READING

AND
WRITING
WHAT IS A DISCOURSE?
It comes from the word
discursus​.
In medieval Latin, it means
“argument,”
and in late Latin, it means
“conversation.”
 Critique​
It is one example of
discourse.
This piece of writing states
a writer’s opinion about
the good and the bad
parts of another piece of
writing or a work of art.
Purposes of a Discourse
• To inform
• To persuade
• To entertain

Analyzing a Discourse
Factors in Analyzing a Discourse
• Culture
• Social environment
• Experiences
Types of Discourse
•Argumentation
•Description
•Exposition
•Narration
 Argumentation
It is the act or process of making and
presenting arguments.

The word argument comes from the Latin

word argumentum​, which means “evidence,”
“ground,” “support, or “a logical argument.”
 A recent study confirmed that playing video
games may cause children to become violent.
However, this is only true for some children. Dr.
Charlotte Cooper and Dr. Markey Vitasa of ABC
University explained that children who manifest a
combination of three personality traitschigh
neuroticism, disagreeableness, and low levels of
conscientiousnesscare more likely to be aggressive
toward others after playing video games.
Description

It is based on the main impression of the

author about the topic or subject.

Its purpose is to transmit that impression through

concrete, colorful, and vivid language​,
so that readers can fully imagine the topic or
subject.
 When I first saw my childhood friend
Margarette, she was about my younger sister Viv’s
height. Her hair was curly and dark, and her skin was
pale. But what struck me when I first saw her was her
big round blue eyes.
 Exposition
It aims to inform about, clarify, and explain a
phenomenon​.

It defines what something is and provides an in-

depth discussion about topics that are usually less
explored. Moreover, it may also give readers
instructions on how something is done.
 How to set up an email account
1. Choose the web host.
2. Look for the sign-up button. Click it.
3. Provide the required information.
4. Think of a unique username and a password.
(Tip: For the password, type in uppercase or add
characters.)
1. Start using the newly set up email account.
 Narration
It is like storytelling.
It recalls events chronologically.
This discourse is told in the first-, second- or third-
person point of view.
The general purpose of narration then is to relate a
series of events​ . Moreover, its structure may be
linear or nonlinear.
– A linear structure follows a typical
format:
• beginning,
• middle,
• end.
– A nonlinear structure may start from the
end or in the middle.
 I remember the time when I learned how to swim.
I was only eight years old and afraid to bathe in a pool.
I envied the kids who played with inflatable balls and
animals. Whenever my family would visit the clubhouse,
I would sit beside the pool and never really jump in to
join them. A summer camp opened in our
neighborhood, and my mom thought of enrolling my
brother and me in a swimming class. Two days before
the class started, my mom gave me a pep talk; that
made me realize that I did not want to miss out on the
fun just because I was afraid.
Literary Discourse
It is generally focused on creative works
such as poetry, short stories, novels, plays,
and even nonfiction.
Also, it includes texts that are used
strictly for business communication such as
letters, memos, and resumes.
Types of Literary Discourse
• Poetic
• Expressive
• Transactional
Poetic
commonly found in creative works like
poems, novels, short stories, and plays.
It focuses on how language is used to form
themes and convey ideologies
 The Road Not Taken (An Excerpt)
By Robert Frost
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
 Expressive
This type of discourse is commonly found in
academic journals, letters, diaries, and blogs.
It is a personal narrative and is typically written in
the first-person point of view.
In the process, the writer reveals something
about his or her identity.
 The Diary of a Young Girl (An Excerpt)

By Anne Frank
Sunday, 21 June 1942
Everyone at school is waiting to hear what happens next. Who will
move up a class, and who will stay down? We are all trying to guess! I
think my girlfriends and I will be OK, though we will have to wait patiently
to find out. Most of my teachers like me, but old Mr. Keesing gets angry
with me because I often talk too much! He made me do some extra
homework and write about ‘Someone Who Talks Too Much.
 Transactional
It is commonly found in instructional materials,
advertisements, and editorial articles, among
others.
It is directive in nature as it provides detailed
information on how something is done or
achieved.
Moreover, it encourages the reader to do
something or to act.
How to Cook Chicken Tinola

Ingredients:

