CH AP TE R4

S OF THE
E L A S T IC P R O P E R T IE
IN A
U N ID IR E C T IO N A L L A M
. .

4 I u-i-TRODUCTION og en eo us i:nater~als. Th e~ are ~e ate

d ~
an1~tr~p1c
ba sic aIJ y he ter 1s given
· Fibre reinforced plastics
are
str ess -st rai n relat1 onsh1 p for am so tro p1 c ma ten als
ear elasti c
mater ials. Th e mo st ge ne ral lin
by
c,, ,3 C11 21 &11
C, rn c,, ,2 c,, 32
r c ,11 , C11 22 c,, JJ c,, 23
U 11 C22 21 8 22
C22 12 C22 32 C2 2n
C22 22 C22 33 C22 23 C22 31
U22 C22 ,1 &33
C33 32 C33 13 C33 21
C33 23 C33 31 C33 12
Un C13 11 C33 12 C33 33
C23 21 8 23
C23 31 C23 12 C23 32 C2 313 (4. 1)
C23 1 1 C23 22 C23 33 C23 23
Uz ; &31
C31 12 C31 32 C31 13 C31 21
C31 31
U3 1 = C11 11 C1 ,22 C31 33 C31 23
c,2 n c,2 21 8 12
c,2 21 C1231 C12 12 c,2 32
Uu Cu ,, C12 22 C,2 31
C32 32 C32 13 C32 21 &32
C32 33 C32 23 C32 31 C32 12
Un C12 ,1 C32 22
C13 32 C13 13 C13 21 &13
C13 23 c,3 31 C13 12
U 13 Cu 11 C13 22 C,3 13
8 21
Cz rn C21 12 C2 n2 C21 13 C21 21
C2 111 C21 22 C2 ,11 Cz ,n
CT2 1
tat ion s can be wr itte n as
Equation (4 .J) in r.ensor no
= cijld. &ti
O'v
(4. 2)
(i, j. k, I = I. 2. 3) n co or din ate s with
ha ve em plo ye d rec tan gu lar ca rte sia
wb eff C.w 1f t caJJed stiffn
ess components. We ice s.
r no tat ion s inv olv ing the su mm ati on of rep ea ted ind
uaud carteaian tm so
can als o be written as
T h e ~ celatiomhip (4.3)
~ .. S.w O'At
mponents.
where SIJld 1f t the compliance co
versa.
Matrix CC-,J u the inv en e
of the matrix [Suki] and vice
81 elastic co ns tan ts.
Thus a gaJeraJ anisotropic material requires
HIP
4.2 STll£SS.-sntuN lll:LATIONS ia,
Slrea, an d ltrain teDIOQ are
required to be &ymmetric, that
0g a: ~/, 8;' • ~I <4 -4)
1be •Y JDmetry of str ess
36. Contracted notations are
an d strain
used in DJ
tenso red
ec ~i c, ~
the
Dlll;Dber
· .

O COIDJ)Olttea, Tiae ..
a dJ d l■u~ cmastants toof••
.. $ $14) 4 IIB wr itt en as
follows
 [/(1.t llc Prn,,,,-,,,.., ,if'"' u,,,dir'.('fir,nnl L,;,,,,1no 41
<'rll • <'r1, t't1~ 1e. <T2, <t,
·~ =:
<t3, 0 ~ e
o•. 0 31 ~ o~, c, 12 ~ 0 6
In rontrn<-tt-d n<'tations. the st.re~ (4.S)
, s- stra,.n rel11ttons
. h1p . for an ani,o
tropic body is (Fig . 4.1)

0"3

rJ'4

er,

I
I
I
I
t=
I 2
(J'6

--

I
I

i
Fig. 4.1 Stress components

0'1 C11 C12 C13 c,4 c,s c,6 e,

0'2 C2, Cz2 C23 C24 C2s C26 &2
0'3 C31 C32 C33 C34 C3s C36 63
= (4.6)
u, c.. C,2 C,3 C44 C.s c46 &4
"s c,. c,2 C53 C54 Css c" 65
c,. C,2 C,3 c.. c., c" '•
or,
"' a, • c, ~ (4.7)
(i,j s I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

Sbifedr,
e, • s, 6
1 (4.8)
'1111 . . . ... ,, 6llcaoM reduce the number of inde
pendent compononta still t\anher.
