Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF)

of
BACHELOR OF ARTS (Programme)
B.A. (Programme)
(Effective from Academic Year 2019-20)

XXXXX Revised Syllabus as approved by Academic Council on XXXX, 2019 and

Executive Council on YYYY, 2019

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 B.A. (Programme)

Contents Page No.

1. Introduction to Programme 3
1.1 Eligibility for Admission 3
2. Introduction to CBCS 3
3. Programme Structure 5
3.1 Alignment with CBCS 5
3.2 Details of the Programme 6
3.3 Semester-wise Placement of Courses 7
3.4 Number of Courses offered 8
4. Learning Outcome Based Approach 8
5. Graduate Attributes 8
6. Qualification Description 9
7. Programme Objectives 9
8. Programme Learning Outcomes 9
9. Teaching Learning Process 9
10. Assessment Methods/ Evaluation Scheme 10
10.1 Pass Percentage & Promotion Criteria 10
10.2 Semester to Semester Progression 11
10.3 Span Period 12
10.4 Grade Points 12
10.5 CGPA Calculation 12
10.6 SGPA Calculation 12
10.7 Grand SGPA Calculation 12
10.8 Conversion of Grand CGPA into Marks 12
10.9 Division of Degree into Classes 12
10.10 Attendance Requirement 12
10.11 Guidelines for the Award of Internal Assessment Marks 13
B.Sc. (Programme) Programme (Semester Wise)
11 Course Wise Content Details for B.A. (Programme) 14

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 B.A. (Programme)

1. Introduction to Programme
B.A. (Programme) is a three-year undergraduate program. The department of Statistics
introduced statistics discipline in B.A. (Programme) to integrate statistics subjects with other
disciplines in B.A. (Programme). The curriculum is dispensed using a combination of classroom
teaching, practicals, group discussions, presentations, home assignments, industry interactions
and exposure, internships and fieldwork. The programme has a unique and innovative course
structure which engenders creative out of the box thinking.

1.1 Eligibility for Admissions

As per admission bulletin for under-graduate programme of University of Delhi.

2. Introduction to CBCS (Choice Based Credit System)

Scope:
The CBCS provides an opportunity for the students to choose courses from the prescribed
courses comprising core, elective/minor or skill-based courses. The courses can be evaluated
following the grading system, which is considered to be better than the conventional marks
system. Grading system provides uniformity in the evaluation and computation of the
Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) based on student’s performance in examinations
which enables the student to move across institutions of higher learning. The uniformity in
evaluation system also enable the potential employers in assessing the performance of the
candidates.

Definitions:
(i) ‘Academic Programme’ means an entire course of study comprising its programme
structure, course details, evaluation schemes etc. designed to be taught and evaluated in a
teaching Department/Centre or jointly under more than one such Department/Centre.
(ii) ‘Course’ means a segment of a subject that is part of an Academic Programme.
(iii) ‘Programme Structure’ means a list of courses (Core, Elective, Open Elective) that makes
up an Academic Programme, specifying the syllabus, Credits, hours of teaching,
evaluation and examination schemes, minimum number of credits required for successful
completion of the programme etc. prepared in conformity to University Rules, eligibility
criteria for admission.
(iv) ‘Core Course’ means a course that a student admitted to a particular programme must
successfully complete to receive the degree and which cannot be substituted by any other
course.

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(v) ‘Elective Course’ means an optional course to be selected by a student out of such
courses offered in the same or any other Department/Centre.
(vi) ‘Discipline Specific Elective’ (DSE) course is the domain specific elective course offered
by the main discipline/subject of study. The University/Institute may also offer discipline
related Elective courses of interdisciplinary nature also, but these are needed to be
offered by main discipline/subject of study.
(vii) ‘Dissertation/Project’ is an elective course designed to acquire special/advanced
knowledge, such as supplement study/support study to a project work, and a candidate
studies such a course on his own with an advisory support by a teacher/faculty member.
Project work/Dissertation is considered as a special course involving application of
knowledge in solving/analysing/exploring a real life situation /difficult problem. A
Project/Dissertation work would be of 6 credits. A Project/Dissertation work may be
given in lieu of a discipline specific elective paper.
(viii) ‘Generic Elective’ (GE) course is an elective course chosen generally from an unrelated
discipline/subject, with an intention to seek exposure to other disciplines. A core course
offered in a discipline/subject may be treated as an elective by other discipline/subject
and vice versa and such electives may also be referred to as Generic Elective.
(ix) ‘Ability Enhancement Courses’ (AEC) also referred as Competency Improvement
Courses/Skill Development Courses/Foundation Course. The Ability Enhancement
Courses (AEC) may be of two kinds: AE Compulsory Course (AECC) and AE Elective
Course (AEEC).
(x) ‘AECC’ are the courses based upon the content that leads to Knowledge enhancement.

The two AECC are: Environmental Science, English/ MIL Communication. 


(xi) ‘AEEC’ are value-based and/or skill-based and are aimed at providing hands-on-training,
competencies, skills, etc. These courses may be chosen from a pool of courses designed
to provide value-based and/or skill-based instruction. These courses are also referred to

as Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC).


(xii) ‘Credit’ means the value assigned to a course which indicates the level of instruction;
One-hour lecture per week equals 1 Credit, 2 hours practical class per week equals 1
credit. Credit for a practical could be proposed as part of a course or as a separate
practical course

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(xiii) ‘CGPA’ is cumulative grade points calculated for all courses completed by the students
at any point of time.
(xiv) ‘SGPA’ means Semester Grade Point Average calculated for individual semester.
(xv) ‘CGPA’ is Cumulative Grade Points Average calculated for all courses completed by the
students at any point of time. CGPA is calculated each year for both the semesters
clubbed together.
(xvi) ‘Grand CGPA’ is calculated in the last year of the course by clubbing together of CGPA
of two years, i.e., four semesters. Grand CGPA is being given in Transcript form. To
benefit the student a formula for conversation of Grand CGPA into %age marks is given
in the Transcript.

3. Programme Structure
The B.A. (Programme) is a three-year course divided into six-semesters. A student is required to
complete 132 credits for the completion of course and the award of degree.

3.1 Alignment with CBCS

The B.A. (Programme) is aligned with CBCS structure as given in Table 1

Table 1: CBCS Course Structure for B.A. (Programme)

Course *Credits
Theory + Practical Theory + Tutorials
I. Core Course 12×4=48 12×5=60
(12 Papers)
04 Courses from each of the
03 disciplines of choice
Core Course Practical/Tutorial* 12×2=24 12×1=12
(12 Practical/Tutorials*)
04 Courses from each of the
03 Disciplines of choice

II. Elective Course 6×4=24 6×5=30

(6 Papers)
Two papers from each discipline of choice including paper of interdisciplinary nature.
Elective Course Practical/Tutorials* 6×2=12 6×1=6
(6 Practical/Tutorials*)

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 B.A. (Programme)

Two Papers from each discipline of choice including paper of interdisciplinary nature.
Optional Dissertation or project work in place of one Discipline elective paper (6 credits) in
6th Semester

III. Ability Enhancement Courses

1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory 2×4=8 2×4=8
(2 Papers of 4 credits each)
Environmental Science
English/MIL Communication
2. Skill Enhancement Course 4×4=16 4×4=16
(Skill Based) (4 Papers of 4 credits each)

Total credit=132 Total credit=132

Institute should evolve a system/policy about ECA/General Interest/Hobby/Sports/NCC/

NSS/ related courses on its own.

*wherever there is practical there will be no tutorials and vice-versa.