1/2 kg chicken wings

1 red onion, peeled and sliced

1 clove of garlic, peeled and crushed

1 small ginger, peeled and julienned

1 small green papaya, peeled and cut into wedges

1–2 stalks of malunggay

1 teaspoon of salt

1 teaspoon of pepper

3–4 cups of water

Procedure:
 Academic Discourse
It is expository or argumentative.
Sometimes, it presents an individual’s insights
regarding a concept or method in a scholarly
way includes academic journals and essays.
Journals and essays as personal narratives
are generally classified as an expressive literary
discourse because of their use of the first-person
point of view.
 Medea is portrayed as an empowered woman in
Euripides’s play. It is a far cry from how women were viewed
and represented in Ancient Greece. Women then were mainly
portrayed as in charge of producing children, taking care of
them, and being a mistress of the household. Medea’s
character defies and challenges conformities. Her deeds,
though evil in nature, stems from the strength of her mind…
Medea, although elicits pity from the audience during the first
part of the play as an abandoned wife and mother, in the end,
is feared and abhorred as she proves to be aware of how
wicked her deeds are and yet would not have it the other way
around: “I understand what evil I am about to do but my wrath
is stronger even than my thoughts…” (Euripides 27).
General Format of Academic Discourses
Introduction
, the writer states the significance of the topic and the
issues that need to be addressed.
Body
the writer discusses the methods of gathering information.
He or she then presents the findings and interprets them
Conclusion
the writer reiterates the claims and asserts his or her stand.
 Differences between Academic and Literary
Discourses

Academic Discourse Literary Discourse

 
 Formal and scholarly use of  Poetic and creative in its use
language; does not use of language
figures of speech and idioms
 Maintains an objective tone  Features more than one
using the third-person point of point of view.
view  
Answer the following questions:
1. Write a one-paragraph essay about the nature and
purposes of discourse.
2. Among the four types of discourse, which one is
most interesting for you? Why?
3. What five words would you use to describe literary
discourse? Explain and justify your choices.
4. Explain the difference between literary discourse
and academic discourse in terms of language and
point of view.
 Think-Pair-Share
Think about the following questions. Then, discuss your answers
with a partner.
• Have you ever done any other prewriting process before
apart from brainstorming?
• Have you used a graphic organizer before? Was it easy?
• How did it help you in writing your essay?
Write down three things that you think must be considered in
creating a graphic organizer.
 Organizing
Information
through a
Brainstorming
List
 Brainstorming
helps you generate topics
and narrow them down to a few
important ideas.

It improves your creative

thinking skills and deepens your
understanding of a possible
topic.
Steps on how to organize information through
a brainstorming list.
Think of a general topic.
Brainstorm ideas based on the topic and
make a list.
Look at the list and see which ideas are
related. Use lines, arrows, asterisks, or
whatever works for you to illustrate those
connections.
Possible Topic 1:
Social media

comments online
posts shared.
news items
Network
Connections
 Possible Topic 1: social media
Cross out topics comments online *

that might not posts shared

news items
generate or add pro and anti *
enough power of social media*

information for tool for information and misinformation*

network
writing. Connections
curating
humblebrag *
 Choose two of the remaining topics in your list and free
write about each chosen topic for five minutes.
Freewriting means using a topic as a triggering subject
and writing whatever comes to mind, whether you
associate it with the topic or not.
You can also make a brainstorming list based on a thesis
statement​, the main idea, argument, or purpose of the
writing.
List any word, phrase, or statement that you can think of that
is related to the topic.
Do not restrict yourself to the sequence of ideas.
Organizing Information through
Graphic Organizers
• Mind map
• Venn diagram
• Flow chart
• Hierarchical topical organizer
Mind map
This is used to represent knowledge of a
concept or idea.
It is useful in brainstorming and exploring topics or
ideas.
 Venn diagram
This is used to show
the similarities and
differences
between two or
more people,
objects, or ideas
Flow chart
This is used to
show the different
steps in a process.
It contains information
on stages of a process
in order that must be
completed.
 Hierarchical Topical
Organizer