. . . . . . . . . . . . _, ., ii aiv• by
~~~
~~

(4.10)
 s~ \"&n ~ txrressed as a derivative of strain.
(J, -= -
lW ., cli ~ <4. 11)
ft j
Differentiating further with respect to &j, ( 4. \ \) becomes
... w
c.. =c·- - (4.12)
it/t j
'l

Ba.~ on the above procedure, if the differentiation is first performed with respect to Ei and then

-,,.•ith respect to E i • we get

tiW (4.13)
C --= - -
I' CE j OCi
Since the order of differentiation is of no consequence, from (4.12) and (4.13), we get
c, = c ji (4.14)
Similarly,
s, = sji (4.15)
Taking advantage of symmetry conditions, the number of independent elastic constants in the
stress-strain relations reduce to 21.

42.l Stress-Strain Relation of a Monoclinic Material

Materials having symmetry with respect to a plane is referred to as monoclinic materials. It has
4 1 42
been shown that for monoclinic materials, C!ihas 13 independent components 1 - , - 1.
C11 C,2 Cn 0 0 c,6
C22 C23 0 0 C26
C33 0 0 C36
lc,l =
C44 C4s 0
(4.16)
symmetrical Css 0
c66
The coordinate 3 is normal to the plane of symmetry.

4.2.2 Str...,.Strain Relation of a Specially Orthotropic Material

An orthotropac. material has three mutually perpendicular planes of material I .
referred to as specially orthotropic material when the ref1 . ~etry. t is
along the principal planes of material symmetry The :ce. system of coordinates JS selected
such a case reduces to 9. · num of mdependent elastic components for
Cu C12 C13 0 0 0
C22 Cu 0 0 0
lcu1 = C33 0
c.,.
0
0
0
(4.17)
symmetrical
Css
·\
I
 EloJlic Pmpmie., of rh, Unidlrecllrmol l,omino 49

The rompliancc matrix [Si/] c.an be obtained from the inverse of [Cd

4.2.3 Strm stnh1 Relation for a Tnnsvemty Isotropic M1teri1I

~ plane ~f ~ tropy i~ a plane where at every point in the planes, mechanical properties are the
same m _all dn~ttons [F,g. 4.2]. In transversely isotropic material, one of the planes for the
orthotroptc case ts taken to be the plane of isotropy.

lane
of

Fig. 4.2 Transversely isotropic material

In Fig. 4.2, the plane of isotropy consists of that containing axes 2 and 3. As such in the
stres5-tttain relation, axes 2 and 3 can be interchanged. The stiffness matrix of a transversely
isotropic material thus becomes ·
c.. C12 C12 0 0 0
C22 C23 0 0 0
C22 0 0 0
(cJ =
symmetrical t<C22 -C23) 0 0
(4.18)

c66 0
c66
The number of independent elastic constants reduce to 5 for this cue- Cu, C12, Cu. C23 and C66•

4.2.4 Strell-Stnla . .do■ of u botroplc Material

An isotropic material bu the same elutic propertiea in all directiona. As such an infinite number
of material symmetry exists through a point. In this cue, number of elutic constants reduce to two.
~(\ Ut\ ~k~ ~f <'•""'f'"·'i"' ~#atf'P'ic,I~ and s,,,11·tt1P't','f
~
0 .0 0
c" C,l C,2
C11 C,2 0
! .
0
0 ·. '
.
'
0
0 "0
C11
C11 - C,2 0
0
\c~1 t
S) 'lftmt"trit'al
2 (4. 19)
c" -C,2 0
2
C11 -C12
2
AU the above results have been summed up in Tabl
e 4.1 where the number of independent elastic
con. .~ts arc related to the material type.

