Journal of Environmental Science Studies; Vol. 1, No.

1; July, 2018
ISSN 2591-779X
Published by July Press

Impact of Mining on Forests and Its Biological Diversity at Kirandul

Iron Ore Mines, Dantewada, South Bastar, Chhattisgarh: A Case Study
Saroni Biswas1 & Anirban Biswas2
1
Development Research Communication and Services Centre, Bosepukur, Kasba, Kolkata, India
2
School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Correspondence: Anirban Biswas, School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700042,
India. Tel: 91-973-505-0085.

Received: June 21, 2018 Accepted: July 10, 2018 Online Published: July 17, 2018
doi:10.20849/jess.v1i1.420 URL: https://doi.org/10.20849/jess.v1i1.420

Abstract
Mining activities have several impacts on the environment. In our study, emphasis was given to assess biodiversity
in one of the leading iron ore mining sites of Bailadila-Kirandul Iron Ore Mines (KIOM) of Dantewada District,
South Bastar of Chhattisgarh. Habitat fragmentation, loss and deforestation are highly prevalent in the area.
However, the study reveals high species richness of 110 and 253 plant species in core and buffer zone respectively.
Canopy cover was found to be within 10 to 40% and in places in the buffer zone canopy cover with > 40% was
recorded. Species diversity index indicates the instability of vegetation structure in the area with indices of 1.44
in core and 1.88 in buffer zone. Although species richness is high, about 10 floral species (7 herbs, 3 trees) are
recorded under REET (Rare Endangered Extinct Threatened) species while locally endangered floral species are
6 and locally critically endangered are 4. Similarly, 208 faunal species belong to 10 faunal groups was recorded
out of which 34 species are listed in different Schedules of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Therefore, it is
an urgent need for planning to undertake appropriate management strategies to conserve biodiversity in the area.
Keywords: biodiversity, species diversity, dominance, canopy statistics, life forms
1. Introduction
Significant and potential risks are found for tropical forests in the world due to mining processes. Globally, over
the past 10 years, the mineral production have risen (Kooroshey et al., 2014). A study by Sonter et al., 2017
shows loss of Amazon forest of about 11,670km2 area deforestation between the years 2005 to 2015 where 9% of
the loss is contributed by mining leases. The area that includes extensive forest resources, in some of which
mining—directly and/or indirectly—is thought to have contributed to significant deforestation (Swenson et al.,
2011). Similarly, gold mining at Peruvian Amazon also resulted in deforestation (Asner et al., 2013). A sharp
increase in mineral prices can result in a surge in mining activity, which contributes to deforestation in some
locations. A study by the University of Puerto Rico found that tree cover loss in the Madre de Dios region of
Peru has increased significantly since 2007 as a result of artisanal gold mining (Alvarez-Berríos & Aide, 2015).
Area of land involved in mining is small but it affects the surrounding area along with its species, and it is very
intensive and very destructive (Mather, 1991; Sands, 2005). Mining is a lucrative activity promoting
development booms which may attract population growth with consequent deforestation. The deforestation rate
due to mining activities in Guyana from 2000 to 2008 increased 2.77 times according to an assessment by the
World Wildlife Fund-Guianas (Staff, 2010). Similarly, in the Philippines, mining, along with logging, has been
among the forces behind the country’s loss of forest cover: from 17 million hectares in 1934 to just three million
in 2003 or an 82 per cent decline (Docena, 2010). Nearly 2,000 hectares of tropical forest in the Municipality of
Coahuayana in the State of Michoacán (south-western Mexico) will completely be destroyed by mining iron
minerals planned by the Italo-Argentine mining company TERNIUM (Anonymous, 2008). Similarly, Nyamagari
hills in Orissa India currently threatened by Vedanta Aluminum Corporation’s plan to start bauxite mining will
destroy 750 hectares of reserved forest (Griffiths & Hirvela, 2008). Massive and unchecked mining of coal, iron
ore and bauxite in Jharkhand, India has caused large scale deforestation and created a huge water scarcity
(Anonymous, 2011). In return for US$3.8 billion of investment, the agreements between the State government of
Jharkhand, India and mining companies, there will be a massive land acquisition which will deforest no less than
57,000 hectares of forest and displace 9,615 families, many of them located in legally protected Scheduled Areas

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set aside for indigenous peoples in the State (Mullick & Griffiths, 2007). Moreover, Roads constructed to
support the mining operations will open up the area to shifting agriculturists, permanent farmers, ranchers, land
speculators and infrastructure developers. For instance the core of Brazil’s Amazon development strategy were
infra-structure development projects such as roads providing access to frontier regions, mining area and large
hydroelectric reservoirs (Mahar, 1988; Fearnside & Barbosa, 1996; Carvalho et al., 2002, 2004).
Therefore, one of the key underlying assumptions about biodiversity management is that native species and
ecological processes are most likely to be maintained. To maintain and strengthen the biodiversity management
recommendations are primarily aimed at managed forests. The recommendations are designed to promote long
term stand level maintenance and recruitment of important structural attributes such as: wildlife, diversity of
species, special or unique habitats for floral and faunal wealth, riparian areas and wetlands, coarse woody debris,
horizontal and vertical structural diversity.
National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) is India’s single largest iron ore producer and exporter,
presently producing about 30 million tons of iron ore from 3 fully mechanized mines viz., Bailadila
Deposit-14/11C, Bailadila Deposit-5, 10/11A both within the state of Chhattisgarh and Kumaraswamy and
Donimalai Iron Ore Mines (Karnataka State) which are awarded ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS
18001:2007 certification. The iron Ores of Bailadila ranges being the purest in the world is valued highly in the
international market. Bailadila range of hills has iron ore reserve of above 1500 million tons of high grade iron
ore in 14 deposits.
Dantewada district has rich forest reserves with 64% of its land under forest cover and almost 79% tribal
population. Although rich in natural wealth, the district has not seen much development, only 30% of the
populations are literate and the district ranks seventh among the 150 backward districts of the country. Therefore
the study area is selected to explore further for knowing the impacts of mining on forests. The main objective of
the study is understanding various components of the ecosystems in the core as well as buffer zone and to study
floral and faunal diversity in the proposed area of mines that aims to achieve the structural as well as functional
aspects of it through proper management policies, and adopting scientific approach towards preparing
biodiversity conservation and management plan to provide alternate habitat for existing flora and fauna in the
ML as well as buffer zone.
2. Method
2.1 Study Area
Bailadila lies in the Survey of India topo-sheet no. 65F/2 within latitude 18°32ʹ32ʺN and 19°36ʹ5ʺN and
longitude 81°13ʹ and 81°14ʹ30ʺ. The study area comes under Kirandul Iron Ore Mine (KIOM) (Figure 1). Total
area within Kirandul Mining Project is 1364.115ha under three deposits adjacent to reach other namely (i)
Deposit-14 (322.368ha) ML area (ii) Deposit-14 NMZ (506.742ha) ML area and (iii) Deposit-11B (535.005 ha)
ML area. The study covers 10 km radius around the core area.

Figure 1. Location map of the iron ore deposits (Mining lease area) and buffer zone of 10km radius of study area

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2.2 Drainage of Bailadila Range

There are number of perennial streams flowing from the hills and the entire region is a part of Godavari basin.
The eastern slopes drain through streams which flow towards northeast to Sankhini river. Drainage in between
the eastern and western ridges is through two streams flowing in opposite direction, Galli nala towards south and
Sankhini nala cuts across the eastern ridge near Jhirka village flows down east and north east and becomes the
Sankini river. This joins with Dankini river near Dantewada and becomes Dantewada river, which ultimately
flows through west and joins Indravati river. The western slopes drain through Mari nadi, Berudi nadi and other
streams to river Indravti, which joins Godavari river near Bhopalpatnam in the downstream. Southern part of the
complex drain through Malinger nadi joining Sabari rivedr and Galli nala joining Talperu river, all again flows to
Godavari River.
2.3 Geology
The iron ores of Bailadila range belong to the Bailadila series which are associated with slightly metamorphosed
iron-ore bearing sedimentary rocks of Pre- Cambrian age. Iron ore occurs as separate ore bodies on the crest of
the two sub-parallel hills running north-south. These hill ranges comprises shales, banded hematite, quartzite and
conglomerates containing pebbles of quartzite and shale.
2.4 Sampling Technique
Random samples were taken to assess the ecological structure of the study area and get some simple idea of the
ecological functions. The study area is basically a hill running in East-West direction. The whole core area where
mining activity is in progress is almost completely denuded and rarely has any species. In some places where
species available was recorded as per the findings of transact walk. Random sampling was done with the help of
Satellite Imagery and toposheet of the area. Samples were studied both within mining sites (ML area) and in the
buffer area i.e., 10 km radius of the ML area of the three mines namely 14ML, 14NMZ and a part of 11ML i.e.,
11B. Each site studied is marked with geographical coordinates recorded in GPS handset (GARMIN-12). Studies
were done for understanding the phytosociology, inventorisation of faunal species as well as their habitat.
2.5 Floral Study
Quadrat sampling was done in the buffer zone only where there are both forest areas and non-forest areas. At the
outset a species area curve was prepared in eastern side of the hill to find out the minimum size of the quadrat
required for the study of three layers (considered as separate communities) such as tree, shrub and herb (Cain,
1938). It was inferred that for tree layer the minimum size of the quadrat required for study was 500m2 (50m X
10m) for trees, (5m X 5m) 25m2 for shrubs and (1m X 1m) 1m2 for herbs. In each of the sample sites a quadrat of
500m2 was laid to study the tree community (Philip, 1959), Diversity Index, and Canopy Cover. In each of the tree
quadrat four shrub quadrats were laid on alternate sides and similarly five herb quadrats were for study of herb
layer. Each quadrat was given a code and marked by GPS reading. The sampling sites are as follows (Table 1).