This shows the

order of ideas and their
place in the hierarchy.
 Steps in organizing information by using
any graphic organizer.
• Think of a general topic for writing.
• Brainstorm ideas based on the topic and write
them down.
• Select a graphic organizer to arrange your
ideas.
 Benefits of Using Graphic Organizers
• Helping students structure a writing project
• Encouraging students to make decisions
• Making it easy for students to classify ideas
and communicate
• Allowing students to examine the relationship
between concepts
Benefits of Using Graphic Organizers
• Guiding students in demonstrating their thinking
process
• Helping students improve reading
comprehension
• Making it easy to brainstorm
• Encouraging students to organize essential
concepts and ideas
 Writing a
Topic Outline
 Topic Outline
It is a list of ideas arranged in a specific
order, and it shows how information is presented in
writing.
It is a list of the main points and supporting ideas
that the writer intends to discuss in writing.
It uses keywords or key phrases instead of
complete sentences.
 Two levels: the headings and the subheadings​.
Headings
It represent the main ideas and are indicated by
Roman numerals.
Sub-subheadings
are the specific details or concrete examples of
the supporting ideas.
It represent the supporting ideas; they are indicated by
capital letters and are indented.
 Steps in Writing a Topic Outline
Identify your topic, thesis statement, and purpose for
writing.
Figure out the main points.
Arrange the main points in a logical order.
Identify and write down the supporting ideas for each
main point.
Evaluate your outline.
Writing a
Sentence
Outline
 Sentence Outline
It is a hierarchical outline composed of
sentences instead of keywords or key phrases.
It has the same function as a topic outline.
It is quite more specific because it already
states the main idea and the supporting ideas in
full sentences
 Steps in Writing a Sentence Outline
Write your thesis statement.
It should be a complete, declarative sentence.
Create a list of main points to support the thesis.
State them in complete sentences.
Write a list of supporting ideas for each main point.
State them in complete sentences.
Finito
PERSUASION IN WRITING
 It intends to convince readers to
believe in an idea and to do an
action
 It is the appeal to ethics.
It focuses on using the
credibility of the writer to
convince the audience.
It is the appeal to emotion.
Human emotions such as
sympathy, outrage, and
sadness can be used to
motivate readers.
It is the appeal to logic and
reason.
It aims to be factual in its
approach.
https://www.deviantart.com/retroreloads/art/common-logical-fallacies-to-avoid-infographic-edit-680981563
 Frequently Used
Sources of
Information in
Persuasive Writing
ORGANIZATION OF A
WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
 Main Idea and
Supporting Details
in a Paragraph
A good paragraph has the following:
(1) a single main idea,
(2) to pic sentence, and
 (3) supporting details that further
explain or elaborate the main idea.
Main Idea
is the main point or central idea in the paragraph.
It is stated in the Topic Sentence​,
which can be found in the beginning, middle, or end of
the paragraph.
Then, the main idea is elaborated, supported, or
explained by supporting details or supporting ideas in the
paragraph.
 Coherence
is the quality of being logical and well-
organized.
The details of a coherent paragraph follow a
certain logical order; the connections between
the ideas are reinforced by transitional devices.
 Transitional devices
help connect words.
They allow smooth flow between words by
linking a thought from one sentence to
another or from one paragraph to the next.
 TRANSITIONAL
To Summarize or Conclude​:
DEVICE
 therefore,
To Give an Example:
 in brief,
 for instance,
 overall,
 in this case,
 summing up,
 in another case,
 to conclude,
 on this occasion,
 in conclusion,
 as I have shown,  in this situation,
 as I have said,  for example,
 hence,  take the case of,
 accordingly,  to demonstrate,
 thus,  to illustrate
 as a result,
 consequently,
 TRANSITIONAL DEVICE
To Show Sequence: To Emphasize:
next, then, following this, currently, for instance, obviously, in fact, indeed, in
now, at this point, after, first, second, any

third, and so forth, afterward, case, absolutely, positively, naturally,

subsequently, finally, consequently, surprisingly, perennially, eternally, never,

previously, before this, emphatically, unquestionably, extremely,

simultaneously, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably,
concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, always, forever

next, and then, soon

 T RA NSIT IONA L DEV ICE
To Show Time:
To Show Exception:
first, second, next, and then,
yet, still, however,
immediately, thereafter, soon,
nevertheless, in spite of,
despite, of course, after a few hours, finally, then, later,
once in a while previously, formerly

To Repeat:
in brief, as I have said, as I have
noted
 T RA
To Prove:
NSIT IONA L DEV ICE
To Compare and Contrast:
because, that is, for, since,
whereas, but, yet, on the other hand,
for the same reason, obviously,
however, nevertheless,
evidently, furthermore,
moreover, on the contrary, by comparison,
indeed, in fact, in addition, where, compared to, up against,
in any case, besides balanced against, vis a vis, but,
T o A dd: although, conversely, meanwhile,
and, again, and then, finally, further,
after all, in contrast
furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly,
what's more, moreover, in addition,
first (second, etc.), besides, equally important
  Chronological order
LOGICAL
 Spatial order
PATTERNS
USED TO  Order of importance
ACHIEVE  Compare and contrast
COHERENCE.
 Topical order
THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT

Introduction
Body
Conclusion
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

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COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

TREY RESEARCH COMPETITIVE SERVICE

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 Reading and Writing
Prepared by Florencio M. Salmasan, LPT
Basic Education Faculty

Session 2

At the end of the session, the learner will be able to:

 Differentiate between techniques in selecting and organizing information.