43 ENG NEE RIN G CONSTANTS

Engineering constants are more commonly used to chara
cterise the beha viour of FRP than
stiffness and compliance. When stress-strain relations
are expressed in terms of engineering constants
it beco mes more meaningful to engineers.
· '
Refemng to Fig. 4.3, where an orthotropic material
is subjected to uniaxial tension cr 1, the
stress-strain relations are

£3 = - v, ..
~ <11
E1 (4.20)

4=~=4=0

Table 4.1 Materials and ·independent elastic constants l4-1

1

Material No. of ind dent elastic constants

l. General ani&0tropic material
2. Anisotropic material with symmetric stress and . 81
strain components 36
3. Anisotropic material with energy considerations
4. Monoclinic material 21
5. Specially orthotropic material 13
6. Orthotropic material with transverse i&0tropy 9
7. l&0tropic material
' '
' ''
 n,,,ir Prr>I'(''1if't nf ,,,, l""idirf"f'lirmal lammo 51

---- ..1 1
(jl
I
I
}-- ---
'
-- - --
(jt
3lL,
I
I
I

Fig. 4.3 Orthotropic material subjected to longitudinal tension

,.-here E, is the modulus of elasticity in the I-axis direction. &1, Ei and EJ are the a.xial strains along
the 1. 2 and 3 - axis system.
'4- ~ and E°-6 are the shearing strains and v12, and Vt 3 are Poisson's ratio.
Referring to Fig. 4.4, for an orthotropic material subjected to pure inplane shear CT6, the
stress-strain relations are
£1 = E:. = ~ = 4 = Es = 0 . (421)

£(, = (16

G12
where Gt2 is the inplane shear modulus of the material .

..

er,--- -
Fl&, 4.4 Orthotropic material subjected to inplane shear

. Likewise, the stresa-strain relations for other stress components actina independently can be
determined.
TbUI, jf ,,,,, .....er, act on an orthotropic material. then the stress-strain
.
l
l - ,·~, - v~, 0 0 0
E, E12 E3
_ ' '12
' _ \'32
0 0 0 0"1

l::I£~\ E,
- ' 'n
E,
E2
- \'23
E2 '
E3
E3
0 0 0
0"2
0"3
1£, :: (4.22)
0 \ 0"4
If £4;
0 0 0 0
G23 O's
l£~ 0 0 0 0
\
0 0"6
G31
0 0 1
0 0 0
G,2
.~ the compliance ma trix is sym
metric, we get
1 ' 11 V1:
- =-
£2 £1

-"n = -"31
£, £3 (4.23-)

-":n = -"r-
£2 £ 3
ln~

"~
-
E;
""Ei (1.J. . = 1,
: - ~ 3)
(4. 24)
Tb ere fat t,
the compliance matrix in terms of eng
ineering constants is given by (4.22).
Ni.De main engineering constants are
defined with respect to principal dire
Stiffoes6 coe ffic ieo u C._ are rclaled ctions of the ma teri al.
10 Sij as follows

S22S33 - S21 2
Cu ~

s
S 11 S 33 -S u l
C22 = ,
s ....
,

l
S11 S22 -S1 2
Cn =
s
S13 S23 - S1 2S33
C12 s:
s
S 11 S 13 - S23S11
Cn =
s
 F,/o.ftlc Pmpertle., nf the Unidirectional lamina 53

S, 2 S2~ - S,~S 22
C,3 =
s
1 1 1
C_. =-, .. =s5~-,
c~~ CM, = -
s(,6
s,..
wherr
S11 S12 S13
(4.26)
s = S21 S22 Sn
S31 S32 S33

= S11 S22 S33 - S11 st -S22 s,\ - S33 S122 + 2S12 S23 S31 .