Table 1. Location for vegetation enumeration in the study area

Locations for vegetation study in Deposit-14 (Buffer Zone)
Sl. No. Name of site GPS bearing
1 Kirandul station 18°38ʹ42.6ʺN 81°16ʹ0.7ʺE Alt—625m
2 Kadampal-Patelpara 18°39ʹ45.5ʺN 81°18ʹ7.1ʺE Alt—575m
3 Kadampal-Patelpara forest 18°39ʹ47ʺN 81°17ʹ47ʺE Alt—575m
4 Kadampal water body 18°39ʹ9.1ʺN 81°17ʹ41.8ʺE Alt—583m
5 Kirandul 4 no. area 18°38ʹ57.6ʺN 81°16ʹ3.7ʺE Alt—618m
6 Kirandul No.1 nala 18°37ʹ42.2ʺN 8°15ʹ51.7ʺE Alt—638m
7 Tailing Dam 18°39ʹ11.8ʺN 81°17ʹ6.2ʺE Alt—619m
8 Water body 18°39ʹ12.4ʺN 81°17ʹ0.3ʺE Alt—595m
9 Water body 18° 39ʹ21.1ʺN 81°17ʹ16.1ʺE Alt—581m
10 Behind central workshop 18°42ʹ48.3ʺN 81°15ʹ56.8ʺE Alt—534m
11 Near Bacheli, a stream 18°42ʹ51ʺN 81°15ʹ32.4ʺE Alt—541m

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Locations for vegetation study in Deposit-14 (Buffer Zone)

Sl. No. Name of site GPS bearing
12 Chalkipara 18°41ʹ37.7ʺN 81°16ʹ20.4ʺE Alt—546m
13 Foot hill near tailing pond 18°40ʹ32.4ʺN 81°14ʹ53.3ʺE Alt—609m
14 Middle of the hill 18°40ʹ29.8ʺN 81°14ʹ52.6ʺE Alt—622m
15 Top of the hill 18°40ʹ26.5ʺN 81°14ʹ50.5ʺE Alt—642m
16 Upper embankment of a pond 18°40ʹ33.9ʺN 81°14ʹ51.3ʺE Alt—575m
17 Middle embankment of a pond 18°40ʹ44.6ʺN 81°14ʹ55.2ʺE Alt—599m
18 Lower embankment of a pond 18°40ʹ36.9ʺN 81°15ʹ0.9ʺE Alt—595m
19 Malangir pump house 18°35ʹ30.8ʺN 81°13ʹ11.1ʺE Alt—718m
20 Malangir hill top 18°35ʹ27.8ʺ N 81°13ʹ12.5ʺE Alt—755m
21 Malangir hill middle 18°35ʹ29.3ʺN 81°13ʹ12.7ʺE Alt—744m
22 Malangir foothill 18°35ʹ30.4ʺN 81°13ʹ11.2ʺE Alt—733m
23 1km advance to Malangir pump house 18°35ʹ40.5ʺN 81°13ʹ23.3ʺE Alt—742m
24 2km advance to Malangir pump house 18°35ʹ33.6ʺN 81°13ʹ41.7ʺE Alt—742m
25 1.5km advance to Malangir pump house 18°35ʹ27.6ʺN 81°14ʹ16.9ʺE Alt—682m
26 Hiroli Village—near agriculture land 18°35ʹ38.5ʺN 81°15ʹ23.5ʺE Alt—682m
27 Kirnar village 18°36ʹ26.5ʺN 81°15ʹ48.4ʺE Alt—674m
28 Near Ali Dongri 18°37ʹ36.9ʺN 81°16ʹ57.2ʺE Alt—611 m
30 Burdi Dongri 18°37ʹ40.9ʺN 81°16ʹ56.3ʺE Alt—620 m
31 Madari nala 18°37ʹ46ʺN 81°17ʹ5.3ʺE Alt—614 m
32 Patel para 18°37ʹ42.1ʺN 81°17ʹ39.8ʺE Alt—642 m
33 Madadi village 18°37ʹ43.8ʺN 81°17ʹ58.9ʺE Alt—622 m
34 Nayapara 18°37ʹ45.6ʺN 81°18ʹ01.5ʺE Alt—623m
35 Near Garma Dongri 18°37ʹ45.6ʺN 81°18ʹ01.5ʺE Alt—623m
36 Near Perpa Village 18°37ʹ23ʺN 81°16ʹ45.5ʺE Alt—623m
37 Near ESSAR plant 18°37ʹ29.1ʺN 81°15ʹ51.5ʺE Alt—619m
Locations for vegetation study in Deposit—14NMZ (Buffer Zone)
1 Near Bhannara hill 18°44ʹ9.1ʺN 81°16ʹ20.8ʺE Alt—488m
2 Behind central workshop 18°42ʹ48.3ʺN 81°15ʹ56.8ʺE Alt—534m
3 Near Bacheli, a stream 18°42ʹ51ʺN 81°15ʹ32.4ʺE Alt—541m
4 Chalkipara 18°41ʹ37.7ʺN 81°16ʹ20.4ʺE Alt—546m
5 Pina bacheli 18°41ʹ44.3ʺN 81°17ʹ54.3ʺE Alt—532m
6 Dugeli 18°41ʹ36ʺN 81°18ʹ41ʺE Alt—546m
7 Kirandul No.1 nala 18°37ʹ42.2ʺN 81°15ʹ51.7ʺE Alt—638m
8 Tailing Dam 18°39ʹ11.8ʺN 81°17ʹ 6.2ʺE Alt—619m
9 Water body 18°39ʹ12.4ʺN 81°17ʹ0.3ʺE Alt—595m
10 Water body 18°39ʹ21.1ʺN 81°17ʹ16.1ʺE Alt—581m
11 Near Ali Dongri 18°37ʹ36.9ʺN 81°16ʹ57.2ʺE Alt—611 m
12 Burdi Dongri 18°37ʹ40.9ʺN 81°16ʹ56.3ʺE Alt—620 m
13 Madari nala 18°37ʹ46ʺN 81°17ʹ5.3ʺE Alt—614 m
14 Patel para 18°37ʹ42.1ʺN 81°17ʹ39.8ʺE Alt—642 m

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Locations for vegetation study in Deposit-14 (Buffer Zone)