3.2 Details of Programme

Core Courses
Core1: Basic Statistics and Probability
Core2: Statistical Methodology
Core3: Theory of Statistical Inference
Core4: Survey Sampling and Design of Experiments

Skill Enhancement Course

SEC-1: Data Analysis using Spread Sheet
SEC-2: Statistical Computations using Software (SPSS/R)
SEC-3: Simulation Techniques in Statistics
SEC-4: Statistical Techniques for Research Methods

Discipline Specific Electives

DSE 1(choose one)

DSE 1-(i) Demography
DSE 1-(ii) Applied Statistics- I

DSE 2 (choose one)

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DSE 2- (i) Applied Statistics- II

DSE 2 - (ii) Demand Analysis and Linear Regression

Note:
1. There will be one batch of 15 students for practical classes.
2. Each practical will carry 50 marks including 25 marks for continuous evaluation and 5
marks for the oral test.
3. Colleges are advised and encouraged to conduct at least 50% of the practicals using
spreadsheet (MS Excel) or any statistical package (SPSS/R/MATLAB).
4. At least four questions have to be compulsorily attempted in the final practical
examination.
5. Hardcopy of practical file has to be maintained by the students for each practical paper.

3.3 Semester-wise Placement of Courses

Table 2: Semester wise Details of B.A. (Programme) Statistics Course & Credit Scheme
Semester Core Course Ability Skill Discipline Generic Elective
(12) Enhancement Enhancement Specific GE (2)
Compulsory Course(SEC) (2) Elective
Course(AECC) (2) (DSE)(6)

1 DSC -1 (Core 1) AECC1

DSC -2 A

DSC -3 A

2 DSC -1 (Core 2) AECC2

DSC -2 B

DSC -3 B

3 DSC -1 (Core 3) SEC1 (SEC – 1)

DSC -2 C

DSC -3 C

4 DSC -1 (Core 4) SEC2 (SEC – 2)

DSC -2 D
DSC -3 D
5 SEC3 (SEC – 3) DSE 1 [DSE 1 (i) / (ii)]

DSE 2A
DSE 3A
6 SEC4 (SEC – 4) DSE 1 [DSE 2 (i) / (ii)]
DSE 2B
DSE 3B

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3.4 Number of Courses offered

Table 3: Number of courses offered
S. No. Course Type No. of Courses
1. Core Course 4
2. Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course (AECC) 2
3. Skill Enhancement Course (SEC) 4
4. Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) 4
Total Number of Courses Offered 14

4. Learning Outcome Based Approach

B.A. (Programme) is designed in such a way that students will be exposed to the real world data
related to industries and society, identifying the problems and working towards their solutions
through various analytical and statistical techniques. The course is designed to imbibe strong
foundation of statistics in students.

5. Graduate Attributes
On completion of the programme students are expected to have acquired the skills of effective
communication, critical thinking, social research methods and social outreach. The attributes
expected from the graduates of B.A. (Programme) are:

i. A holistic knowledge and understanding of basic concepts in statistics and its linkages
with art, science and technology.
ii. The capacity to identify, understand and solve the problems of society.
iii. The ability to collect, analyse, interpret and present the data and bring out the meaning,
correlations and interrelationships.
iv. Team building and leadership skills, communication, creative and critical thinking
skills, and innovative problem solving skills.
v. To provide scientific approaches to develop the domain of human knowledge through
the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form.
vi. To enable the students to understand basic concepts and aspects related to research,
various techniques to collect the data, analyse the data and interpret the results
thereafter.
vii. Learning the basic programming languages and statistical software will help students to
easily switch over to any other statistical software in future.

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6. Qualification Description
Upon successfully completing the programme the students will be conferred a degree of B.A.
(Programme). It is an inter-disciplinary programme equipping the students in the knowledge
of statistics. Besides, it also imparts the requisite knowledge of mathematics and statistical
softwares.

7. Programme Objectives
1. To imbibe strong foundation of statistics in students.
2. To familiarize students with basic to high-level statistical concepts.
3. To update students with mathematical tools that aid in statistical theory.
4. To teach/strengthen students’ knowledge of spreadsheets, programming languages and
statistical packages.
5. To promote application oriented pedagogy by exposing students to real world data.
6. To aid students do projects which prepare them for jobs/market.

8. Programme Learning Outcomes

This course exposes the students to the beautiful world of Statistics and how it affects each and
every aspect of our daily life. The course is designed to equip students with all the major
concepts of Statistics along with the tools required to implement them. Introduction to computer
softwares help them in analysis of data by making optimum usage of time and resources. These
sofwares give them the necessary support and an edge when progressing to their professional
careers. Exposure to plethora of real life data helps in honing their analytical skills. Having
practical component with every paper invokes their exploratory side and fine-tunes the
interpretation abilities. Such a pedagogy goes a long way in giving them the required impetus
and confidence for consultancy startups/jobs in near future. The structure of the course also
motivates/helps the students to pursue careers in related disciplines, especially the data sciences
financial statistics and actuarial sciences.

9. Teaching Learning Process

The faculty of the Statistics department in the constituent colleges of the University of Delhi
is primarily responsible for organizing lectures for B.A. (Programme). The instructions
related to tutorials and practicals are provided by the respective registering units under the
overall guidance of the Department of Statistics, University of Delhi.
There shall be 90 instructional days excluding examination in a semester.
(Add details about Projects/Dissertation and role of supervisor)

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Teaching Pedagogy

Teaching pedagogy involves class room interactions, discussions, presentations, practical

work based on courses, class tests and assignments.

This is detailed out for each course of the programme in section 11 under “Facilitating the
Achievement of Course Learning Outcomes”.

10. Assessment Methods/ Evaluation Scheme

The students registered for B.A. (Programme) will study semester I to VI at the constituent
colleges of the University Delhi. During these semesters Core, AECC, DSE and SEC courses are
offered.
(i) English shall be the medium of instruction and examination.
(ii) Examinations shall be conducted at the end of each Semester as per the Academic
calendar notified by the University of Delhi.
(iii) The assessment broadly comprises of internal assessment and end semester examination.
Each theory paper will be of 100 marks with 25% marks for internal assessment and 75%
marks for end semester examination. Each practical paper will be examined out of 50
marks with 50% marks for continuous evaluation and 50% marks for end semester
examination. Skill enhancement paper will be examined out of 100 marks.

10.1 Pass Percentage & Promotion Criteria

The following provisions shall be applicable to students admitted to the B.A. (programme):
a) A student who appears in an odd semester examinations or who was eligible to appear in
the odd semester examinations but remains absent in any or all the papers of the said
semester, shall move on to the next even semester irrespective of his/her result in the said
examinations.
b) A student who has obtained 40% on the aggregate taking together all the papers in theory
examination (including internal assessment) and practical examination conducted in Ist
and IInd semester shall be promoted to the second academic year/IIIrd semester.
c) A student who has obtained 40% on the aggregate taking together all the papers in theory
examination (including internal assessment) and practical examinations conducted in
IIIrd and IVth semester shall be promoted to the third academic year/ Vth semester.

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d) Students who do not fulfill the promotion criteria mentioned above shall be declared fail
in the promotion examination of the academic year concerned. However, they shall have
the option to retain the marks in the papers in which they want to retain.
e) If a student has secured an aggregate of minimum 40% marks taking together all the
papers in theory examination (including internal assessment) and practical examination
till the end of the third year, i.e., upto the end of the VIth semester, then she/he shall be
awarded the degree in which the student has been admitted.
f) A student who wants to re-appear for improvement in marks in a paper prescribed for
semester I/III/V may do so only in the semester examinations to be held in
November/December. A student who wants to re-appear for improvement in a paper
prescribed in semester II/IV/VI may do so only in the examinations to be held in
May/June.

