol used
is ≠, hence the two-tailed test will be used. (Refer to figure 3 on the previous page.) Subtract
0.025 from 0.5 (one-half of the area of the normal curve).
0.5 – 0.025 = 0.4750

0.025 0.025
(Area of the (Area of the
rejection region) rejection region)
A = 0.95

µ -1.96 µ=325 1.96

Critical Value
The area 𝑧𝛼 =
µ 2
The computed test statistic is z=2.78
±1.96 which is
the critical which falls to the right of the critical
value. value, therefore reject Ho and accept
Ha. We conclude that the average
daily take home pay of all multicab
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=areas+under+the+normal+curve+table
divers in Puerto Princesa City is
different or not equal to from ₱325.00
(Source: “Blog.minitab”. https://blog.minitab.com/en/adventures-in-statistics-2/understanding-
hypothesis-tests-significance-levels-alpha-and-p-values-in-statistics, accessed April 4,2021
https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat415/book/export/html/868, accessed April 4,2021.)
5
 Let’s Practice

ACTIVITY 1 Directions: Find and illustrate the appropriate rejection

region in each case. The normal curve is provided for you.

1. Ha: µ>µ0, α = 0.01 3. Ha: µ ≠ µ0, α = 0.01

2. Ha: µ<µ0, α = 0.05.

ACTIVITY 2 Directions: Given the problem, identify the appropriate

rejection region for a given level of significance.

It is claimed that the average monthly income of online sellers during the pandemic is
₱35,600.00. A random sample of 35 online sellers is selected and it is found out that
the average monthly income is ₱35,900.00. Using a 0.01 level of significance, can it be
concluded that there is an increase in the monthly income of online sellers? Assume
that the population standard deviation is ₱ 270.00. (You may use the steps in the
example as your guide.)

How do you find the activity? Can you now illustrate the rejection region on your
own?____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
6
 Let’s Do More

ACTIVITY 1 Directions: Find the appropriate rejection region in each case.

Draw your own normal curve on the space provided for.

1. A right-tailed test at 10% level of significance (α)

2. A two-tailed test at 5% level of significance (α)

3. A left-tailed test at 1% level of significance (α)

Let’s Sum It Up

Directions: Identify the term being described/defined in

ACTIVITY each item. Choose your answers from the box.

Accept Ho Critical Value Reject Ho Rejection Region

Significance level < ≠ >

________1. The set of values of test statistic for which the null hypothesis is rejected.

________2. This refers to the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
________3. It is the symbol that signifies a non-directional Ha.
________4. The decision to be made when the computed statistic falls with the rejection
region.
________5. The value that sets boundary between the rejection and acceptance
regions.
7
 Lesson 2
The Rejection Region when the
Population Variance is known
MELCs: Identify the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance when:
a. the population variance is assumed to be known;
b. the population variance is assumed to be unknown ; and
c. the Central Limit Theorem is to be used. M11/12/SP-IVc-1
Objectives: 1. Determine the critical value using the Table of t-Critical Values.
2. Illustrate the rejection region for a given level of significance when the
population variance is assumed to be unknown and the Central Limit Theorem
is to be used.
3. Identify the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance.

Let’s Explore and Discover

It was reported that the average price of per kilogram

of whole dressed chicken is ₱190.00 in Puerto Princesa City.
However, a sample of 15 prices randomly selected from old
Unlocking and new markets showed an average of ₱200.00 and a
of Difficulties standard deviation of ₱8.50. Using as 0.01 level of
significance, is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the
• Degree of average price of dressed chicken in Puerto Princesa City is
Freedom – more than ₱190.00.
the number
of
What can you say about the problem above? How do you
observations
compare it with the problems in Lesson 1?
in the data
that are free ______________________________________________________________
to vary when
______________________________________________________________
estimating
statistical Can you tell the differences between the problems in
parameters. Lesson 1 with the problem above?
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

In Lesson 1, we talked about the appropriate test statistic

when the variance is assumed to be known and considered
sample size n≥30. But what if the variance is unknown and n≤30?

8
 Assume that the population follows a normal distribution, the appropriate test statistic
for testing a claim about a population mean when the population variance is assumed to be
unknown and n<30 is the t-test for a single mean
𝑥̅ −𝑢
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛

where:

𝑥̅ = sample mean s = standard deviation of the sample

µ= population mean n = sample size

The test of the statistical hypothesis can also be one-tailed test where Ha is directional
or two-tailed test where Ha is nondirectional. But, since the sample size is less than 30 we
will use the Table of t-Critical Values to find the critical values.