Sl. No. Name of site GPS bearing
15 Madadi village 18°37ʹ43.8ʺN 81°17ʹ58.9ʺE Alt—622 m
16 Nayapara 18°37ʹ45.6ʺN 81°18ʹ01.5ʺE Alt—623m
17 Near Garma Dongri 18°37ʹ45.6ʺN 81°18ʹ01.5ʺE Alt—623m
18 Near Perpa Village 18°37ʹ23ʺN 81°16ʹ45.5ʺE Alt—623m
19 Near ESSAR plant 18°37ʹ29.1ʺN 81°15ʹ51.5ʺE Alt—619m
20 Malenger pump house 18°35ʹ30.8ʺN 81°13ʹ11.1ʺE Alt—718m
21 Malenger hill top 18°35ʹ27.8ʺN 81°13ʹ12.5ʺE Alt—755m
22 Malenger hill middle 18°35ʹ29.3ʺN 81°13ʹ12.7ʺE Alt—744m
23 Malenger foothill 18°35ʹ30.4ʺN 81°13ʹ11.2ʺE Alt—733m
24 1km advance to Malenger pump house 18°35ʹ40.5ʺN 81°13ʹ23.3ʺE Alt—742m
25 2km advance to Malenger pump house 18°35ʹ33.6ʺN 81°13ʹ41.7ʺE Alt—742m
26 1.5km advance to Malenger pump house 18°35ʹ27.6ʺN 81°14ʹ16.9ʺE Alt—682m
27 Hiroli Village—near agriculture land 18°35ʹ38.5ʺN 81°15ʹ23.5ʺE Alt—682m
28 Kirnar village 18°36ʹ26.5ʺN 81°15ʹ48.4ʺE Alt—674m
29 Between Bennar hill and Bennar village 18°43ʹ3.7ʺN 81°17ʹ42.5ʺE Alt—502m
30 Bennar village 18°43ʹ2.5ʺN 81°17ʹ19.1ʺE Alt—498m
31 Bennar nala 18°43ʹ8.8ʺN 81°17ʹ7.1ʺE Alt—487m
32 Kirandul 4 no. area 18°38ʹ57.6ʺN 81°16ʹ3.7ʺE Alt—618m
Locations for vegetation study in Deposit-11B (Buffer Zone)
1 Kirandul station 18°38ʹ42.6ʺN 81°16ʹ0.7ʺE Alt—625m
2 Kadampal—Patelpara 18°39ʹ45.5ʺN 81°18ʹ7.1ʺE Alt—575m
3 Kadampal—Patelpara forest 18°39ʹ47ʺN 81°17ʹ47ʺE Alt—575m
4 Kadampal water body 18°39ʹ9.1ʺN 81°17ʹ41.8ʺE Alt—583m
5 Hiroli Village—near agriculture land 18°35ʹ38.5ʺN 81°15ʹ23.5ʺE Alt—682m
6 Near Ali Dongri 18°37ʹ36.9ʺN 81°16ʹ57.2ʺE Alt—611 m
7 Burdi Dongri 18°37ʹ40.9ʺN 81°16ʹ56.3ʺE Alt—620 m
8 Madari nala 18°37ʹ46ʺN 81°17ʹ5.3ʺE Alt—614 m
9 Patel para 18°37ʹ42.1ʺN 81°17ʹ39.8ʺE Alt—642 m
10 Madadi village 18°37ʹ43.8ʺN 81°17ʹ58.9ʺE Alt—622 m
11 Nayapara 18°37ʹ45.6ʺN 81°18ʹ01.5ʺE Alt—623m
12 Near Garma Dongri 18°37ʹ45.6ʺN 81°18ʹ01.5ʺE Alt—623m
13 Near Perpa Village 18°37ʹ23ʺN 81°16ʹ45.5ʺE Alt—623m
14 Near ESSAR plant 18°37ʹ29.1ʺN 81°15ʹ51.5ʺE Alt—619m
15 Kirandul 4 no. Area 18°38ʹ57.6ʺN 81°16ʹ3.7ʺE Alt—618m
16 Kirandul No.1 nala 18°37ʹ42.2ʺN 81°15ʹ51.7ʺE Alt—638m
17 Tailing Dam 18°39ʹ11.8ʺN 81°17ʹ6.2ʺE Alt—619m
18 Water body 18°39ʹ12.4ʺN 81°17ʹ0. 3ʺE Alt—595m
19 Water body 18°39ʹ21.1ʺN 81°17ʹ16.1ʺE Alt—581m
20 Malenger pump house 18°35ʹ30.8ʺN 81°13ʹ11.1ʺE Alt—718m
21 Malenger hill top 18°35ʹ27.8ʺN 81°13ʹ12.5ʺE Alt—755m

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Locations for vegetation study in Deposit-14 (Buffer Zone)

Sl. No. Name of site GPS bearing
22 Malenger hill middle 18°35ʹ29.3ʺN 81°13ʹ12.7ʺE Alt—744m
23 Malenger foothill 18°35ʹ30.4ʺN 81°13ʹ11.2ʺE Alt—733m
24 1km advance to Malenger pump house 18°35ʹ40.5ʺN 81°13ʹ23.3ʺE Alt—742m
25 2km advance to Malenger pump house 18°35ʹ33.6ʺN 81°13ʹ41.7ʺE Alt—742m
26 1.5km advance to Malenger pump house 18°35ʹ27.6ʺN 81°14ʹ16.9ʺE Alt—682m
27 Hiroli Village—near agriculture land 18°35ʹ38.5ʺN 81°15ʹ23.5ʺE Alt—682m
28 Kirnar village 18°36ʹ26.5ʺN 81°15ʹ48.4ʺE Alt—674m
29 Behind central workshop 18°42ʹ48.3ʺN 81°15ʹ56.8ʺE Alt—534m
30 Near Bacheli, a stream 18°42ʹ51ʺN 81°15ʹ32.4ʺE Alt—541m
31 Chalkipara 18°41ʹ37.7ʺN 81°16ʹ20.4ʺE Alt—546m

2.6 Canopy Statistics

A geometric measurement was adopted to estimate Canopy Cover, by directly measuring the crown diameters at
right angles, in a specified quadrat. The total canopy cover area (C) in a sample quadrat equals the sum total of
the canopy areas of all trees within the quadrat, ri2. Thus, the Canopy Cover Index (CC) is the ratio of C to A,
where A = XY, (X and Y denoting axes of the quadrat being measured). Open canopy is inferred when CC < 0.4.
2.7 Species Diversity (Alpha Diversity)
Since Shannon and Wiener’s H’ is an index of information, it was employed to measure diversity of any
assemblage (Shannon & Wiener, 1963). The Simpson’s Dominance Index (D) was also calculated (Simpson,
1949).
2.8 Life Form Study
The life form composition of the community is the manifestation of the adaptations of its component species to
the climatic condition, and contributes to community architecture (Jamir et al., 2006). Life form spectrum is the
sum of adaptations of plants to the climate. Following the system of Braun-Blanquet’s (1951) system the area
possesses five major classes like Phanerophytes, Therophytes, Hydrophytes, Hemicryptophytes and Geophytes.
2.9 Taxonomic Identification of Plant Species
Plant species were identified following standard flora by Hooker (1872-1897), Verma et al., (1985) and Kumar et
al., (2005). Names of the plant species were verified using Bennet (1987). The help of scientists of Botanical
survey of India (BSI), Kolkata was taken.
2.10 Faunal Study
An ecological survey of the study area for understanding the fauna of the study area was conducted, particularly
with reference to listing of species and assessment of the existing baseline ecological conditions in the study area
through Direct Count Method; Transect Method; Photographic-survey Based; Dropping/scat; Collection of
dissociable body parts and Interviewing Local Villagers.
The study was conducted during post monsoon season in the year 2015-16. The study for fauna was conducted
before sunrise to late night (5:30AM to 11:30PM). The adults of Odonata, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera were
collected in the field with aspirator, manually and aerial sweeping nets. The collected insects were preserved by
using benzene and kept in insect collection boxes for further examination in the laboratory. Mollusca,
Amphibians and Reptiles were collected with the help of forceps manually and Fishes with the help of Aquatic
net and all the materials preserved in 70% Alcohol. The random collection and field observation were also made
on different groups of the fauna of the study area. The Reptiles, Aves and Mammals were identified by using
Binocular (10mm X 25mm) and their presence was recorded by taking photographs. The presence of some
Mammals species is also ascertained on the basis of pugmarks, interview with wildlife and forest officials,
NMDC staff and villagers residing in study area (Sunquist, 1981; Tamang, 1982; McDougal, 1997; Srestha &
Basnet, 2005).