From the relations of (4.22), we can write
l - V23V32
C11 = £ 2 £ 3A

} - V13V31
C22 = £ , £3A

l-v,2V21
C11 = E1E2 A
V12 + V31 V23 (4.27)
Cu = £ 2 £3 A
V32 + V12V31
Cn = E1E3 A
V13 + V12V23
C13 = £1£2 4

-- c..

4 =
IS Gn, C5,

I
£,£2£3
= Gu,

-v,2
I
C66

-V21
I
= G12

-V31
-V32 (4.28)
-vu - Vz3 I
for a nnsvenely ilotropic material with the 2-3 plane as the plane of isotropy, the following
metion+ip bolds good
£2 - £, (4.29)
G12 • G,,
V12 • VIJ

4.4 ITIWII-ITRAIN ULATIONI or A THIN LAMINA

ita materiall are UIOd in the form of thin
· ·
........
iD plllle atrea. hi aucll a case all stress
 d s1mct11res (4.30)
. Matrrials an
M<'f..•har,ic.t ~fCr,mpos,tl' ,in .
equation becomes ·,

tress-stra
cr3 = a. o~ • O
c f (4.30) into (4. J7)' the s
Suhstituting the streSs values o O &1 ·
O
lr1 c,, C,2 C,3 0 0 0 &2
lr~ C22 C23 O &
(4.3 I)
C2 1 o 0 3
0 ~, ~2 ~3 0 0 ~
0 0 o O C44 O
0 6s
0 0 0 o O Css
0 c66 66
(1'6 0 0 0 0
which in an expanded fonn gives
a, = C1 i &1 + C12 £2 + C13 &3

D':i = C12 &1 + C22 &2 + C23 &3 (4.32)

0 = C13 &1 + C23 &2 + C33 &3
~ =0
Es =0
~ = c66 E6
Solving (4.32), yields )

(1'I
= (c - II
C13C13)c + (c12
C I
33
- C13C23
C33
&2

= QII 6 1 + Q12 6 2

u2 = ( C12
C~
- -
23
C ) &1
C33
13 +(c _ c 22 C23C23) 62
33 (4.33)
= Q,2 c, + Q22 62

u6 = c66 E6 = Q66 E6
Equation (4.33) written in matrix form becomes

{;~} ~ [~: g: ~ ]{:;J

. (16 0 0 Q~ &6
(4.34)

. ·. (4.35)
Here, Qii is known as the reduced stiffhess component, and is given by
. C.3C·3
Qij = C/j - C I J (' •
l,J = I, 2, 6)
33
(4.36)

(4.37)
 Elt1.,rlc Pro~rtle., nf rhe Unidlrecrlnnol Lamina 55

or, in compact fonn. ( 4.3 7) becomes

{s},,2:: [s]1.2{~}1.2 (4.38)

When the principal material axis systems are chosen as the directions in which the stress
components arc to ~ dctem,intd, then (4.34) and (4.37) are valid. For this case, the stress-strain
relationship is valid thn.,ugh four independent engineering constants.
The sti~ in ~nn~ of engineering constants along the principal material a,ds are
E,
Q,1 :::---.:..-
I- V1 2,V21

~:: E, . (4.39)
l-v,2 ,V21

Qi.,= v 21 £ 1 = v12 £ 2
• 1-V12V21 l-V12V21

~=G,2
Compliances in terms of engineering constants are
I
S11=-
E,
I
S22=- (4.40)
E2

s,2 = -V12- = -V21-

£, E2
1
s"' =G12-
Thus, four independent engineering constants are £ 1, £ 2, G12 and v 12 (or v21 ). It may be noted
that v1 2and v2, are related as indicated in (4.22).
Relationship between Qii and Sii are as follows
_· Q22 ·
S11- 2
Q,, Q22 -Q,2
-Q,2
S12 = 2
Q11Q22 - Q,2
-
S22- Q,. (4.41)
Q11Q22 -Q,/
I
s" = ~
Conversely,
Q11 = S22
S11S22 - S1/
 (4.42)

£nlllf llr 4 -' ·1

. . - 100 kN / mm2and v == 0. 25 . .