10.2 Semester to Semester Progression

a) A student may re-appear in any theory paper prescribed for a semester, on foregoing in
writing her/his previous performance in the paper/s concerned. This can be done in the
odd/even semester examination only (for example , a student reappearing in paper
prescribed for semester I examination may do so along with subsequent semester IIIrd
examination and not along with papers for semester Vth).
b) A candidate who has cleared examinations of third academic year (Vth and VIth
semesters) may re-appear in any paper of V or VI semester only once, at the odd/even
examinations on foregoing in writing her/his previous performance in the paper/s
concerned, within the prescribed span period. (Note: The candidate of this category will
not be allowed to join any post-graduate courses).
c) In the case of re-appearance in paper, the result will be prepared on the basis of
candidate’s current performance in the examinations.
d) In the case of a candidate, who opts to re-appear in any paper/s under the aforesaid
provisions, on surrendering her/his earlier performance but fails to reappear in the paper/s
concerned, the marks previously secured by the candidate in the paper/s in which she/he
has failed to re-appear shall be taken into account while determining her/his result of the
examination held currently.
e) Re-appearance in practical/internal assessment shall not be allowed.

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f) Duration of end semester theory examinations of Core and Elective subjects shall be
three hours.
g) The entire evaluation process for AECC and Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC) shall be
undertaken by each college where the AECC and SEC are being taught and the teacher
responsible for the conduct of learning of the AECC and SEC shall be responsible for the
evaluation.

10.3 Span Period

No student shall be admitted as a candidate for the examination for any of the Parts/Semesters
after the lapse of five years from the date of admission to the Part-I/Semester-I of the B.A.
(Programme).

10.4 Grade Points

A student who becomes eligible for the degree shall be categorized on the basis of the combined
result of semester I to semester VI examinations under CBCS on a 10 point grading system with
the letter grades. Grade point table as per university examination rules.

10.5 CGPA Calculation

As per university examination rules.

10.6 SGPA Calculation

As per university examination rules.

10.7 Grand SGPA Calculation

As per university examination rules.

10.8 Conversion of Grand CGPA into Marks

As notified by competent authority the formula for conversion of Grand CGPA into marks is:
Final % age of marks = CGPA based on all four semesters × 9.5

10.9 Division of Degree into Classes

As per university examination rules.

10.10 Attendance Requirement

As per university examination rules.

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10.11 Guidelines for the Award of Internal Assessment Marks B.A.

(Programme) (Semester Wise)
Mention the components of Internal Assessment and the scheme for awarding marks for
students’ attendance.

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11. Course wise Content Details for B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester I
Core 1: Basic Statistics & Probability

Credits: 6 Marks: 150

Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 To motivate students towards intrinsic interest in statistical thinking.
 To analyze and interpret data.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
 Basic concepts of Statistics.
 Distinguish between different types of data.
 Graphical methods of displaying data.
 Measures of Locations.
 Concept of Bi-Variate Data.
 Method of Least Squares.
 Introduction to the basics of Probability

Unit I: Concepts of a statistical population and sample from a population, quantitative and
qualitative data, nominal, ordinal and time-series data, discrete and continuous data. Presentation
of data by tables and by diagrams, frequency distributions for discrete and continuous data,
graphical representation of a frequency distribution by histogram and frequency polygon,
cumulative frequency distributions (inclusive and exclusive methods).

Unit II: Measures of location (or central tendency) and dispersion, moments, measures of
skewness and kurtosis, cumulants. Bi-variate data: Scatter diagram, principle of least-squares
and fitting of polynomials and exponential curves.

Unit III: Correlation and regression. Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation, Lines of regression,
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, multiple and partial correlations (for 3 variates only).

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Unit IV: Random experiment, sample point and sample space, event, algebra of events,
Definition of Probability -classical, relative frequency and axiomatic approaches to probability,
merits and demerits of these approaches (only general ideas to be given). Theorems on
probability, conditional probability, independent events. Bayes’ theorem and its applications.

Suggested Readings:

1. Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M. (1959). Experimental Design. Asia Publishing House.
2. Das, M.N. and Giri, N.C. (1986). Design and Analysis of Experiments. Wiley Eastern.
3. Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2005). Fundamentals of Statistics (8 th ed.
Vol. II). World Press, Kolkata.
4. Kempthorne, O. (1965). The Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley.
5. Montgomery, D. C. (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. Problems based on graphical representation of data: Histograms (equal class intervals and
unequal class intervals), Frequency polygon, Ogive curve.

2. Problems based on measures of central tendency using raw data, grouped data and for
change of origin and scale.

3. Problems based on measures of dispersion using raw data, grouped data and for change
of origin and scale.

4. Problems based on combined mean and variance and coefficient of variation.

5. Problems based on Moments using raw data, grouped data and for change of origin and
scale.

6. Relationships between moments about origin and central moments.

7. Problems based on Skewness and kurtosis.

8. Karl Pearson correlation coefficient (with/without change of scale and origin).

9. Lines of regression, angle between lines and estimated values of variables.

10. Lines of regression and regression coefficients

11. Spearman rank correlation with /without ties.

12. Fitting of polynomials and exponential curves.

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Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1 Provide a foundation and motivation for exposure to statistical ideas
subsequent to the course.
Week 2 Distinguish between a population and a sample, Identify the types of data
(qualitative, quantitative, nominal, ordinal, time-series, discrete, and
continuous), Presentation of data by tables. Practical Work.
Week 3-4 Apply graphical methods of displaying data, histograms, frequency
polygons, Pareto charts, ogives, pie charts, and box-and-whisker plots.
Read and analyze. Practical Work.
Week 5 Construct frequency distributions, Read and analyze frequency
distributions. Practical Work.
Week 6 Calculate the measures of central tendency. For a sample or population of
data for grouped data, for weighted data for probability distributions.

Week 7 Calculate the measures of variation for a sample of data for a population of
data for grouped data for probability distributions. Calculate the measures
of position. Calculate percentiles, Calculate quartiles.
Week 8 Bi-variate data: Scatter diagram, principle of least-squares and fitting of
polynomials and exponential curves. Practical Work.
Week 9 Correlation and Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation, Spearman's rank
correlation coefficient. Practical Work.
Week 10 Theory of Regression, Lines of Regression, Multiple and Partial
Correlations (for 3 variates only). Practical Work.
Week 11 Concept of Random experiment, sample point and sample space, event,
algebra of events, Calculate combinations and permutations.
Practical Work.
Week 12 Definition of Probability -classical, relative frequency and axiomatic
approaches to probability, Merits and demerits of these approaches (only
general ideas to be given). Practical Work.
Week 13 Apply the rules of probability (addition, multiplication). Apply the terms of
probability (mutually exclusive, independent, and dependent), Theorems
on probability. Practical Work.
Week 14-15 Conditional probability, & Bayes' theorem and its applications. Revision.
Practical Work.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit Course Learning Teaching and Learning Assessment Tasks
No. Outcomes Activity
I Statistical population Class room lectures and Participation in class
and sample from a discussions. discussion.
population
I Identify the types of Class room lectures and Participation in class
data discussions. discussion.

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I Graphical methods of (i) Class room lectures and (i) Participation in class
displaying data discussions. discussion.
frequency (ii) Practical work based on (ii) Problems based on
Distributions the graphical methods. graphical methods.
(iii) Practical work based (iii) Problems based on
on the frequency frequency distributions.
distributions.
A* Understanding of Class Test/ Extent of clarity
fundamentals of Assignment work in theoretical concepts.
Basic statistics.
II Measure of Central (i) Class room lectures and (i) Participation in class
Tendency, Measure discussions. discussion.
of Variation. (ii) Practical work (ii) Numerical Illustrations
III Bi-variate Data, based on different topics.
Correlation,
Regression.
IV Theory of
Probability
B* Understanding of Class Test/ Extent of clarity
concepts of Assignment work in theoretical concepts.
Probability.
C Application of Basic Presentation. Ability to apply concepts of
Statistics & Basic Statistics &
Probability Probability

* As per requirements of Internal Assessment for B.A. (Programme).