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3. Result and Discussion

3.1 Status of Phytodiversity
Bailadila Reserve Forest can prove to be a paradise for both plant and wildlife diversity. The Dantewada district
of Chhattisgarh lies on the Gondwana Biodiversity Zone, which mostly comprises of the Tropical Forests. As
this area is full of terrains, much of the forest remains unexplored and it is highly probable that this area contains
some of the undocumented species. The forest area in the buffer zone comes under Reserve Forest and has
following classes as per classification of Forest Survey of India.
(i) Closed Forest/Very Dense Forest—Where canopy cover is above 70%
(ii) Dense Forest—Where canopy cover is between 40%-70%
(iii) Open Forest—Where canopy cover is between 10%-40%
(iv) Degraded Forest—Where canopy cover is below 10%
The vegetation occurring in the area belongs to Southern tropical dry deciduous forests (Class-5A) which
intermingles with Class-5B (Northern tropical dry deciduous type) according to Champion and Seth
Classification of forest types of India 1968. According to the classification of Legris and Pascal (1982) the area
falls under Deciduous climax forests and this type of forests does not have the potentiality of secondary moist
deciduous forests. The most characteristic tree of this type is Anogeissus latifolia while Terminalia tomentosa is
a very typical associate. Diospyros melanoxylon is also common. Boswellia serrata and Lagersatroemia
parviflora are very wide spread and conspicuous in this category of forests. Bamboo is generally of poor quality.
Grass is conspicuous till it is grazed or burnt in forest fire. Woody climbers are few like Bauhinia vahlii. This
type of forest, being especially prevalent in the drier localities occurs throughout the study area. But the rain fall
being around 3000mm annually it can hardly be classified under dry forest type. Therefore some patches can be
classified under Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest with types as 3B/C1 and 3B/C2. In this type of forests, trees are
comparatively tall. It has a leafless period during dry season which may or may not begin with the cold weather.
The boundaries of biogeographic provinces i.e., Eastern Plateau (6B2) and Eastern Highlands (6C2) are not very
sharp and they inter-grade into each other. Interestingly the recent physiographic map adopted by the Forest
Survey of India also classifies this region into three zones viz., North Deccan, East Deccan and South Deccan by
apparently giving more weightage to the political boundary between Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh. The entire
area forms the South-Western and Westernmost part of historical Dandakaranya region. This region extends up to
North-Eastern Ghats.
The top canopy remains leafless between February-May. The under storey is well defined and the forest floor is
full of vegetal growth. Portions of moist deciduous forests were clear felled and converted into plantations of
different species such as Teak (Tectona grandis), Eucalyptus sps, etc. But none of these species being indigenous
to this region and planted without any ecological impact study could not be successfully establish themselves. In
some of the plantation area invasive species like Lanatana camara and/or Eupatorium odoratum has invaded.
The adjacent areas to drainage nallas show rich vegetation whereas the hill top shows barren condition with clear
signs of laterization. In the hill top soil formation process is poor and simultaneously there is rapid washing out
of top soil.
In the hilly areas of Bailadila, availability of iron ore and vegetation changes with altitude. According to Mooney
(1942a), vegetation at the study area is divided into three zones and has been sub-divided to different
associations depending upon various sites in the hill range as,
i. The outer slope of the Hill Range up to an altitude above 914m above sea level—Northern portion of the
hill “vegetation is of Hill type with dense bamboo” with evergreen species like Sataparni (Alstonia scholaris),
Garari (Cleistanthus collinus), and Bauhinia vahlli. In the southern half of the hill species like Haldu (Adina
cordifolia), and Mahua (Madhuca indica) are available in low quantity. Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) with
good girth size is found in this side.
ii. The crest of the Hill Range and the adjoining slope—this comes within 914m to 1224m above MSL. This
region has high rock content and laterite with low soil content. Trees are stunted, sparse and dense grass
(Physalanona sp) noticed. Tree species are Saja (Terminalia alata), Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Awnla
(Emblica officinalis), Achar (Buchanania latifolia), Harra (Terminalia chebula), and Sal (Shorea robusta), etc.
Mooney (1942b) has described this grass dominated region as sub-climax or pro-climax type as a result of
shifting cultivation that was in practice even few years back.

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iii. The Central valley—the central valley do not come under the study site but is in the buffer area has species
like Saja (Terminalia alata), Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium), Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Semal (Bombax
ceiba), Kala-Siris (Albizzia lebbbek), and Kadamba (Anthocephalus cadamba), etc. Bamboo is conspicuously
low in this region. Here are few types of forests dominated by species as stated below provided undisturbed. Saja
forest, Dhaora (Anogeisus latifolia) forest, Garari (Cleistanthus collinus) forest, Bhirra (Chloroxylon swietenia)
forest, Khair (Acacia catechu) forest, Jamun (Syzygium cumini) forest, Anjan (Hardwickia binata) forest, and
Mixed Forest with miscellaneous species.
The major floral associations of the forest area of Bailadila are grouped under the following six categories basing
on the description of earlier authors and present study of IVI (Table 2).

Table 2. Floral association of the study area

Acacia catechu The coarse gravelly soil supports the xerophytic growth of Khair. The forests are
(Khair) generally open. Quality of the crop and natural reproduction is generally poor.
Anogeissus latifolia The most common constituent of the mixed deciduous forests, often growing more or
(Dhaora) less gregariously. Avoids swampy and badly drained grounds and requires good
drainage. It produces abundant natural regeneration but most of it gets severely
damaged and killed in areas with low density due to severe annual forest fires.
Chloroxylon Commonly found in areas where the soil is shallow, arid and sandy.
swietenia (Bhirra)
Cleistanthus collinus Patches of practically pure Garai forest are sometimes seen in the mixed forests in
(Garai) which there are very few associates in the overwood. The reasons for its occurrence in
a gregarious form are not quite understood. This sub-type forms an important future
reserve for poles and fuel. Density is generally full.
Syzygium cumini Commonly found in the open forests of Gollapalli, Nilamadugu and Kollaiguda
(Jumun) reserves and some of the reserves of Sukma range. It exhibits xerophytic characters and
is narrow leaved. Its seedlings die back annually for some years in their early stages.
Terminalia alata It alone thrives in such places where the soil is moist but somewhat heavy owing to the
(Saja) presence of fine clay, where the drainage is hampered and the species are that are
susceptible to bad soil aeration disappear.
Hardwickia binata It is scattered in the southern portion of Gollapalli reserve. This has probably spread
(Anjan) from the adjoining area of Andhra Pradesh where it is commonly seen. The areas under
this sub-type are not much of any economic importance.

3.2 Life Form Status

Life-form refers rather to the vegetative form of the plant body which is assumed by many ecologists to be a
result of morphological adjustments to the environment. Those organisms which show the same general
morphological features (woody lianas, stem succulents, annuals, tap-rooted perennials with a basal rosette of
leaves and the renewal bud at the soil surface, tall broad-leaf deciduous trees, etc.) belong to the same life-form
whatever their systematic position in the plant families. It is inherent in the so-called ‘‘biological” concept of
life-form that there is a fundamental harmony or analogy between the members of such structural groups and the
environment in which they prevail. Presence of large percentage of phanerophytes (trees and shrubs) and
therophytes (annuals and herbaceous vegetation) indicates semiarid to tropical vegetation structure. The life form
status of the study area is given in Figure 2.

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2%
4% Phanerophytes
10%
Therophytes
48%
Hydrophytes
36% Hemicryptophytes
Geophytes

Figure 2. Life form in core and buffer zone

3.3 Vegetation within ML Area

The three mines within Kirandul Complex namely Deposit-14, 14 NMZ and a part of 11 (11B) have a very large
area given to NMDC for mining as mined lease area and is almost broken. In spite of all out mining activities in
all the mining leases as stated above Deposit-14 has 101 floral species within it. This includes 18 tree species, 26
species of shrubs and 57 species of herbs. Mining lease 14 NMZ has 80 floral species within it. This includes 17
tree species, 18 species of shrubs and 44 species of herbs. A part of mining lease 11 (11B) has 93 floral species
within it. This includes 21 tree species, 24 species of shrubs and 48 species of herbs. Trees from Fabaceae family
include species like Butea monosperma and Cassia fistula. Within the members of Poaceae Thysanolaena
maxima is seen very frequently around comparatively stable broken area. There are species like Parthenium
hysterophorus which are alien and also invasive in nature.
The three core zones in total have 110 species and maximum number of species is observed in ML-14 (Table 3).
This is due to the fact that there is a good patch of vegetation within the ML area of Deposit-14 on both sides of
Dhobinala. This is a perennial stream and it originates just below the waste dump of the deposit. The other two
deposits have less number of species due to lack of any forest patch. The species that are available are mostly in
the road sides and slopes where anthropogenic interventions are least.