°""'""~
!\tt NCTOJ"C lamma has E - .
~ rrd~~ stiffness matnx and uce
red d compliance matrix. ,
The shear" fflC'duh.ls G for the elastic material is
·

G =
E = lOO = 40 kN/mm 2
: (I .._ 1•) 2 X J.25
Let m. ~ ctcoa mine the reduced stiffness coefficients

E 100 = 2
106.67 kN/mm
Q11 = Q~ = J- v 2 = I - (0.25) 2
Q
11
= .,. Q11 = 0.25 x 106.67 = 26.67 kN/mm 2
Q... s ~ k."iiiimm 2
lnen:forc.

fQ] s l ;J ~.67

y,01,,
26.67
106.67
0
By inverung [Q), one CM obtain (S]. Another option of obtaining [S]
is_to calculate all the
~ of[S] ~ l y • bave been done for [Q]. Calculations of[S] have been
approadl a gi\'Cll below
done on the latter

S., S12 1
c • - - • JOx 10-J (kN/mm 2 )-1
100

Su C
S21
- -0.25
-
JOO - - 2.5 x I0-3 (kN/mm 2 )-1

.
s.,, s
-40I • 25 x 10-J (kN/mm 2 r• .
TberefOR.

[s] = [ 10
-:.s
-2.5
JO
0
!]"
25
1
10- (kNl- 2)"'1
 Ela.,tic Propertle., of the Unidirectional lamina 51

Example 4A.2
For an orthotropic lamina, engineering constants along the principal material axes are E, = 150
GPa, E2 = 20 GPa, G, 2 = 5 GPa, v 12 = 0.2.
Determine the reduced stiffness matrix [Q].
E2 20 · ·
V21 = V12 - = 0.2 X - = 0.0267
£, 150

1- V12 ,V~I =}- 0.2 X 0.0267 =0.9947

E, 150 .
Q,, =---=--=150.81GPa
1- 0.9947 V12 V21

x150.81 = 4.027 GPa

' '

Q12 = v2,Q11 = 0.0267

20
-Q22 = E, = = 20.11 GPa
1- V12 V21 0.9947
Q66 = G12 =:=: 5 GPa
Therefore,
I
[150.81 4.027
[Q] = 4.027 20.11
~] GPa
0 0
Example 4A.3 .. .. - - ,. - 4·-

Reduced stiffness matrix of an orthotropic lamina is given by _

150.81 4.027 OJ
[Q] = 4.027 . 2_0.11 0 G~a .
[
- . 0 , . '
0. ,· , .5
Determine E., E 2, G 12 and v 12 of the orthotropic lamina
~=G12 =5
Q11 = 150.81 . •,
''
Q12 = V21Q11

or, 4.027 ·
V21 =150.81 =0.0267
4.027
V12 = 20.11 = 0.2
1- V12V21 = 1-0.2 X 0.026f = 0.9947
Therefore,

Q11 = Ea = 150.81 . l •

• •. ••1 I • I
1- V12V21 • • • t • \ t ' •

or, E1.. = ISO.SI x 0.9947 • 150 0Pa • . ....

 -
S,mil•rl~.
F,-. • ,o.11 X ()_9<>,4 ? .. 20 Ora
4 .fl TR .,'jl\"SFORMATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN
'The-~~ of a romro~itc chan~ with the change of ply orientation. A particular axis systern
~ <"'~ """ ron\'fflit"ntly ~lving the problem • the axis system is known as the loading axis or the
n - ~ a_~is. For fi~rc reinforecd composites, another axis system which is parallel and
f""rf'C'ldirolar to the fihrc orientation is convenient for the calculation of material properties. As such
tht n.m.formarion of sn-es..qes and strains from one axis system to another is needed.