 Create your own brainstorming list.
 Differentiate between graphic organizers used for selecting and organizing information.
 Distinguish a topic outline and a sentence outline.
 Write a suitable outline for a specific topic.

Getting Ready Activity

Think-Pair-Share

Think about the following questions. Then, discuss your answers with a partner.

1. Have you ever done any other prewriting process before apart from brainstorming?
2. Have you used a graphic organizer before? Was it easy?
3. How did it help you in writing your essay?
4. On the space below, write down three things that you think must be considered in creating a
graphic organizer.
a) ________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________________________

Input Activity

Organizing Information through a Brainstorming List

Brainstorming helps you generate topics and narrow them down to a few important ideas. It improves
your creative thinking skills and deepens your understanding of a possible topic.

On a brainstorming list, simply write down all the words or ideas that come to your mind about a topic.
With this list, you can generate ideas quickly and recall specific information about a topic.

Steps on how to organize information through a brainstorming list.

1. Think of a general topic.

2. Brainstorm ideas based on the topic and make a list.
3. Look at the list and see which ideas are related. Use lines, arrows, asterisks, or whatever works
for you to illustrate those connections.

Possible Topic 1: social media

comments online * network
posts shared. connections
news items curating

This Notes is property of Holy Spirit School and NOT to be owned or reproduced in any form without their permission.
 Reading and Writing
Prepared by Florencio M. Salmasan, LPT
Basic Education Faculty

pro and anti * humblebrag *

power of social media * narcissism *
tool for information and misinformation *

4. Cross out topics that might not generate or add enough information for writing.

Possible Topic 1: social media

comments online * network
posts shared connections
news items curating
pro and anti * humblebrag *
power of social media*
tool for information and misinformation*

5. Choose two of the remaining topics in your list and free write about each chosen topic for five
minutes. Freewriting means using a topic as a triggering subject and writing whatever comes to
mind, whether you associate it with the topic or not.

You can also make a brainstorming list based on a thesis statement, the main idea, argument, or
purpose of the writing. List any word, phrase, or statement that you can think of that is related to
the topic. Do not restrict yourself to the sequence of ideas.

Below are some samples of brainstorming lists.

Topic Should parents choose the course or career for their children, or should their children make
the choice themselves?

Thesis Children, not their parents, should choose their course or career.
Statement:
 They know themselves best.
 They know their strengths and weaknesses.
 They will be more willing to learn if they are doing what they want to do.
 They are more likely to succeed if they pursue their dream.
 They will look forward to their daily classes or work.
 Gain more confidence.
 Personal happiness

Topic “Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to
do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you
do.” – Steve Jobs

This Notes is property of Holy Spirit School and NOT to be owned or reproduced in any form without their permission.
 Reading and Writing
Prepared by Florencio M. Salmasan, LPT
Basic Education Faculty

Thesis Love whatever job you choose to do.

Statement:
 Know your strengths and weaknesses.
 Pursue a dream.
 Do what you are good at.
 Choose a job where you can use your skills.
 Give your best shot.
 Respect your work.
 Practice, practice, practice.
 Always find new ways of loving your work.
 Love your work even if it is not your first choice.

Organizing Information through Graphic Organizers

Graphic organizers are a way to organize information in a visual manner to see how ideas relate to one
another.

Different kinds of graphic organizers:

Mind map

This is used to represent knowledge of a concept or idea. It is useful in brainstorming and exploring
topics or ideas. To create it, begin with an image or a word that represents the central idea. Then add
branches of major ideas related to the central idea. You can further expand those ideas by adding more
branches.

This Notes is property of Holy Spirit School and NOT to be owned or reproduced in any form without their permission.
 Reading and Writing
Prepared by Florencio M. Salmasan, LPT
Basic Education Faculty

Venn diagram

This is used to show the similarities and differences between two or more people, objects, or ideas.
It uses overlapping circles to represent different objects or ideas that share similar characteristics in some
way. The intersection or the area where the circles overlap shows the characteristic that is common
between or among the objects or ideas.

This Notes is property of Holy Spirit School and NOT to be owned or reproduced in any form without their permission.
 Reading and Writing
Prepared by Florencio M. Salmasan, LPT
Basic Education Faculty

Flow chart

This is used to show the different steps in a process. It contains information on stages of a process
in order that must be completed.