Keywords: Statistical population and sample; Measures of location and dispersion; Types of
data; Correlation; Regression; Random experiment; Sample space; Events; Probability; Bayes’
theorem.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester II
Core 2: Statistical Methodology
Credits: 6 Marks: 150
Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 To know the difference between discrete and continuous random variables.
 To develop the thinking of students so that they can use the concepts of statistical
probability distribution in real life.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
 Concept of random variables.
 Basic concepts of discrete & continuous distribution.
 Distinguish between WLLN & SLLN and their application.
 Central limit theorem (CLT) for i.i.d. variates, and its applications.
 Distinguish between Moments generating function & Cumulants generating function
 Concept of WLLN & SLLN and their application.
 Introduction to Chebychev's inequality.

Unit I: Random variables: Discrete and continuous random variables, pmf, pdf and cdf,
illustrations of random variables and their properties, expectation of random variable and its
properties. Moments and cumulants; moment generating function, cumulant generating function
and characteristic function.

Unit II: Bivariate probability distributions, marginal and conditional distributions; independence
of variates (only general idea to be given). Transformation in univariate and bivariate
distributions.

Unit III: Point (or degenerate), Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Negative Binomial,
Hypergeometric, Normal, Uniform, Exponential, Beta and Gamma distributions.

Unit IV: Markov inequality, Chebychev's inequality, WLLN and SLLN: Statements and
applications, Central limit theorem (CLT) for i.i.d. variates, and its applications.

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Suggested Readings:
1. Goon, A. M., Gupta, M. K. and Dasgupta, B. (2003). An Outline of Statistical Theory (4 th
ed., Vol. I). World Press, Kolkata.
2. Gupta, S. C. and Kapoor, V. K. (2007). Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics (11th
ed.). Sultan Chand and Sons.
3. Hogg, R. V., Craig, A. T. and Mckean, J. W. (2005). Introduction to Mathematical
Statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
4. Mood, A. M., Graybill, F. A. and Boes, D. C. (2007). Introduction to the Theory of
Statistics (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw Hill Publication.
5. Rohtagi, V. K. and Saleh, A. K. Md. E. (2009). An Introduction to Probability and
Statistics (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
6. Ross, S. A. (2007). Introduction to Probability Models (9th ed.). Academic Press.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. Fitting of binomial distributions for n and p = q = ½ and for n and p given.
2. Fitting of binomial distributions computing mean and variance.
3. Fitting of Poisson distributions for give n and λ and after estimating mean.
4. Fitting of negative binomial.
5. Fitting of Suitable distribution.
6. Application Problems based on Binomial distribution.
7. Application problems based on Poisson distribution.
8. Application problems based on negative binomial distribution.
9. Problems based on Area property of normal distribution.
10. To find the ordinate for a given area for normal distribution.
11. Application based problems based on normal distribution.
12. Fitting of normal distribution when parameters are given/not given.

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Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1 Provide a foundation and motivation for exposure to statistical ideas

subsequent to the course & discrete and continuous random variables with
examples.
Week 2-3 Illustrations of random variables and its properties, pmf, pdf and cdf,
expectation of random variable and its properties with numerical problems.
Practical Work.
Week 4 Moments and cumulants: moment generating function, cumulant
generating function and characteristic function with properties.
Practical Work.
Week 5-6 Bivariate probability distributions, marginal and conditional distributions;
independence of variates. Practical Work.
Week 7 Transformation in univariate and bivariate distributions.
Week 8-9 Point (or degenerate), Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution,
Geometric distribution, with properties. Practical Work.
Week 10 Negative Binomial distribution and Hypergeometric distribution with
properties. Practical Work.
Week 11-12 Normal distribution, Uniform distribution and Exponential distribution.
Practical Work.
Week 13 Beta distribution and Gamma distributions with properties.
Practical Work.
Week 14 Markov inequality, Chebychev's inequality, WLLN and SLLN: Statements
and applications. Practical Work.
Week 15 Central limit theorem (CLT) for i.i.d. variates, and its applications.
Revision. Practical Work.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit Course Learning Teaching and Learning Assessment Tasks
No. Outcomes Activity
I Discrete & continuous Class room lectures with Participation in class
random variables. examples and discussions. discussion.
Illustrations of random
variables and its properties.
I Pmf., pdf and cdf, (i) Class room lectures, with (i) Participation in class
expectation of random numerical problems. discussion.
variable and its properties (ii) Showing practical (ii) Problems based on
relevance of the study, the topic.
using illustrations.
I Moment generating (i) Class room lectures (i) Participation in class
function, Cumulant and discussions. discussion.
generating function and (ii) Solving Numerical (ii) Practicals based on
Characteristic function problems based on Topic. study.
with properties

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 B.A. (Programme)

A* Basic concept of random Class Test/ Assignment Extent of clarity in

variables work theoretical concepts
II Marginal and Conditional
distributions; independence (i) Learning through group- (i) Participation in class
of variates Transformation discussion. discussion.
in univariate and bivariate
distributions (ii) Solving the problems & (ii) Numerical
III Discrete & continuous practical questions on Illustrations based
probability distribution the topics and on the topics.
IV Markov inequality, discussion.
Chebychev's inequality, (iii) Showing practical
WLLN and SLLN: with (iii) Practical work. relevance of the
application, Central limit study, using
theorem (CLT) and its illustrations.
applications.
B* Discrete & continuous Class Test/ Extent of clarity in
probability distribution Assignment work theoretical concepts.
C* Chebychev's inequality, Presentation. Understanding of
WLLN and SLLN, Central situations in which
limit theorem various inequalities are
applicable.
*As per requirements of Internal Assessment for B.A. (Programme).

Keywords: Random variables; Pmf.; pdf ; cdf; Moment generating function; Cumulant
generating function; Discrete & continuous probability distribution; Markov inequality;
Chebychev's inequality; Laws of large Numbers; Central limit theorem (CLT).

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester III
Core-3: Theory of Statistical Inference
Credits: 6 Marks: 150
Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 The basic idea about the sampling distributions and testing of hypothesis based on
them.
 Estimating and drawing inference about the unknown population parameters and
validating it using hypothesis testing.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
1. The sampling distributions and their applications in testing of hypothesis.
2. Desirable properties of point estimators based on which estimators can be compared.
 Unbiasedness
 Consistency
 Efficiency
 Sufficiency
3. Different methods of finding point estimators
 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
 Method of Least Squares
4. Methods to develop/find best point estimators based on the desirable properties (Using
Cramer- Rao inequality, Rao-Blackwell theorem, and Lehmann- Scheffe Theorem).
5. General methods of constructing interval estimators (Confidence Intervals) for unknown
population parameters.
6. Developing/ constructing best/most powerful statistical tests to test hypotheses
regarding unknown population parameters using Neyman- Pearson Lemma.
7. Practical applications of estimation theory and hypothesis testing pertaining to all
discussed methods.

Unit I: Definitions of random sample, parameter and statistic, null and alternative
hypotheses, simple and composite hypotheses, level of significance and probabilities of Type
I and Type II errors, power of a test and critical region. Sampling distribution of a statistic,
sampling distribution of sample mean, standard error of sample mean.
Unit II: Large sample tests for single mean, difference of means, standard deviation and
difference of standard deviations. Sampling distributions of chi-square, t and F: definitions,

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 B.A. (Programme)

properties and relationships between them. Tests of Significance based on Chi-square

(goodness of fit and independence of attributes), t distribution and F- distribution using
classical and p-value approach.