Table 3. List of plant species at core area of Kirandul Iron Ore Mine
Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family
Tree
1 Acacia auriculiformis Fabaceae
2 Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae
3 Aegle mermelos Rutaceae
4 Albizzia procera Fabaceae
5 Bauhinia acuminate Fabaceae
6 Boswellia serreta Burseraceae
7 Buchanania lanzen Anacardiaceae
8 Butea monosperma Fabaceae
9 Cassia fistula Fabaceae
10 Cedrela tonna Meliaceae
11 Cliestanthus collinus Euphorbiaceae
12 Dillenia pentagyna Dilleniaceae
13 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebnaceae
14 Emblica officinales Euphorbiaceae
15 Ixora arborea Rubiaceae
16 Kydia sp. Malvaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
17 Lagerstromea perviflora Lythraceae
18 Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae
19 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae
20 Sleichera oliosa Sapindaceae
21 Soymida febrifuga Meliaceae
22 Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae
23 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae
24 Terminalia tomentosa Combretaceae
25 Trema orientalis Urticaceae
Shrub
1 Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae
2 Bauhinia vahlii Fabaceae
3 Caesalpinia bonducella Caesalpiniaceae
4 Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae
5 Capparis spinosa Capparidaceae
6 Casiarea varacca Samydaceae
7 Coccinia grandis (= Cephalandra indica) Cucurbitaceae
8 Cryptolepis buchanani Apocynaceae
9 Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae
10 Flacourtia ramontchi Flacourtiaceae
11 Gardenia gummifera Rubiaceae
12 Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae
13 Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae
14 Icnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae
15 Jatropha gossypifolia Euphorbiaceae
16 Lantana camara Verbenaceae
17 Phoenix acualis Arecaceae
18 Randia uliginosa Rubiaceae
19 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae
20 Rivea hypocrateriformis Convolvulaceae
21 Smilax macrophylla Liliaceae
22 Streblus asper Moraceae
23 Tephrosia purpurea Papilionaceae
24 Thespesia lampus Malvaceae
25 Trema orientales Urticaceae
26 Vangueria spinosa Rubiaceae
27 Vitex negundo Verbenaceae
28 Woodfordia floribunda Lythraceae
Herb
1 Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
2 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae
3 Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae
4 Alysicarpus monilifer Fabaceae
5 Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae
6 Aristida adscenscionis Poaceae
7 Asparagus racemosus Asperagaceae
8 Atylosia scarabaeoides Papilionaceae
9 Bonnaya brachiata Scrophulariaceae
10 Botrychium daucifolium Ophioglossaceae
11 Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae
12 Cassia tora Fabaceae
13 Celosia argentia Amaranthaceae
14 Curculigo orchioides Amaryllidaceae
15 Cynodon dactylon Poaceae
16 Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae
17 Dactyloctenium aegypticum Poaceae
18 Desmodium triflorum Papilionaceae
19 Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae
20 Dioscorea alata Dioscoreaceae
21 Eichhornia crassipes (= E. speciosa) Pontederiaceae
22 Elephantopus scaber Asteraceae
23 Eragrostis tenella Poaceae
24 Eragrostis uniloides Poaceae
25 Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae
26 Euphorbia microphylla Euphorbiaceae
27 Evolvulus alsenoides Convolvulaceae
28 Evolvulus nummularius Convolvulaceae
29 Fimbristylis japonicum Cyperaceae
30 Flemingia chapper Fabaceae
31 Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae
32 Habenaria diphylla Orchidaceae
33 Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae
34 Indigofera pulchella Fabaceae
35 Ionidium suffruticosum Violaceae
36 Leea sp. Leeaceae
37 Panicum repens L. Poaceae
38 Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae
39 Paspalidium flavidum Poaceae
40 Perotis indica (= P. latifolia) Poaceae
41 Phagmatis karka Poaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
42 Phyllanthus amarus Euphorbiaceae
43 Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae
44 Rivea hypocretaroformis Convolvulaceae
45 Rungia parviflora Acanthaceae
46 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae
47 Setaria glauca Poaceae
49 Sida cordifolia Malvaceae
50 Solanum zylanicum Solanaceae
51 Spermacoce hispida Rubiaceae
52 Stephania harnandifolia Menispermaceae
53 Thysanolaena maxima Poaceae
54 Trichosanthus sp. Cucurbitaceae
55 Tridax procumbens Asteraceae
56 Triumfetta rhomboidea Tiliaceae
57 Urena lobata Malvaceae
58 Vernonia cinerea Asteraceae

3.4 Vegetation in the Buffer Zone

Buffer zone comes within 10km radius of the mine-lease area and it is within Bailadila Reserve Forest and
within Dantewada Taluk, Dantewada district of Chhattisgarh. Buffer zone is mostly covered with undulated hilly
terrain within 180m-1200m altitude. More than one third of the Buffer zone is within Bailadila RF, Bijapur RF
and Palnar PF. But within 10km radius there is no notified Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park. Talperu and
Malenger Nadi are passing through the Buffer Zone. There are few nallahs and stream within the buffer area.
The buffer zone has 253 species in total within which 77 are tree species, 72 are shrubs and 81 are herbs. There
are also 2 bamboo species, 3 epiphytes, 1 species of insectivorous plant in this ecosystem (Table 4). Number of
herb and shrub species is comparatively much less in the buffer zone than the core zone taking the area in to
account. The season of study being winter number herbaceous species in general and grasses in particular are
ephemerals in these habitat conditions and therefore not possible to identify.