4 .6 . I tn11sfonnatioll of Stftss
Tbc princiral material axis system is indicated by the 1-2 axis and the reference axis system is
shown by the x-y axis (Fig. 4.5). Figure 4.S(a) indicates an on-axis system, that is, where the principal
material axis is coincident with the reference axis. Figure 4.5(b) depicts an off-axis system. Here, the
~ferencc axis system for a unidirectional composite is different from the material axis system.
c.omiter-clockwisc rotation of Bis taken as positive £4.31.
,2,y

(a) On-axis system (b) Off-axis system

Fie- 4.5 Axis system in an unidirectional stressed lamina

. !-,Jn~onal ~ la~ina in ~ off-axis_ system is shown in Fig. 4.6. Stresses on planes

come•~ with the material axis system 1s shown m Fig. 4.7. The· wedge is considered parallel and
perpendicular to the fibre orientation. · .

' C7y
a:
1

er.

Pia- 4.6 Unidirectional 1treued lamina

. Referring ~ Fig. 4. 7(a), the equilibrium of all borizo .. . -. ..
umt area on the JDclined plane yield the followina -,,fd,,:.qJ and ~~cal fon:ea of the wedge with
 Ela.\'tic Pr0pertle., of the Unidirectional Lamina . 59 ·

m o, - n 06 = m Ox + n 0 8 (4.43)
n er, + m 0 6 = n Oy + m 0 5 (4.44)
where
m = cosB and n = sinB

(a)
Fig. 4. 7 Stresses on inclined plane

Solving (4.43) and (4.44), yields

CJ1 = m2 CJx + n 2 Oy + 2mn CJ 5 (4.45)
cr6 = - mn crx + mn cry+ (m 2 - n2) crs (4.46)
Similarly, referring to Fig. 4.7(b) and following similar steps as above, we get
cr2 = n2 crx + m2cry - 2mn crs (4.47)

l
Equations (4.45) to (4.47) written in matrix fonn becomes
2
u
u2}
1
= [ m:n mn 2mn
2
-2mn {O'O'yx} (4.48)
{
u6 - mn mn m2 - n2 us . ·, :

or, {crh,2 = [1] {G}x,y (4.49)

[1] is known as the transfonnation matrix.

4.6.2 Transformation of Strain ~-

Strain basically involves the geometry of the structure. The principal material axis is 1-2 and
the
reference axis is the xy axis (Fig. 4.8). Let u1 and v1 are the strains in the-principal materia
l axis
direction I and 2 and u and v in the reference axis system.
The following strain-displacement relati~hips in the 1-2 axis system can be written as
. ,. . . ..,. ' . _. ...., .
a,. ov, OU1 OV1
.··· ,8. =--
a, ' &2 =;;a,,'
VJ'
86 = -, +a,-
01 (4.50)
· (x, and Ya are corresponding to the axis S)'ltem 1 andO)
 FIi- 4.1 ~is system fors tnin

8,1d , thr ftll ~ ~ ft.!laled - follo

ws
Y• • - nx + my (4.5] )
Coc :•u w.:ty..
'X - Mr I - ff'."1 y = nx, + my, (4.52)
Therriwe.
a = ... d- = - ... 4' = " · 0-' = m
4 1 ~ . (4.53 )
d:a 0-'1
Snnilarty~•.- - OW1S in the two coor dina te syste
ms can be related as follows
v1 = -nu +m v (4.54)
aad
...., - ""•·
1- . Che lllain along die I-axis is
£,s -
~
•-
a +-
a1,
•-
o/
4" 4, 4' a,
£, s,,, -tit, + ,, di ,
a 4' (4.5 5)
Suwif•dine 11, from (4.54) with (4..S.S) yields
+ nv)
e1 s,,, --
ii(
--
a --
11111 iJ(mu + nv)
+ n ------
4'
&
,E m[• : Z]•n[m¾+n Z] +n
(4.56)
By aubstituting appropriate lttain 1erm1 in (4.56), yield
s
2 2
&, s,n ex +n ey +m ne,
(4.57)
Adopting similar llep l as above, the followin1 equa
tions result
2 2
e2 -=n ex +m ey -mn e,
(4.58)
e, = - 2mne6 + 2mne1 + (m 2 - n 2 )8
1 (4-'9)
 Ela.,tlc Pmpertlt,, nf tht Unidirectional lamina 61

Equari<ffl (4.57) to (4.59) written in matrix fonn becomes

"•
£2
t6 =
[ ml
"2

- "'"
"2
"'2

"'"
2mn
- 2mn
ml - nl
l &x

&y

&s
(4.60)

l 2
Of. (d,.2=Ir]{&}%.)' (4.61)

By multiplying both sides of (4.48) and (4.60) by [T]- 1 , we obtain for the stressed lamina (Fig.