Unit III: Estimation: Parametric space, sample space, point estimation, requirement of a
good estimator, consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency, Minimum variance
unbiased estimators. Cramer-Rao inequality: statement and application, Methods of
estimation: maximum likelihood, least squares and minimum variance, statement of Rao-
Blackwell theorem and Lehmann-Scheffe theorem. Properties of maximum likelihood
estimators (illustration).

Unit IV: Interval Estimation: Confidence intervals for the parameters of normal distribution,
confidence intervals for difference of mean and for ratio of variances. Neyman-Pearson
lemma and MP test: statement and applications.

Suggested Readings:
1. Casella, G. and Berger, R.L. (2002). Statistical Inference (2 nd ed.). Thomson Duxbury.
2. Dudewicz, E.J. and Mishra, S.N. (1988). Modern Mathematical Statistics, John Wiley
and Sons.
3. Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2003). An Outline of Statistical Theory
(4th ed., Vol. I). World Press, Kolkata.
4. Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V.K. (2007). Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics (11th
ed.). Sultan Chand and Sons.
5. Hogg, R.V., Craig, A.T. and Mckean, J.W. (2005). Introduction to Mathematical
Statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
6. Rohtagi, V.K. and Saleh, A.K. Md. E. (2009). An Introduction to Probability and
Statistics (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. Large Sample Tests (Based on normal distribution).
2. Testing of goodness of fit.
3. Testing of independence of attributes based on 2 X 2 contingency table.
4. Testing of equality of two populations variances.
5. Applying the paired t-test for difference of means.

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 B.A. (Programme)

6. Maximum Likelihood Estimation.

7. Confidence interval for Binomial proportion.
8. Confidence interval for the difference of proportions.
9. Confidence interval for difference of population means.
10. Confidence interval for ratio of variances.
11. Type I and Type II errors.
12. Most powerful critical region (NP Lemma).

Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1-2 Definitions of random sample, parameter and statistic, null and alternative
hypotheses, simple and composite hypotheses, level of significance and
probabilities of Type I and Type II errors, power of a test and critical
region. Sampling distribution of a statistic, sampling distribution of sample
mean, standard error of sample mean.
Week 3-5 Large sample tests for single mean, difference of means, standard deviation
and difference of standard deviations. Sampling distributions of chi-square,
t and F: definitions, properties and relationships between them. Including
Practical Work.
Week 6-7 Tests of Significance based on Chi-square (goodness of fit and
independence of attributes), t distribution and F- distribution using
classical and p-value approach. Including Practical Work.
Week 8-9 Estimation: Parametric space, sample space, point estimation, requirement
of a good estimator, consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency,
Minimum variance unbiased estimators.
Week 10-11 Cramer-Rao inequality: statement and application, Methods of estimation:
maximum likelihood, least squares and minimum variance, statement of
Rao-Blackwell theorem and Lehmann-Scheffe theorem. Properties of
maximum likelihood estimators (illustration). Including Practical Work.
Week 12-13 Interval Estimation: Confidence intervals for the parameters of normal
distribution, confidence intervals for difference of mean and for ratio of
variances. Including Practical Work.
Week 14 Neyman-Pearson lemma and MP test: statement and applications.
Including Practical Work.

Facilitating the Achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit Course Learning Teaching and Learning Assessment Tasks
No. Outcomes Activity
I Definitions of random Class room lectures and (i) Participation in class
sample, parameter and discussions. discussion.
statistic, Null and (ii) To frame the Null and
alternative hypotheses, alternative hypotheses from
simple and composite real life situations (based on
hypotheses, level of their properties).

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 B.A. (Programme)

significance and
probabilities of Type I
and Type II errors,
power of a test and
critical region.
II Sampling distribution (i) Class room lectures (i) Participation in class
of a statistic, sampling and discussions. discussion.
distribution of sample (ii) Practical applications (ii) Ability to apply
mean, standard error of based on sampling
concepts in practical
sample mean. distributions. examples.
Large sample tests for
single mean, difference
of means, standard
deviation and difference
of standard deviations.
Sampling distributions
of chi-square, t and F:
definitions, properties
and relationships
between them.
I- II Class test/assignment on
first two units
III Estimation: Parametric (i) Class room lectures (i) Participation in class
space, sample space, and discussions. discussion.
point estimation, (ii) Practical work. (ii) Ability to apply
requirement of a good concepts in practical
estimator, consistency, examples.
unbiasedness, (iii) Maximum likelihood,
efficiency, sufficiency, least squares estimators
Minimum variance from data.
unbiased estimators.
Cramer-Rao inequality:
statement and
application,
Methods of estimation:
maximum likelihood,
least squares and
minimum variance,
statement of Rao-
Blackwell theorem and
Lehmann-Scheffe
theorem. Properties of
maximum likelihood
estimators.

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 B.A. (Programme)

IV Interval (i) Class room lectures (i) Participation in class

Estimation: Confidence and discussions. discussion.
intervals for the (ii) Practical work. (ii) Ability to apply
parameters concepts in practical
of normal distribution, examples.
Confidence intervals for
difference of mean and
for ratio of variances.
Neyman-Pearson
lemma and MP test:
statement
and applications.
III-IV Class test/
Assignment on last two
units

Keywords: Test of significance; Null and alternative hypotheses; Level of significance; and
Types of error; Critical region; Sampling distribution; Point and interval estimation; Cramer-
Rao inequality; Rao-Blackwell theorem; Lehmann-Scheffe theorem; Maximum likelihood
estimators; Neyman-Pearson lemma; MP test.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester IV
Core 4: Survey Sampling and Design of Experiments
Credits: 6 Marks: 150
Course Objectives:
 To learn about sample surveys, its need and objectives.
 To learn to draw appropriate sample and interpret the result.
 To learn to design and conduct experiments.
 To analyze and interpret the data.
 To know about official statistical system in India and functions of different agencies.
Course Learning Outcomes:
After completing this course, students have a clear understanding of:
 The basic concept of sample survey and its need.
 Simple random sampling.
 Stratified random sampling.
 Systematic sampling.
 One-way and two-way analysis of variance.
 Basic concepts of design of experiments.
 Completely randomized design.
 Randomized design.
 Latin square design.
 Missing plot techniques.
 Factorial experiments.
 Present official statistical system in India.
 Functions of C.S.O. and N.S.S.O.

Unit I: Indian Official Statistics: Present Official Statistical System in India relating to
census of population, agriculture, industrial production, and prices; methods of collection of
official statistics, major publications, their reliability and limitations. Agencies responsible
for the data collection- C.S.O., N.S.S.O., Office of Registrar General: historical development,
main functions and important publications. Sample Surveys: Basic concepts of sample

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 B.A. (Programme)

survey: concept of sampling, need for sampling, complete enumeration v/s. sampling,
principles of sampling theory, principal steps in a sample surveys, planning and organization
of a sample survey, sampling and non-sampling errors. Simple random sampling (SRSWR
and SRSWOR): definition and procedures of selecting a sample, properties of simple random
sample, estimation of mean and sampling variance of sample mean.

Unit II: Stratified random sampling: introduction, estimation of population mean and its
variance, choice of sample sizes in different strata, comparison of stratified sampling under
proportional and Neyman allocation with SRSWOR in terms of precision.
Systematic sampling: introduction to linear systematic sampling, estimation of sample mean
and its variance (N=nk), comparison of systematic sampling with SRSWOR in terms of mean
squares.

Unit III: Analysis of variance: one-way and two-way classified data with one observation per
cell only. Design of experiments: Principles of Design of experiments, uniformity trails,
completely randomized, Randomized block and Latin square designs.

Unit IV: Missing plot technique: Analysis under a single missing observation: Missing plot

technique for RBD and LSD. Factorial experiments: 2 2 and 23 Factorial experiments:
construction and analysis.