Table 4. List of plant species at buffer area of Kirandul Iron Ore Mine
Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family
Tree
1 Acacia catechu Fabaceae
2 Acacia leucophloea Fabaceae
3 Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae
4 Aegle mermelos Rutaceae
5 Alanzium lamarkii Cornaceae
6 Albizzia lebbek Fabaceae
7 Albizzia odoratissima Fabaceae
8 Albizzia procera Fabaceae
9 Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae
10 Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
11 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae
12 Bassia latifolia Sapotaceae
13 Bauhinia acuminate Fabaceae
14 Bauhinia malabarica Fabaceae
15 Boaswellia serrate Burseraceae
16 Bombax ceiba Malvaceae
17 Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae
18 Bridelia retusa Euphorbiaceae
19 Buchanania lanzen Anacardiaceae
20 Butea monosperma Fabaceae
21 Careya arborea Myrtaceae
22 Carryota urens Arecaceae
23 Casearia varacca Samydaceae
24 Cassia fistula Fabaceae
25 Cedrela toona Meliaceae
26 Chloroxylon swietenia Meliaceae
27 Cliestanthus collinus Euphorbiaceae
28 Cochlospermum religiosum Bixaceae
29 Dalbergia paniculata Fabaceae
30 Dalbergia sisoo Fabaceae
31 Dillenia pentagyna Dilleniaceae
32 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebnaceae
33 Emblica officinales Euphorbiaceae
34 Ficus bengalensis Moraceae
35 Ficus glomerata Moraceae
36 Ficus religiosa Moraceae
37 Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae
38 Gardenia latifolia Rubiaceae
39 Gardenia turgid Rubiaceae
40 Garuga pinnata Burseraceae
41 Gmelina arborea Verbinaceae
42 Grewia tiliaefolia Tiliaceae
43 Hardwickia binate Fabaceae
44 Ixora arborea Rubiaceae
45 Kydia calycina Malvaceae
46 Lagerstromea perviflora Lythraceae
47 Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae
48 Mallotus phillipensis Euphorbiaceae
49 Mitragyna parviflora Rubiaceae
50 Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
51 Ougeinia oogeinensis Fabaceae
52 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae
53 Polyalthia cerasoides Annonaceae
54 Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae
55 Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae
56 Randia uliginosa Rubiaceae
57 Saccopetalum tomentosum Annonaceae
58 Schrebera swietenioides Olieaceae
59 Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae
60 Sleichera oliosa Sapindaceae
61 Solanum verbassifolium Solanaceae
62 Soymida febrifuga Meliaceae
63 Sterculia urens Sterculaceae
64 Sterospermum personatum Bignoniaceae
65 Sterospermum suaveolens Bignoniaceae
66 Strychnos nux-vomica Loganiaceae
67 Syzizium cumini Myrtaceae
68 Tamarindus indica Fabaceae
69 Tectona grandis Verbinaceae
70 Terminalia alata Combretaceae
71 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae
72 Terminalia tomentosa Combretaceae
73 Termmalia arjuna Combretaceae
74 Trema orientalis Urticaceae
75 Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae
76 Xylia xylocarpa Fabaceae
77 Zizyphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae
Shrub
1 Abrus precatorius Fabaceae
2 Acacia caesia Fabaceae
3 Acacia pennata Fabaceae
4 Achyranths aspera Amaranthaceae
5 Alangium salvifoloum Cornaceae
6 Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae
7 Antidesma diandrum Euphorbiaceae
8 Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae
9 Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae
10 Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae
11 Bauhinia vahlii Fabaceae
12 Butea superba Fabaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
13 Caesalpinia bonducella Caesalpiniaceae
14 Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae
15 Capparis spinosa Capparidaceae
16 Carissa spinarum Apocynaceae
17 Casiarea varacca Samydaceae
18 Catasibee spinosa Flacourtiaceae
19 Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae
20 Clerodendron serratum Verbinaceae
21 Coccinia grandis (= Cephalandra indica) Cucurbitaceae
22 Combretum roxburghii Combretceae
23 Cryptolepis buchanani Apocynaceae
24 Cucuma aromtica Zingiberaceae
25 Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae
26 Desmodium laxiflorum Fabaceae
27 Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae
28 Dioscorea floribunda Dioscoreaceae
29 Dioscoria alata Dioscoriaceae
30 Dioscoria belophylla Dioscoriaceae
31 Dioscoria pentaphylla Dioscoriaceae
32 Embilia robusta Myrsinaceae
33 Eranthemum pulchellum Acanthaceae
34 Eulaliopsis binate Poaceae
35 Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae
36 Flacourtia ramontchi Flacourtiaceae
37 Gardenia gummifera Rubiaceae
38 Grewia hirsute Tiliaceae
39 Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae
40 Helisteris isora Sterculaceae
41 Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae
42 Hibiscus ficulneus Malvaceae
43 Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae
44 Icnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae
45 Indigofera arborea Fabaceae
46 Indigofera tinctoria Fabaceae
47 Jatropha gossypifolia Euphorbiaceae
48 Lantana camara Verbenaceae
49 Leea macrophylla Vitaceae
50 Lygodium japonicum Schizaeaceae
51 Mahonia semialata Fabaceae
52 Mukuna puruita Fabaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
53 Nyctanthus arbortris-tis Oleaceae
54 Oxytenanthera nigrocilliat Poaceae
55 Petalidium barlerioides Acanthaceae
56 Phoenix acualis Arecaceae
57 Randia uliginosa Rubiaceae
58 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae
59 Rivea hypocrateriformis Convolvulaceae
60 Smilax macrophylla Liliaceae
61 Stephania harnadifolia Apocyanceae
62 Streblus asper Moraceae
63 Swertia angustifolia Acanthaceae
64 Tephrosia purpurea Papilionaceae
65 Thespesia lampus Malvaceae
66 Trema orientales Urticaceae
67 Vangueria spinosa Rubiaceae
68 Ventilago denticulate Rhamnaceae
69 Vitex negundo Verbinaceae
70 Woodfordia floribunda Lythraceae
71 Zizyphus oenoplia Rhamnaceae
72 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae
Herb
1 Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae
2 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae
3 Alocasia macrorhiza (= A. indica) Araceae
4 Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae
5 Alysicarpus monilifer Fabaceae
6 Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae
7 Aristida adscenscionis Poaceae
8 Asparagus racemosus Asperagaceae
9 Atylosia indica Papilionaceae
10 Atylosia scarabaeoides Papilionaceae
11 Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae
12 Bonnaya brachiate Scrophulariaceae
13 Botrychium daucifolium Ophioglossaceae
14 Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae
15 Cassia tora Fabaceae
16 Celosia argentia Amaranthaceae
17 Crinum asiaticum Liliaceae
18 Curculigo orchioides Amaryllidaceae
19 Curcuma amada Zinziberaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
20 Curcuma aromatic Zingiberaceae
21 Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae
22 Cynodon dactylon Poaceae
23 Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae
24 Dactyloctenium aegypticum Poaceae
25 Dendrofthoe fulcata Loranthaceae
26 Desmodium triflorum Papilionaceae
27 Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae
28 Dioscorea alata Dioscoreaceae
29 Eclipta prostrate Asteraceae
30 Eichhornia crassipes (= E. speciosa) Pontederiaceae
31 Elephantopus scaber Asteraceae
32 Eleusine coarcana Poaceae
33 Eleusine indica Poaceae
34 Eragrostis tenella Poaceae
35 Eragrostis uniloides Poaceae
36 Eulalipsis binate Poaceae
37 Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae
38 Euphorbia microphylla Euphorbiaceae
39 Evolvulus alsenoides Convolvulaceae
40 Evolvulus nummularius Convolvulaceae
41 Fimbristylis japonicum Cyperaceae
42 Habenaria diphylla Orchidaceae
43 Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae
44 Heteropogon contortus Poaceae
45 Imperata cylindrical Poaceae
46 Indigofera pulchella Fabaceae
47 Ionidium suffruticosum Violaceae
48 Leea sp. Leeaceae
49 Lygodium japonicum Schizaeaceae
50 Mukuna prurita Fabaceae
51 Ocimum canum Lamiaceae
52 Panicum milare Poaceae
53 Panicum repens Poaceae
54 Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae
55 Paspalidium flavidum Poaceae
56 Paspalum scrobiculatum Poaceae
57 Perotis indica (= P. latifolia) Poaceae
58 Phagmatis karka Poaceae
59 Phyllanthus amaru Euphorbiaceae

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Sl. No. Scientific name of the species Family

Tree
60 Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae
61 Rivea hypocretaroformis Convolvulaceae
62 Rungia parviflora Acanthaceae
63 Saccharum spontaneum Poaceae
64 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae
65 Setaria glauca Poaceae
66 Setaria sp. Poaceae
67 Sida cordifolia Malvaceae
68 Sida cordata Malvaceae
69 Sida rhomboidea Malvaceae
70 Solanum zylanicum Solanaceae
71 Spermacoce hispida Rubiaceae
72 Stephania harnandifolia Menispermaceae
73 Thysanolaena maxima Poaceae
74 Trichosanthus sp. Cucurbitaceae
75 Tridax procumbens Asteraceae
76 Triumfetta rhomboidea Tiliaceae
77 Urena lobata Malvaceae
78 Vernonia cinerea Asteraceae
79 Vetiveria zizanoides Poaceae
80 Viscum articulatum Loranthaceae
81 Zornia diphylla Papilionaceae
Epiphytes
1 Cuscuta roxburghii Convolvulaceae
2 Viscum articulatum Viscaceae
3 Vanda roxburghii Loranthaceae
Bamboos
1 Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae
2 Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae
Insectivorous plant
1 Drocera burmanii Droceraceae

The diversity index (Table 5) in the tree level (2.10) is much more in the buffer zone in comparison to core zone
(1.44). However, in our study, the species diversity index is lower than compared to other studies done at Eastern
Ghats (Sahu et al., 2007; Reddy et al., 2008; Ganguli et al., 2016). Anthropogenic activity within forest area
seems to be low in the tree layer as observed from the count of cut off stumps. Canopy cover in most places of
the forest area in this zone is within 40-70% which is known to be dense forest as per the FSI classification.

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Table 5. Phytosociological parameters of core and buffer zones of Kirandul complex

Sl. No. Indices Core Zone Buffer Zone
1 Canopy Cover (%) 0%-10% (40% in one site) 10%-40% and 40%-70%
Diversity Index
Tree Level 1.44 2.10
2
Shrub level 1.75 2.05
Herb level 1.13 1.49
Dominance Index
Tree level 0.36 0.27
3
Shrub level 0.42 0.13
Herb level 0.52 0.22