4.7)

1::1
=
[rJ-• 1::1 (4.62)

and
Ex &,
£, = [r]-1 £2 (4.63)
£, £6
2 2

l
where

[rr = [r(-8)] = [:: :: -2:n2 2

(4.64)
mn - mn m - n ·

It may be noted that the laws of stress and strain transfonnation are independent of material
properties, that is, 1hey are the 1MJ11e for both isotropic and anisotropic materials.

4.7 TRANSFORMATION OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS

When a lamina is loaded in the reference axis xy, the relationship between stresses in the
reference xy-axil and that in the principal material axis is given by (4.62).
Combining (4.62) and (4.34) result in

- 2mn
2mn
2
m -n
][QQ Q
2
Q
0
11
12
12
22
0
~
2Q66
l:!i.
2
(4.65)

Sublliluting lllllim in the 1-2 uia in terma ofq-uia from (4.60) into (4.65). yielda

(4.66)
 f~;.{i ~'(lg~·~~- ~g:j{
~,)
:,~1 (4.67)

t
, ft ,
I
1 o~ ""' •v.~ .•
G

' : . r'Nful"t"d stitmesses are as follows

Th(- n-te~ •nr ~"tff l ~ 2 2
/l : ,-•011 + ,.. ~ + 2m2,,·
., .,
Q,: + .,,, ,, Q66
,4 2 2 Q
l ::'u 66 ·'' (~.68)
Q",: ,,.Q11+ ,... Qn+2m"Jt·Q4, 2 + "'" 2 2n
.. ~ /l + :!_=' /"l.._ + (m + 114' Q, 2 - 4m n ~66
3
Q = "''"" 1{ 11 "' ,. l{.;Q I 3
;.1n _- "',r~ Q11 _ ,.,,,J k'L.
l"L., + ("'"~ _ ,,,3,,) Q, 2 + 2(mn - m n) Q66
3 3) Q
\c':r<
_i Q _ "'3" l'l..... + (m3n _ ,,,,,3) Q, 2 + 2(m
= n - mn 66
2 2
Q., ""1 11 I{.:;;:
. .
Q. = "';,~ Q,, + ..:.,,~Cb~ - 2,,,2,,2 Q12 + (m2
- n) Q66 .
noted that there is coupli ng
. - . ificant interest. It may be
Equation (-i.6:) has ~~f ~':Formation as also between sheari
ng stresse s and nonna l

suams.lllbefl"!l'Waca~~~-:. ;::mis
absent !hen the loading is in the principal materi al axis direct ion.

. ' .
'4.8 TRA.~SfOR.'IED REDUCED COMPLIANCE
es are as fol_lows
The Dausfo matioo of stress-strain relations in terms of compl iance matric
.. ·.·
"(4.69)

d by four indepe ndent elastic

For a apecialJy athoaopic lamina, the stress-strain relationship is define
and V12 (or V21). We chang e the
comaa nu iD lbe principal material axis direction. They are E1, E2, G,2
relationship in the princi pal materi al direct ions is
wion of G,2 to E-. and G67 to E,. The stress-strain. . ' · • ; . ' •-; ..
gi"fllb y .