Suggested Readings:

1. Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2005). Fundamentals of Statistics (8th
ed., Vol. II). World Press, Kolkata.
2. Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2005). An Outline of Statistical Theory
(3 rd ed., Vol. II). World Press, Kolkata.
3. Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V.K. (2008). Fundamentals of Applied Statistics (4th ed.).
Sultan Chand and Sons.
4. Montgomery, D.C. (2001). Designs and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
5. Mukhopadhyay, P. (1998). Theory and Methods of Survey Sampling. Prentice Hall of
India.
6. Sukhatme, P.V., Sukhatme, B.V., Sukhatme, S. and Ashok, C. (1984). Sampling
Theory of Surveys with Applications. Lowa State University Press, Lowa, USA.
7. Guide to current Indian Official Statistics, Central Statistical Office, GOI, New Delhi.

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 B.A. (Programme)

8. www.mospi.gov.in/.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. To select a SRS with and without replacement.
2. For a population of size 5, estimate population mean, population mean square and
population variance. Enumerate all possible samples of size 2 by wr and wor and
establish all properties relative to SRS.
3. For SRSWOR, estimate mean, standard error, the sample size.
4. Stratified Sampling: allocation of sample to strata by proportional and Neyman’s
methods, Compare the efficiencies of above two methods relative to SRS.
5. Estimation of gain in precision in stratified sampling.
6. Comparison of systematic sampling with stratified sampling and SRS in the presence
of a linear trend.
7. Analysis of a one way/ two way ANOVA.
8. Analysis of a CRD, RBD.
9. Analysis of a LSD.
10. Analysis of an RBD with one missing observation.
11. Analysis of an LSD with one missing observation.
12. Analysis of 22 and23 factorial in CRD and RBD.

Week-wise teaching plan:

Week 1 Indian Official Statistics: Present Official Statistical System in India
relating to census of population, agriculture, industrial production, and
prices; methods of collection of official statistics, major publications, their
reliability and limitations. Agencies responsible for the data collection-
C.S.O., N.S.S.O., Office of Registrar General: historical development,
main functions and important publications. Presentations.
Week 2-3 Sample Surveys: Basic concepts of sample survey: concept of sampling,
need for sampling, complete enumeration v/s. sampling, principles of
sampling theory, principal steps in a sample surveys, planning and
organization of a sample survey, sampling and non-sampling errors.
Week 3-4 Simple random sampling (SRSWR and SRSWOR): definition and
procedures of selecting a sample, properties of simple random sample,
estimation of mean and sampling variance of sample mean. Practical
Work.
Week 5-6 Stratified random sampling: introduction, estimation of population mean
and its variance, choice of sample sizes in different strata, comparison of
stratified sampling under proportional and Neyman allocation with

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 B.A. (Programme)

SRSWOR in terms of precision. Practical Work.

Week 6-7 Systematic sampling: introduction to linear systematic sampling,
estimation of sample mean and its variance (N=nk), comparison of
systematic sampling with SRSWOR in terms of mean squares. Practical
Work.
Week 8-9 Analysis of variance: one-way and two-way classified data with one
observation per cell only. Practical Work.
Week 9-10 Design of experiments: Principles of Design of experiments, uniformity
trails,
Week 11-12 Completely Randomized Design (CRD), Randomized Block Design
(RBD) and Latin Square Design (LSD): Introduction, Structure, Model
and Parameters, ANOVA, Advantages and Disadvantages, Uses. Practical
Work.
Week 13 Relative efficiencies of RBD compared to CRD, LSD compared to CRD,
LSD compared to RBD taking rows and columns as blocks. Practical
Work.
Week 14 Missing plot technique. Analysis under a single missing observation:
Missing plot technique (for RBD and LSD), Variance of the difference
between two estimated treatment effects out of which one has 1 missing
observation for both RBD and LSD. Practical Work.
Week 15 2 2 and 23 Factorial experiments: Introduction, Terminology, Main effects
and interactions, Notation, Standard order for treatment combinations,
ANOVA, Yate’s Algorithm. Practical Work.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes

Unit Course Learning Teaching and Assessment Tasks
No. Outcomes Learning Activity
I Indian Official Statistics Class room lectures (i) Participation in class
and discussion. discussion.
(ii) Presentations.
I Basic concepts of Sample Class room lectures Participation in class
Surveys and discussion. discussion.
II Simple random sampling, (i) Class room lectures (i) Participation in class
Stratified random and discussion. discussion.
sampling, systematic (ii) Practical work (ii) Distinguishing between
sampling based on these different types of
sampling. sampling and their
applications.
(iii) Class test/
assignment.
III Analysis of Variance: one- (i) Class room lectures (i) Participation in class
way and two-way and discussion. discussion.
classified data with (ii) Practical work (ii) Understanding the
one observation per cell based on ANOVA. layout, formulation of
hypothesis, model,
appropriate analysis,

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 B.A. (Programme)

interpretation of result
and conclusions.
III Design of experiments: (i) Class room lectures (i) Participation in class
CRD, RBD and LSD and discussion. discussion
(ii) Practical work (ii) Understanding the
based on these layout, formulation of
Designs. hypothesis, model,
appropriate analysis,
interpretation of result
and conclusions.
(iii) Class test/ assignment
IV Factorial designs with two (i) Class room lectures (i) Participation in class
or three levels and discussion discussion.
(ii) Practical work (ii) Understanding the
based on these layout, identification
Designs. of design, appropriate
analysis, interpretation
of results
and conclusions.
(iii) Class test/ assignment
(iv) Project work and
presentations.
Keywords: Indian official statistics; Sample Surveys; Simple random sampling; Stratified
random sampling; Systematic sampling; Analysis of variance; Design of experiments; CRD,
RBD; LSD; Factorial designs.

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B.A. (Programme)
Semester III
SEC-I: Data Analysis using spread sheet

Credits: 4 Marks: 100

Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 To insert and conduct calculations.
 To analyze and interpret data.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
 The fundamental concepts of Microsoft Excel.
 Introduction to statistical computing, analysis and graphical interpretation.
 Graphical representation of data by histograms, frequency polygon.
 Pie chart, Ogive, Boxplot and stem-leaf.
 Measures of central tendency.
 Measures of Dispersion.
 Fitting of polynomials, exponential curves.
 Plotting of probability distributions.
 Correlation and Regression.
 Testing of hypothesis.

Unit I: Graphical Representations-Role, historical perspective, terminology, types of class

interval-inclusive, exclusive, Formula to generate class intervals, types of graphs-Histogram,
frequency curve, frequency polygon, pie chart, Ogive-more than and less than, Box plot,
stem-leaf.

Unit II: Measures of Central tendency-Arithmetic Mean, Harmonic Mean, Geometric Mean,
Median and Mode explanation with example, Measures of Dispersion-Range, Semi Inter-
quartile Range, Standard Deviation, Mean Deviation and explanation with example.

Unit III: Curve Fitting - Principle of least squares Method, fitting of various curves like
Straight line, Second degree Polynomial, kth degree Polynomial and exponential curves,

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 B.A. (Programme)

Plotting of various probability distribution like Binomial, Poisson, Normal Distribution with
suitable example.

Unit IV: Introduction to Correlation Analysis, role, uses, its properties and formula,
Introduction to Regression Analysis, role, uses, properties of its coefficient and formula to
calculate regression coefficient, Regression Line, explain with example.