Dominance index in the tree level of the buffer zone is only 0.27 which is much lower to 0.36 in comparison to
core zone. This signifies that the tree layer in the buffer zone is shared by many species rather than a few ones
which is a tendency towards mixed forest type rather than dominance of few tree species. Dominancy of single
species is often attributed to niche diversification, disease, species competition and grazing (Whittaker & Levin,
1977; Harper, 1977). It is also observed that within the buffer zone there are few important species like Bauhinia
malabarica, Cedrela toona Dalbergia paniculata, Croton oblongifolia, Shorea robusta, and Annona squoamosa
which are considered to be prominent forest species of central India. The availability of some of these species is
not very frequent in the core zone. Species like Borassus flabellifer, Azadirachta indica, Terminalia tomentosa,
Eugenia jambolana, Ficus glomerata, Terminalia arjuna, Diospyros montana, and Mangifera indica share the
tree canopy layer in the non-forest area of the buffer zone. Diversity in the tree level in the non-forest areas is
further enhanced by the availability of non-forest species like Mangifera indica, and Acacia auriculiformis, etc.
Shrub species like Lantana camara and Eupatorium odoratum, Parthenium sp are also available in this region
which is considered to be the invasive species in Indian forests as well as non-forest areas. These invasive
species are also very frequently available in the core area. Availability of these species in the buffer zone
signifies that there is considerable anthropogenic intervention in the ecosystem which has resulted in alteration
of species composition of the core as well as buffer zone which is similar to the studies on impact of invasive
species on forests (Gordon, 1998; Sanders et al., 2003; Charles & Dukes, 2007; Capers et al., 2009; Devine &
Fei, 2011; Priyanka & Joshi, 2013).
There may be less extraction of forest resources form the buffer zone due to its remoteness but long term impact
of human habitation and planting of domesticated species and exotic species like teak and Eucalyptus sp
certainly have a negative impact on the ecosystem. This is why initiative on the part of NMDC in developing
positive attitude towards conserving the forest resources in the buffer zone is suggested. Habitat development,
therefore, cannot confine within the efforts of plantation, water body creation or soil conservation only. It also
will include developing participatory conservation approach taking the villagers of the buffer as well as fringe
area in to confidence. There is a clear negative relationship between the diversity and dominance indices in both
core and buffer zone. In the buffer zone this relationship is more evident because of its pristine nature.
3.5 Faunal Study
The State of Chhattisgarh falls under the Deccan Bio-geographical Zone (Rodgers et al., 2000). Of its forests, 11%
are under the Protected Area Network. During the study period around 208 species belongs to 10 Faunal Groups
recorded from the Core and Buffer Areas of Kirandul Complex Iron Ore Mines study sites, in that 18 species
recorded belongs to Mollusca; 1 species of Crustacean; 19 species of Odonata; 41 species of Lepidoptera; 3
species of Hymenoptera; 8 species of Fishes; 4 species of Amphibians; 7 species of Reptiles; 92 species of Birds
and 15 species of Mammals. Out of total 208 species recorded, 34 species (i.e., 1 species of Lepidoptera, 21
species of Birds and 12 species of Mammals) are listed in different Schedules of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972 (Table 6). The locatrion map of different species spotted in the study area is shown in Figure 3.

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Table 6. Details of Fauna recorded at Kirandul Iron Ore Mine (Core and Buffer Area)
Sl. No. Species Kirandul Complex Iron Ore Mines
Deposit Deposit Buffer
Deposit 14
14NMZ 11B Area
(A) Mollusca
1 Bellamya bengalensis form typica - - - +
2 Bellamya crassa - - - +
3 Bellamya dissimilis - - - +
4 Bithynia (Digoniostoma) cerameopoma - - - +
5 Bithynia (Digoniostoma) pulchella - - - +
6 Melanoides tuberculata - - - +
7 Tarebia lineata - - - +
Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata form
8 - - - +
typica and form chlamys
9 Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola form typica - - - +
10 Lamellidens corrianus - - - +
11 Lamellidens marginalis - - - +
12 Corbicula striatella - - - +
13 Cyclophorus (Litostylus) polynema - - - +
14 Edouardia orbus - - - +
15 Pterocylus rupestris - - - +
16 Ariophanta laidlayana - + - +
17 Hemiplecta basileus - - - +
18 Macrochlamys indica + - - +
(B) Crustacean (Crab)
19 Brachytelphusa jaquemontii - - - +
(C) Odonata (Damsel & Dragonflies)
20 Ceriagrion coromandelianum - - - +
21 Ischnura aurora - - - +
22 Pseudagrion rubriceps - - - +
23 Ictinogomphus rapax - - - +
24 Anax immaculifrons - - - +
25 Acisoma panorpoides - - - +
26 Brachythemis contaminata - - - +
27 Crocothemis servilia + - + +
28 Diplacodes trivalis - + - +
29 Orthetrum glaucum - - - +
30 Orthetrum pruinosum + - - +
31 Orthetrum sabina - - + +
32 Orthetrum triangulare - - - +
33 Palpopleura sexmaculata - - - +
34 Pantala flavescens + + + +

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Sl. No. Species Kirandul Complex Iron Ore Mines

Deposit Deposit Buffer
Deposit 14
14NMZ 11B Area
35 Tramea virgina - - - +
36 Trithemis aurora - - - +
37 Trithemis festiva - + - +
38 Trithemis pallidinervis - - - +
(D) Lepidoptera (Butterflies)
39 Graphium agamemnon - - - +
40 Papilio polytes - + - +
41 Papilio demoleus - - - +
42 Atrophaneura aristolochiae - - - +
43 Eurema hecabe + + - +
44 Catopsilia pomona - - - +
45 Catopsilia pyranthe - + + +
46 Colotis danae - - - +
47 Ixias marianne + - - +
48 Ixias pyrene - - - +
49 Pieris brassicae - - - +
50 Pieris canidia - - - +
51 Cepora nerissa - + - +
52 Delias eucharis + - - +
53 Belenois aurota - - - +
54 Castalius rosimon - - - +
55 Catochrysops strabo - - - +
56 Pseudozizeeria maha + + - +
57 Tirumala limniace - - - +
58 Danaus genutia - + - +
59 Danaus chrysippus + + - +
60 Euploea core - - - +
61 Polyura athamas - - - +
62 Melanitis leda - - - +
63 Acraea violae - - - +
64 Argyreus hyperbius - - - +
65 Phalanta phalantha - - - +
66 Moduza procris - - - +
67 Athyma perius - - - +
68 Euthalia nais - - - +
69 Tanaecia lepidea - - - +
70 Cyrestis thyodamas - - - +
71 Ariadne ariadne - - - +
72 Junonia orrithiya - - - +

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Sl. No. Species Kirandul Complex Iron Ore Mines

Deposit Deposit Buffer
Deposit 14
14NMZ 11B Area
73 Junonia hierta - - - +
74 Junonia iphita - + + +
75 Junonia atlites - - - +
76 Junonia almana - - - +
77 Junonia lemonias + + + +
78 Hypolimnas misippus - - - +
79 Kallima inachus - - - +
(E) Hymenoptera (Bees and Wasp)
80 Apis (Megapis) dorsata dorsata + - - +
81 Ropalidia brevita - - - +
82 Delta pyriforme pyriforme - - - +
(F) Pisces (Fishes)
83 Channa gachua - - - +
84 Danio dangila - - - +
85 Danio rerio - - - +
86 Garra mullya - - - +
87 Pethia conchonius - - - +
88 Puntius amphibius - - - +
89 Rasbora daniconius - - - +
90 Schistura dayi - - - +
(G) Amphibians (Toad and Frogs)
91 Duttaphrynus melanostictus - - - +
92 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis - - - +
93 Fejervarya syhadrensis - - - +
94 Fejervarya orissaensis - - - +
(H) Reptiles (Lizards, Skinks and Snakes)
95 Calotes versicolor + + + +
96 Psammophilus dorsalis + - + +
97 Hemidactylus brooki - - - +
98 Lygosoma punctata - - - +
99 Mabuya macularia - - - +
100 Echis carinatus - - - +
101 Lycodon aulicus + - + +
(I) Aves (Birds)
102 Gallus gallus - - - +
103 Pavo cristatus - - - +
104 Hemicircus canente - - - +
105 Dendrocopos nanus - - - +
106 Dendrocopos canicapillus - - - +

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Sl. No. Species Kirandul Complex Iron Ore Mines

Deposit Deposit Buffer
Deposit 14
14NMZ 11B Area
107 Dinopium benghalense - + - +
108 Megalaima lineata - - - +
109 Megalaima asiatica - - - +
110 Megalaima haemacephala - - - +
111 Coracius benghalensis + + + +
112 Halcyon smyrensis - - - +
113 Nyctyornis athertoni - - - +
114 Merops orientalis - + + +
115 Merops leschenaulti - - - +
116 Hierococcyx varius - - - +
117 Phaenicophaeus tristis - - - +
118 Centropus sinensis + - - +
119 Psittacula cyanocephala - - - +
120 Cypsiurus balasiensis - + - +
121 Columba livia - + + +
122 Streptopelia chinensis + - - +
123 Actitis hypoleucos - - - +
124 Vanellus malabaricus - - - +
125 Vanellus cinereus - + - +
126 Vanellus indicus - - +
127 Milvus migrans - - - +
128 Spilornis cheela - - - +
129 Accipiter badius - - - +
130 Spizaetus cirrhatus - - - +
131 Falco tinnunculus + + - +
132 Phalacrocorax niger - - - +
133 Egretta garzetta - - - +
134 Mesophoyx intermedia - - - +
135 Bubulcus ibis - + + +
136 Ardeola grayii - - - +
137 Pseudibis papillosa - - - +
138 Pitta brachyura + + - +
139 Chloropsis cochinchinensis - - - +
140 Lanius cristatus - - - +
141 Lanius schach tricolor - - - +
142 Dendrocitta vagabunda - - - +
143 Corvus splendens + + - +
144 Oriolus tenuirostris - - - +
145 Oriolus xanthornus - - - +