This Notes is property of Holy Spirit School and NOT to be owned or reproduced in any form without their permission.
 Reading and Writing
Prepared by Florencio M. Salmasan, LPT
Basic Education Faculty

Hierarchical topical organizer

This shows the order of ideas and their place in the hierarchy.

Steps in organizing information by using any graphic organizer.

1. Think of a general topic for writing.

2. Brainstorm ideas based on the topic and write them down.
3. Select a graphic organizer to arrange your ideas.

Benefits of Using Graphic Organizers

 Helping students structure a writing project

 Encouraging students to make decisions
 Making it easy for students to classify ideas and communicate
 Allowing students to examine the relationship between concepts
 Guiding students in demonstrating their thinking process
 Helping students improve reading comprehension
 Making it easy to brainstorm

This Notes is property of Holy Spirit School and NOT to be owned or reproduced in any form without their permission.
 Reading and Writing
Prepared by Florencio M. Salmasan, LPT
Basic Education Faculty

 Encouraging students to organize essential concepts and ideas

Writing a Topic Outline

A topic outline is a list of ideas arranged in a specific order, and it shows how information is
presented in writing. It is a list of the main points and supporting ideas that the writer intends to discuss in
writing. It uses keywords or key phrases instead of complete sentences.

A topic outline is divided into two levels: the headings and the subheadings.

The headings represent the main ideas and are indicated by Roman numerals. The subheadings represent
the supporting ideas; they are indicated by capital letters and are indented.

Sub-subheadings are the specific details or concrete examples of the supporting ideas. However, these are
optional and only given when necessary. They are marked by Arabic numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3 . . .) and are
indented.

Below is an example of a topic outline

Topic Filipino Hospitality

Thesis statement: Filipino hospitality is a distinct and positive Filipino trait.

Writer’s specific purpose: To inform readers about Filipino hospitality and to enumerate the ways
on how Filipinos show their hospitality.

I. Definition of Filipino hospitality

A. The beginning of Filipino hospitality
B. How Filipinos learned hospitality.
II. Filipino practices that show hospitality
A. How Filipinos accept guests at home
B. How Filipinos accept foreigners.

III. Positive implications of Filipino hospitality on our society

A. On our culture
B. On our economy

Steps in Writing a Topic Outline

1. Identify your topic, thesis statement, and purpose for writing. Your thesis statement is the
central idea of your writing, and your purpose for writing will help you come up with the main
points and supporting ideas in your writing.
2. Figure out the main points. Doing so will help you come up with the structure of your writing.
3. Arrange the main points in a logical order. You can arrange them from the least important to the
most important.
4. Identify and write down the supporting ideas for each main point.

This Notes is property of Holy Spirit School and NOT to be owned or reproduced in any form without their permission.
 Reading and Writing
Prepared by Florencio M. Salmasan, LPT
Basic Education Faculty

5. Evaluate your outline. Ask yourself, have you included everything important? Is there anything
else that should be added or excluded?

Writing a Sentence Outline

It is a hierarchical outline composed of sentences instead of keywords or key phrases.

A sentence outline has the same function as a topic outline. It is quite more specific because it already
states the main idea and the supporting ideas in full sentences.

Topic: Filipino Hospitality

Thesis statement: Filipino hospitality is a distinct and positive Filipino trait.
Writer’s specific purpose: To inform readers about Filipino hospitality and enumerate the ways on how
Filipinos show their hospitality

I. Filipino hospitality is the warm and welcoming treatment of visitors, particularly

foreigners.
A. Prior to the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, the natives already exhibited hospitality
when they welcomed the Malays to the country.
B. B. Being warm and welcoming to visitors might have been cultivated by the fact that different
nationalities visited and even occupied the country, such as the Chinese, Indonesians, Spanish,
Japanese, and Americans.

II. Filipinos show hospitality in several ways.

A. Filipinos accept guests at home as if they were part of their own family, serving them food and
making them feel at home.
B. Filipinos show hospitality to foreigners by extending their assistance when needed and even
welcoming them into their own homes.
III. Filipino hospitality is a positive trait and the implications to our society, in general, are
regarded as positive.
A. Being hospitable shows that the Philippines is a peace-loving nation.
B. Being hospitable encourages foreigners to visit and invest in our country.

Steps in Writing a Sentence Outline

1. Write your thesis statement. It should be a complete, declarative sentence.

2. Create a list of main points to support the thesis. State them in complete sentences.
3. Write a list of supporting ideas for each main point. State them in complete sentences.

This Notes is property of Holy Spirit School and NOT to be owned or reproduced in any form without their permission.