Suggested Readings:
1. Artymiak, J. (2011). Beginning Open Office Calc: From Setting Up Simple
Spreadsheets to Business Forecasting. Apress Publisher.
2. Billo, E. J. (2007). Excel for Scientists and Engineers Numerical Methods. John
Wiley & Sons.
3. Carlberg, C. (2011). Statistical Analysis. Pearsons Education Inc.
4. Held, B. (2007). Microsoft Excel Functions and Formulas. Wordware Publishing, Inc.
5. Kanji, G.K. (2006). 100 Statistical Tests (3rd ed.). Sage Publication.
6. Remenyi, D., Onofrei, G. and English, J. (2011). An Introduction to Statistics using
Microsoft Excel. Academic Publishing Limited.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. Make the continuous frequency table for the given set of observations.
2. Draw the Histogram, Frequency curve and Frequency polygon for given Data.
3. Draw the Pie chart and Ogive curve, for given Data.
4. Analysis the data and draw the Box plot, stem-leaf.
5. Find Arithmetic Mean, Harmonic Mean and Geometric Mean for grouped and
ungrouped data.
6. Find Median and Mode for grouped and ungrouped data.
7. Find the measures of Dispersion.
8. Fit the straight line, exponential and second degree curve to given data.
9. Fit the Binomial Distribution for the given data.
10. Fit the Poisson Distribution when parameter is given or not given.
11. Fit the Normal distribution for the given data, also find expected frequency.
12. Find the Correlation coefficient for the given data.

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 B.A. (Programme)

13. Find the regression coefficient from the given data.

14. Fit the regression line x on y for the given data.
15. Fit the regression line y on x for the given data.

Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1 Graphical Representations-Role, historical perspective, terminology, types
of class interval-inclusive, exclusive, Formula to generate class intervals.
Week 2-3 Types of graphs-Histogram, frequency curve, frequency polygon, pie
chart, Ogive-More than and Less than, Box plot, stem-leaf. Practical
Work.
Week 4 Measures of Central tendency-Arithmetic Mean, Harmonic Mean,
Geometric Mean. Practical Work.
Week 5 Measures of Median and Mode for grouped and ungrouped data
explanation with example, Practical Work.
Week 6-7: Measures of Dispersion-Range, Semi Inter-quartile Range, Standard
Deviation, Mean Deviation and explanation with example.
Week 8-9 Curve Fitting - Principle of least squares Method, fitting of various curves
like Straight line, Second degree Polynomial, kth degree Polynomial and
exponential curves. Practical Work.
Week 10-11 Plotting of various probability distribution like Binomial Distribution and,
Poisson Distributions. Practical Work.
Week 12 Plotting of Normal probability distribution and find expected frequencies,
problems related to area properties. Practical Work.
Week 13 Introduction to Correlation Analysis, role, uses, its properties and formula
Example based on correlation analysis.
Week 14 Introduction to Regression Analysis, role, uses, properties of its coefficient
and formula to calculate regression coefficient.
Week 15 Fitting of Regression Line. Practical Work.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit No. Course Learning Outcomes Teaching and Assessment Tasks
Learning Activity
I The fundamental concepts of Class room lectures Participation in class
data analysis by spread sheet and discussions. discussion.
I Types of class interval- Class room lectures Participation in class
inclusive, exclusive, Formula and discussions. discussion.
to generate of class intervals.
I Types of graphs-Histogram, (i) Class room (i) Participation in class
frequency curve, frequency lectures discussion.
polygon. and discussions. (ii) Identification of
I Pie chart, Ogive-More than appropriate graphical
and Less than (ii) Practical work representation,
I Box-plot and stem-leaf based on the analysis and
graph and interpretation of
analysis. results and conclusion.
A* Understanding of Class Test/ Extent of clarity

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 B.A. (Programme)

fundamentals and spread Assignment work in theoretical concepts

sheet.
II Measures of Dispersion and (i) Class room (i) Participation in class
Measures of Central lectures and discussion.
tendency. discussions. (ii) Identification of
III Curve Fitting and plotting of appropriate graphical
probability distribution (ii) Practical work representation, analysis
IV Introduction to Correlation based on the and interpretation of
analysis graph and results and conclusion.
analysis.
B* Introduction to Regression Class Test/ Extent of clarity in
analysis. Assignment work theoretical concepts.
C Application of Spread sheet. Project Work and Ability to apply concepts
(optional) its presentation. of statistics and analyzing
problems.
* As per requirements of Internal Assessment for B.A. (Programme)
Keywords: Data analysis; Spread sheet; Class interval; Histogram; Frequency curve;
Frequency polygon; Pie chart; Ogive; Box-plot and stem-leaf; Measures of central tendency
and dispersion; Curve Fitting; Correlation; Regression.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester IV
SEC-2: Statistical Computations using Software (SPSS/R)
Credits: 4 Marks: 100

Course Objectives:
This course will review topics in probability and statistics studied in core for data analysis.
Introduction to SPSS for statistical computing, analysis and graphical interpretation would be
done using software skills. The following problems can be done on any one of the statistical
software to enhance data analysis skills using software.
(i) Fitting of Binomial, Poisson, Negative Binomial, Normal Distributions.
(ii) Applications of Chi-square, t and F Distributions.
(iii) Calculation of correlation coefficient, Rank Correlation, etc.
(iv) Fitting of polynomials and regression curves.
(v) Methods of estimation (MLE and method of Moments).
(vi) Selecting a simple random sample using random number tables.

Suggested Readings:

1. Cunningham, B.J. (2012). Using SPSS: An Interactive Hands-on approach.

Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1 Introduction to SPSS: How to enter variable names and data. Generate a table
of statistics and graph summarizing those statistics. Navigate the Variable
View and Data View screens. Investigations of main menu and data editor
tool bar. Save and open data and output files. To distinguish between
variables measured at the nominal, ordinal and scale levels of measurements.
To enter variables and their attributes.
Week 2 Use of count, compute, compute with if and select if rank feature.
Week 2-3 Concept of recode and visual binning, generation of frequency tables, to
calculate measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion.
Week 4 To create basic graphs using Legacy Dialogs and Chart Builder methods, to
edit basic graphs.
Week 5 Computation and interpretation of correlation coefficient (Pearson’s and
Spearman’s). Test of significance for Pearson’s correlation coefficient and
Partial correlation coefficients.
Week 6 Fitting of polynomial and exponential curves using built in functions. Fitting
of most suitable curve.
Week 7 Fitting and plotting of regression lines
Week 8 Generation of random sample from different distributions and their graphic
representation.

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 B.A. (Programme)

Week 9 Calculations of CDF, to show CLT for different distributions. To plot the
Normal Probability plot.
Week 10 Importing and Exporting files. How to deal with missing observations.
Week 11-12 Basics of Statistical inference for hypothesis testing, compute p-values and
confidence interval. Testing of hypotheses - one sample t-test, paired sample
t-test, Independent sample t-test.
Chi Square test for Goodness of Fit.
Week 13-14 Constructing bivariate table and Chi Square test of Independence of attributes.
Week 15 How to select a Simple random sample from a given population.
Week 15 Code editing using syntax file.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit No. Course Learning Teaching and Assessment Tasks
Outcomes Learning Activity
I Introduction to SPSS Class room lectures Participation in class
and Practical work discussion and completion
of assignment.
I Exposure to the descriptive Class room lectures Participation in class
statistics and different types and Practical work discussion and completion
of graphs of assignment.
II Generation of reports with Class room lectures Participation in class
detailed descriptive and Practical work. discussion and completion
statistics of assignment.
II Understanding of the Formulation of null
concept of different hypotheses; analyze and
correlation coefficients interpret the results.