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Sl. No. Species Kirandul Complex Iron Ore Mines

Deposit Deposit Buffer
Deposit 14
14NMZ 11B Area
146 Coracina melaschistos - - - +
147 Pericrocotus divaricatus - - - +
148 Pericrocotus erythropygius - - - +
149 Pericrocotus flammeus + - - +
150 Rhipidura aureola - - - +
151 Dicrurus macrocercus - - - +
152 Dicrurus caerulescens - - - +
153 Dicrurus aeneus - + - +
154 Dicrurus paradiseus - - - +
155 Hypothymis azurea - - - +
156 Aegithina tiphia - - - +
157 Monticola solitarius - - - +
158 Monticola cinclorhynchus + - - +
159 Zoothera citrina cyanotus - - - +
160 Zoothera dauma - - - +
161 Eumyias thalassina - - - +
162 Cyornis poliogenys - - - +
163 Copsychus saularis - - - +
164 Saxicoloides fulicata + - - +
165 Phoenicurus ochruros - - - +
166 Sturnus contra - - - +
167 Acridotheres tristis - - - +
168 Sitta castanea - + - +
169 Sitta frontalis - - - +
170 Parus xanthogenys - - - +
171 Hirundo rustica + - - +
172 Pycnonotus melanicterus - - - +
173 Pycnonotus jocosus - - - +
174 Pycnonotus cafer - - - +
175 Prinia socialis - - - +
Zosterops
176 - - - +
palpebrosus
177 Orthotomus sutorius - - - +
178 Phylloscopus colybita - + - +
179 Phylloscopus trochiloides - - - +
180 Pomatorhinus horsfieldii - - - +
181 Pellorneum ruficeps - - - +
182 Chrysomma sinense + - - +
183 Turdoides striatus - - - +

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Sl. No. Species Kirandul Complex Iron Ore Mines

Deposit Deposit Buffer
Deposit 14
14NMZ 11B Area
184 Turdoides affinis - - - +
185 Dicaeum erythrorynchos - - - +
186 Nectarinia asiatica - - - +
187 Passer domesticus + + + +
188 Motacilla flava - - - +
189 Motacilla cinerea - - - +
190 Anthus rufulus - + - +
191 Anthus campestris - - - +
192 Lonchura striata - - - +
193 Lonchura punctulata + - - +
(J) Mammals
194 Macaca mulatta + + + +
195 Semnopithecus entellus + + + +
196 Muntiacus muntjak - - - +
197 Sus scrofa - - - +
198 Melursus ursinus + + + +
199 Canis aureus - + - +
200 Vulpes bengalensis - - - +
*
201 Panthera tigris - - - +
202 Panthera pardus - - - +
203 Harpestes edwardsii + + + +
204 Lepus nigricollis - + + +
205 Hystrix indica + - - +
206 Ratufa indica + + - +
207 Funambulus pennantii + + + +
208 Pteropus giganteus - - - +
Discription: Where (+) indicates Presence and (-) indicates Absence of the species in the study area.

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Figure 3. Map showing different faunal species found at different locations of the study area

3.6 Major Threats to Biodiversity

Large scale loss of biodiversity has been mainly caused by anthropogenic activities like habitat loss, degradation,
fragmentation, biotic interference, grazing, demand for timber, fuel wood, pollution and introduction of exotic
species, etc. Due to large scale mining during last few decades in Bailadila forest area the above mentioned
causes has aggravated by few folds. Some of these factors are discussed below in brief.
3.6.1 Habitat Loss, Degradation and Fragmentation
Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation are important causes of known species population extinctions. The
main cause of degradation and depletion of forests and wildlife are the human activity (anthropogenic pressure).
Deforestation has led to reduction of rainfall, silting of rivers and dams, increase soil erosion, dryness in the air
and increase in temperature, adversely affecting not only forestry but also agriculture and associated activities.
3.6.2 Biotic Interference
The collection of Non-timber Forest Produce (NTFP) in the form of small timber, fuel wood, and fodder by the
people living in the surrounding villages in the project area and areas between the village and Reserved Forests
are thereby exerting intensive biotic pressures on these resources. There is likelihood of increase in biotic
interference with the influx of labour population during the construction of the project. This floating human
population will exert serious pressure on the semi-natural ecosystems around the activity sites. Plantation of
exotic species and invasion of non-native species like Lantana camara, Parthenium sp and Eupatorium
odoratum are also forms of biotic interference in this region.
3.6.3 Timber Requirement
The demand for timber and other wood produce is very high in the state for various activities like the
construction of houses, business centers and other development activities owing to rapid population growth.
3.6.4 Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP)
Non Wood Forest Products (NWFP) constitute important source of livelihood for the poor and especially
landless. There is abundance of Tendu leaves (Diospyrus melanoxylon), Mahua flowers (Madhuca indica), Sal
leaves and seeds (Shorea robusta), different medicinal plants like Harra (Terminalia achebula), Bahera
(Terminalia bellerica), Awnla (Emblica officinalis), wild fruit yielding species like Jamun (Syzygium cumini),

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Aam (Mangifera indica), etc. in the forest patches which are most of the times are over extracted.
3.6.5 Grazing Pressure
Various livestock species reared in the study area include cattle, buffaloes and goats. The grazing pressure leads
to interference of livestock in the wilderness areas, direct competition for forage availability and degraded
quality and reduction in the food availability for herbivores, transmission of communicable diseases and
reduction in area of wilderness needed for the wildlife to sustain.
3.6.6 Poaching:
It is one of the major causes for destruction of wildlife which is still in a practice by local dwellers in the study
area. During the survey, list of Rare Endangered Extinct and Threatened (REET) species were recorded (Table
7).

Table 7. List of REET species of plants in the study area

REET plants within studied areas Locally Endangered Locally Critically
species endangered and vulnerable
Herb: Drocera burmanii (18°39ʹ26.2ʺN 81°17ʹ46.7ʺE Alt—581m), Butea monosperma, Celastrus paniculata,
Equisetum sp (18°43ʹ42.1ʺN 81°15ʹ35.2ʺE Alt—517m), Plumbago Clerodendron serratum, Bassia latifolia,
zeylanica (18°39ʹ45.5ʺN 81°18ʹ7.1ʺE Alt—580m.), Cyathea arborea Curculigo orchioides, Madhuca indica,
syn Polypodium arboreum (Indian Tree fern) (18°35ʹ40.5ʺN Curcuma aromatic Terminalia arjuna
81°13ʹ23.3ʺE Alt—742m), Musa sp (Wild banana) (18°35ʹ30.8ʺN Gymnema sylvestre, (Low risk)
81°13ʹ11.1ʺE Alt—718m), Uticularia sp (18°39ʹ9.1ʺN 81°17ʹ41.8ʺE Pterocarpus marsupium
Alt—583m)
Tree: Mallotus philippensis (18°36ʹ38.4ʺN 81°18ʹ52.6ʺE Alt—675m),
Acacia concinna (Sikakai) (18°35ʹ29.3ʺN 81°13ʹ12.7ʺE Alt—744m),
Strychnos potatorum (18°37ʹ23.3ʺN 81°16ʹ44.7ʺE Alt—626m)

4. Conclusion
This case study demonstrates the major impact of mining on flora and fauna of Kirandul Iron Ore Mine. The
study entails the total destruction of forest areas within the core zone. A detailed floral account only provides
supportive evidence to ensure the survival of the herbivores and the carnivores, once the adjacent habitat can
offer ecological niche for maintaining a prey predator base. The undulating mountain forest is expected to have
the distribution of the recorded species over a wider area.
It is evident from the study that there are few plant species of rare occurrence in the buffer zone of Kirandul
complex and few animal species within Schedule-I of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. These species are
likely to be affected by mining project and related construction and other related activities like road construction,
blasting, excavation for mining, and dumping of excavated material. However, human population pressure on
land and biological resources are likely to exert pressure on the biological resources of the region. The existing
natural ecosystems in areas constituting a rich bio-diverse region that need protection and further strengthening
of conservation efforts.
Implementing scientific forest management may be helpful in some participatory forest management contexts,
but it requires users to participate in an unfamiliar knowledge culture and appropriate support mechanisms need
to be in place, particularly if scaling up its use across a country.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to staffs of Indian Institute of Biosocial Research and Development, Kolkata for helping
during extensive field work. Forest Department of South Bastar, Dantewada, Chhhattisgarh is acknowledged for
their assistance during field survey.
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