tJ
1:,
.
r:.·: :: :1t~1 .-
= '
0 0 Stif, Ut,

I _ V21
0
£, E2
_ 1112 J
0
{El
;
(4.70)
£, E2
J
0 0
E,
. . . .. • . . . ,, .. . .
The above stress-strain relation when tran 8fl ~ ,
terms of complianca. · . en: to any a~bitr8?'_yx axis system reduces to (4.69) in
Suppose in (4.69) if c,; is the I
x
•
on Y non-zero stress compo
,
nent, which ~eans that
··
a. as 0,
·
t&en '°•

illiit11 I
- f.ln.,tiC' Prnpn1i~~ of tM Un;dirtttlnnal Lamina 63

(4.71)

~·hctt ~ - is the ratio of the transverse strain 6Y to the axial strain &z and '1.u the shear coupling
oocfficients is the ratio of shear strain sS to the axial strain s X .
Similarly, the following relations can be obtained
When only~- is operative When only is operative
£
vr:r
= - -·-a
. ,, O's
.
E y E =~u
X
y x E s
s
··, T/sy
E =-C1 (4.72)
y E s
s

(1$
E =-
s E
s

Thaefu1e, the superimposition of the three loadings results in the following equation.
1

(4.73)

Ex Ey E1
The symmetry of the compliance matrix yields

or, 'lu = Ex (4.74)

'la E,
'ly,
E1
=
'1,y
E,
or,
'ly,
'1,y
. -E, Ey

Comparing (4.73) with (4.69) yields

l l I
Sa=-, S11 • - , S,, •
E. E, 1I
S =S
"" ,z
=-v""
E.
•-2
£
(4.75)
1
 S 'I,.. 'In-
th e reduCC<I
r --•--
'
•
E E w ith
" hi le de al in g
c't
~. . 1
th os
'
e m en tio ne d ab ov e w
FttU('l'll""f ~
~imilar M

~ it can be sh
own th at
o ff lr fq r,o r
~ ~ lr
~ • "'-s" ... ,,•s2: + i,..:,,~S12 + ,,, 2,, 2 ~
2 2
,,.-s22 i,..¼r 2
s, 2 + ,,, ,, Set (4.76)
s,,. • "•s" + + 2 2
n ) S12 - m n S66
4

~ -= ..,:,, :.- S11 + ,,,~

,,, s~ + (m
4
+
3
n) S66
3

3,, S -
m n) S12 + (mn - m 3
3
2'-m ~S2: + 2(mn
3
-
S., --= 2,,, 11 3
m n ) S66
) S12 + (m n -
3 3
1
S:!2 + 2(m n - m n
~ .. 2""'~S1, - :i,,, ... .
,r 22
2
- 8m
'2
·n S,2 + (m - n ) S66
~. , S:2
S. ""' ._.. . S11 + 4,,r-,,· ST A N T S
N S O F E N G IN E E R IN G C O N
O~ REL A TI O 70 ) yi el ds
◄ .9 TR."-'1SFOR.\IATI co ns ta nt s as gi ve n by (4. 76 ) in to (4.
neerin g
nces in terms of engi
SutMtirutih! complia

(4 .7 7a )

2 2
2 m n
,,, 2 2 n 2
(n V21 - m 2) +
--
t'...
- s
I'
~ -- 2 - n ) + - £6
£ £ - £ (m v,2 E2
• , ' J·
3 ·
n 2mn 2 _ m2 v ) + m n - m n
2
'I 'Ia 2m 2
v, ) _ _ (n
£ • -£ = - £ (,,, _ 11 2
JC
21 E6
I
E2
I •
3 J
2mn n
'I. , = 2.mn n 2 2 -n 2 v )+ m n -m
'I,,.
£
c
£ £( - m v12 )- -( m 2 E 21
' E2 6
,, •
4 77 al60 be modifi ed as follows
£.quatiom < . a) can
E,
£ ~
m2 + E, n '
• ,,,4 •[ :' - 2 v,2)n2 E2
6

E2
£ c

Y m' +[££62 -2 v2,)n2,,,2 + E2E, n'