Example 1. Find the critical value of the following:

A. A right-tailed test; α= 0.05 df = 14
Table of t-Critical Values

It is given that the test is right –

tailed, therefore look for α= 0.05 at the
row for one-tail then locate df=14 on
the first column headed DF. The
critical value is 1.761.

Rejection
Region
Non-rejection
Region

1.761
Critical Value

B. A two-tailed test; α= 0.05 df = 19

The given test is a two-tailed

test, therefore look for α= 0.05 at the
row for two-tails then locate df = 19 on
the first column headed DF. The
critical value is ±2.093.

Rejection
Region Rejection
Non-rejection
Non-rejection Region
Region
Region
𝛼
Non-rejection
𝛼
2
= 0.025 Region = 0.025
2

1.761
-1.761
-2.093 +2.093
Critical Value Critical Value

9
Example 2. Consider the problem on page 8. Let us follow the steps in Lesson 1.

Given: 𝑥̅ = ₱200.00 s = ₱8.50 α= 0.01 µ= ₱190.00 n = 15

Step 1. State the null (Ho) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses.
In the sample problem, you are asked to find out if there is sufficient evidence to
conclude that the average price of dressed chicken in Puerto Princesa City is more than
₱190.00. Thus,

Ho: µ = ₱190.00 Ha: µ > ₱190.00

Step 2. Choose the level of significance.
It is given in the problem that the level of significance to be used is α = 0.01. In other
cases, 0.05 and 0.1 are used since significance level is arbitrary.

Step 3. Compute the test statistic.

The population mean is being tested, the population variance is assumed to be

unknown and n<30, so the formula to be used is
𝑥̅ −𝑢
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛

Substitute the given values to the formula.

200−190
𝑡= 8.5
√15

10
𝑡=
8.5
√15
𝑡 = 4.56
Step 4. Determine the critical value.
a. Find the degrees of freedom.
df = n – 1
= 15 – 1
= 14
b. The alternative hypothesis is Ha: µ > ₱190.00, directional since the symbol used
is >, hence the one-tailed test (right tail) will be used. Use the table for t-Critical Values.

Table of t-Critical Values

α= 0.01
Non-rejection Rejection
Region Region

Critical Value 2.62

The computed test statistic44t = 4.56 falls
within the rejection region, reject the null
hypothesis. At α= 0.01, there is sufficient
evidence to conclude that the average price of
dressed chicken in Puerto Princesa City is more
than ₱190.00

10
 Example 3. Applying the Central Limit Theorem.

The Central limit theorem can be applied when a large population is not
normally distributed and if the sample size is large enough or n≥30. There are cases when
the population standard deviation (𝜎)is unknown. The sample standard deviation (s) is a
good approximation substitute for the unknown 𝜎. We use the formula
𝑥̅ −𝑢
𝑧= 𝑠 . The Areas under the Normal Curve Table is to be used as well.
√𝑛

Given : Ho: µ= 40 Ha: µ > 40 α = 0.01 𝑥̅ = 42 s=6 n = 36

𝑥̅ −𝑢
𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛

42−40
= 6
√36

=2

Non- Rejection
rejection Region
Region

µ
2.325
Critical Value
0.5 - .01 = 0.49

The area 0.49 is between 0.4898 under

column headed 0.02 and 0.4901 headed
0.03. Therefore, z = (2.32+2.33)/2 = 2.325

(Source: “Blog.minitab”. https://blog.minitab.com/en/adventures-in-statistics-2/understanding-hypothesis-

tests-significance-levels-alpha-and-p-values-in-statistics, accessed April 4,2021

https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat415/book/export/html/868, accessed April 4,2021.)

Let’s Practice
Directions: Find the critical value of each of the following.
ACTIVITY 1 Write your answer on the appropriate column.

Type of test Level of Significance Degrees of Freedom Critical Value

(α) (df)
Right-tailed 0.05 24
Left-tailed 0.05 13
Two-tailed 0.05 14
Right-tailed 0.01 12
Left-tailed 0.01 10
Two-tailed 0.01 6

11
 Directions: Given the problem, identify the appropriate
ACTIVITY 2 rejection region for a given level of significance.

It is claimed that the average age of teenagers who play Mobile Legend in a certain
barangay is 14 years. A group of research students selected a random sample of 25
teenagers. The computation of their ages resulted to an average of 16 with a standard
deviation of 9 years. Does this mean that the average age of working student is different
from 14 years? Use 0.05 level of significance and assume normality in the population.

How do you find the activity?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
Can you now illustrate the rejection region on your
own?____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Do More

Directions: Find the appropriate rejection region using the given

ACTIVITY 1 information. Draw the normal curve and label each part
correctly.

1. Ho: µ= 30 Ha: µ ≠ 30 α = 0.05 𝑥̅ = 28 s = 2.5 n = 34

2. Ho: µ= 45 Ha: µ > 45 α = 0.01 𝑥̅ = 42 s=5 n = 30

12
 Let’s Sum It Up

Directions: Identify the term being described/defined in

ACTIVITY each item. Choose your answers from the box.

Central Limit Degree of freedom t-test for a single mean

The Chebyshev’s Theorem z-test

________1. The appropriate test when a population is assumed to follow a normal

distribution and the population variance is unknown and n<30.
________2. The theorem that can be applied when a population is not normally
distributed but the sample size is large enough.
________.3 The number of observations in the data that are free to vary when estimating
statistical parameters.

Let’s Assess
Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Circle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. When n=23, what is the degree of freedom?

A. 22 B. 23 C. 24 D. 25

2. What is the critical value when Ha: µ> µ0 and α= 0.05?

A. 0.4500 B. 1.64 C. 1.65 D. 1.645

3-5. Refer to the figure below to answer numbers 8-10.

1.645
Critical Value

3. Which of the following alternative hypotheses is illustrated by the graph above?

A. Ha: µ>µ0 C. Ha: µ<µ0
B. Ha: µ≠µ0 D. Ha: µ=µ0

13
4. If the computed test statistic is 1.72. What decision can be made?
A. Accept Ho C. Reject Ha
B. Accept Ho and Ha D. Reject Ho

5. If the computed test statistic is 1.25. What decision can be made?

A. Accept Ho C. Reject Ha
B. Accept Ho and Ha D. Reject Ho

6. Which of the following serves as the basis for either accepting or rejecting a hypothesis?
A. Critical Value C. Significance Level
B. Degree of Freedom D. z value

7. What does α=0.05 mean?

A. The rejection region has an area of 0.05.
B. The rejection region has an area of 0.95.
C. The acceptance region has an area of 0.05.
D. The acceptance region has an area of 0.95.

8. The computed test statistic falls within the rejection region, what decision can you
make?
A. Accept Ho C. Reject Ha
B. Accept Ho and Ha D. Reject Ho

9. What is referred to as the set of values of test statistic for which the null hypothesis is
rejected?
A. Critical Value C. Rejection Region
B. Degree of Freedom D. Significance Level

10. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called
A. critical value. C. rejection region
B. degree of freedom. D. significance level

14
 Answer Key
LESSON 1

1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. A

3.

2.

1. Ho: µ= 35, 600 Ha: µ>35, 600 𝜎 = 270

2. α= 0.01

3. z = 5.92 4. CV = 2.325

Rejection Region

ACTIVITY 1

1. 2. 3.

CV = 1.285 CV = -1.96 CV = 1.96 CV = -2.325

1. Rejection Region 2. Significance Level 3. ≠ 4. Reject Ho 5. Critical Value

15
 LESSON 2

ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 2

Type of Level of Degrees of Critical

1. Ho: µ=14 Ha: µ>16
test Significance Freedom Value
(α) (df) 2. α = 0.05
Right- 0.05 24 1.711
tailed 3. t = 1.11
Left-tailed 0.05 13 1.771
Two-tailed 0.05 14 2.145 4. CV = 2.492
Right- 0.01 12 2.631
tailed
Left-tailed 0.01 10 2.764
Two-tailed 0.01 6 3.707

1.
Rejection Region Rejection Region

CV = -2.064 CV = 2.064

2.
Rejection Region

CV = 2.462

1. t-Test for single mean

2. Central Limit Theorem

3. Degree of Freedom

1. A 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. A
6. A 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. D

16
 References

Website

Blog.minitab.https://blog.minitab.com/en/adventures-in-statistics-2/understanding-
hypothesis-tests- significance-levels-alpha-and-p-values-in-statistics, accessed
April 4,2021

Frost, Jim. Central Limit Theorem Explained. www.statisticshowto.com, accessed on April

10, 2020, https://www.statisticshowto.com/propability-and-statistics/normal-
distributions/central-limit-theorem-definition-exxamples/

https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat415/book/export/html/868, accessed April 4,2021

simplypsychology.org. “What is central limit theorem in statistics?”. Accessed on July 3,
2020, https:// www.simplypsychology.org/central-limit-theorem.html

statisticshowto.org. “Statistics How To”. Accessed on April 11, 2020,

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/normal-
distributions/central-limit-theorem-definition-examples/

17
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18
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=areas+under+the+normal+curve+table

19
 Table of t-Critical Values

Source: https://www.google.com/search?table+of+t+critical+values&oq

20