II Concept of lines of
Regression
III Sampling procedures Class room lectures Participation in class
III Fitting of curves and Practicals. discussion and completion
III Generation of random of assignment.
numbers using different
probability distributions
IV Understanding of Project Work and Identification of
Hypothesis Testing. its presentation. appropriate Test of
Hypothesis, formulation
of null hypothesis. Ability
to analyze the data,
interpret the result and
draw conclusion.
Keywords: Introduction to SPSS; Descriptive statistics; Types of graphs; Correlation
coefficients; Regression; Sampling; Curve fitting; Random numbers generation; Probability
distributions; Hypothesis Testing.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester V
SEC - 3: Simulation Techniques in Statistics
Credits: 4 Marks: 100
Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 Concept of simulation and simulation modelling.
 Generation of Pseudo random number generators as well as from standard statistical
distributions. Monte-Carlo simulation technique.
 Application of simulation techniques.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students will possess skills concerning
 How simulation may be used to understand the behavior of real world systems by
utilizing mathematical models with an emphasis on simulation.
 How to generate random numbers by the different methods.
 Hands-on experience in using simulation software packages/structured programming
languages.

Unit I: Introduction: Need for simulation, general principles, simulation models, event type
simulation.

Unit II: Random numbers generation: Pseudo random number generators, The inverse
transform method, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Transformation of random
variables.

Unit III: Applications of simulation: Monte Carlo simulation technique. Inventory problems,
Queueing systems.

Unit IV: Advantages and disadvantages of simulation, simulation of languages, Scope of

simulation technique.

Suggested Readings:
1. Fishman, G.S. (1996). Monte Carlo-Concepts, Algorithms and Applications, Springer.
2. Taha, H. A. (2010). Operations Research: An Introduction (9th ed.). Pearson.

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 B.A. (Programme)

3. Julian, R. (1971). Computer simulation Applications: Discrete Event Simulation for

Synthesis and Analysis of Complex Systems. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Swarup, K., Gupta, P.K. and Mohan, M. (2001). Operations Research (9th ed.). Sultan
Chand & Sons.
5. Payer, T. A. (1982). Introduction to simulation. McGraw Hill.
6. Voss, J. (2014). An introduction to statistical computing: A simulation-based approach
(1st ed.). Wiley series in computational statistics.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. Pseudo random number generators; Generation of (0,1).
2. The inverse transform method applied to standard statistical distributions (discrete and
continuous).
3. Monte Carlo simulation methods.
4. Applications to Inventory Controls, Queueing systems, etc.

Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1-2 Introduction to simulation, general principles, simulation models, broad
overview.
Week 3-4 Pseudo random number generation methods; Practical Work
Week 5-7 The inverse transform method; from discrete distributions; Practical Work
Week 8-10 The inverse transform method; from continuous distributions; Practical
Work
Week 11-12 Monte Carlo simulation technique; Practical Work
Week 13 Applications of simulation; Practical Work
Week 14 Appraisal of simulation technique.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit No. Course Learning Teaching and Assessment Tasks
Outcomes Learning Activity
I Introduction: Need for Class room lectures Participation in class
simulation, general and discussions. discussion.
principles, simulation
models, event type
simulation.
Pseudo random number (i) Class room (i) Participation in class
II generators lectures and discussion.

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 B.A. (Programme)

The inverse transform discussions. (ii) Identification of

method; from discrete random number,
distributions. (ii) Practical work Monte- Carlo
based on method, simulation
The inverse transform
generation of worksheet, appropriate
method; from continuous
random numbers. analysis,
distributions
interpretation
of results and
conclusion.
A* Understanding of basic Class Test/ Extent of clarity in
concept of simulation and Assignment work theoretical concepts
generation of random
numbers.
Applications of simulation (i) Class room (i) Participation in class
lectures and discussion.
Monte Carlo simulation discussions. (ii) Identification of
III technique. Inventory random number,
problems, Queueing (ii) Practical work Monte- Carlo method,
systems. based on simulation worksheet,
IV Scope, Advantages and applications of appropriate analysis,
disadvantages of simulation. simulation. interpretation of
results and
conclusion.
B* Understanding of simulation Class Test/ Extent of clarity in
in real life problems and Assignment work theoretical concepts.
scope of simulation in
various fields of life.
*As per requirements of Internal Assessment for B.A. (Programme).
Keywords: Simulation principles; Simulation models; Pseudo random number generators;
inverse transform method; Continuous and discrete distributions; Monte Carlo simulation
technique.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester VI
STAT-SEC-4: Statistical Techniques for Research Methods
Credits: 4 Marks: 100
Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 To provide scientific approaches to develop the domain of human knowledge through
the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form.
 To enable the students to understand basic concepts and aspects related to research,
various techniques to collect the data, analyze the data and interpret the results
thereafter.
Course Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
 Research methodology.
 Research Problem.
 Research Designs.
 Comparative study of different methods of data collection.
 Guidelines for construction of questionnaires.
 Processing and Analysis of data.
 Interpretation and Report writing.

Unit I: Introduction: Meaning, objection and motivation in research, types of research,

research approach, significance of research. Research problems: definition, selection and
necessity of research problems.

Unit II: Survey Methodology and Data Collection, inference and error in surveys, the target
populations, sampling frames and coverage error, methods of data collection, non-response,
questions and answers in surveys.

Unit III: Processing, Data Analysis and Interpretation: Review of various techniques for data
analysis covered in core statistics papers, techniques of interpretation, precaution in
interpretation.

Unit IV: Develop a questionnaire, collect survey data pertaining to a research problem (such
as gender discriminations in private v/s government sector, unemployment rates, removal of
subsidy, impact on service class v/s unorganized sectors), interpret the results and draw
inferences.

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 B.A. (Programme)

Suggested Readings:
1. Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M. (1959). Experimental Design. Asia Publishing House.
2. Kothari, C.R. (2015). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (3 rd ed. reprint).
New Age International Publishers.
3. Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: A Step - by - Step Guide for Beginners.
SAGE publications.
Project Work (using spread sheet and statistical packages –SPSS/R)
Week-wise Teaching Plan:
Week 1 Research Methodology: Introduction, meaning of research, objectives of
research, types of research, research approaches, research methods versus
research methodology, research process.
Research Problem: Importance and techniques involved in defining a
research problem.
Week 2 Research Design: Important concepts relating to research design, different
research design and basic principles of experimental design.
Week 3 Design of Sample Surveys: Census and sample survey, implications of a
sample design, probability sampling, non-probability sampling. Practical
Work-Introduction to a software package.
Week 4 Methods of Data Collection: Primary and Secondary data, Collection of
primary data, difference between questionnaires and schedules. Guidelines for
constructing questionnaire and successful interviewing. Practical Work.
Week 5 Data Preparation: Processing and Analysis of Data: Processing
Operations, measures of central tendency and dispersion. Practical Work.
Week 6 Sampling Fundamentals: Sampling and non-sampling errors, sampling
distributions, point and interval estimation. Practical Work.
Week 7 Sampling Fundamentals: Point and interval estimation. Sample size and its
determination. Practical Work.
Week 8 Testing of Hypothesis: Basic concepts concerning testing of hypothesis. Test
statistic, critical region, critical value and decision rule. Project Work.
Week 9 Testing of Hypothesis: Important Parametric Tests. Hypothesis testing of
Means, and Proportions. Project Work /Practical Work.
Week 10 Testing of Hypothesis: Hypothesis testing for Difference between Means and
Proportions. Project Work/ Practical Work.
Week 11 Testing of Hypothesis: Hypothesis testing for variance and equality of
variances of two normal populations. Project Work/ Practical Work.
Week 12 Chi-Square Tests: Test of difference of more than two proportions, Test of
Independence of Attributes. Project Work/ Practical Work.
Week 13 Chi-Square Tests: Test of Goodness of Fit.
Interpretation and Report Writing: Meaning and technique of
interpretation. Project Work/ Practical Work.
Week 14 Interpretation and Report Writing: Steps involved in report writing and its
significance. Layout, mechanics and precautions for writing research reports.
Submission of Project Work.

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Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit No. Course Learning Outcomes Teaching and Assessment Tasks
Learning Activity
I Introduction to research Class room lectures Participation in class
methodology and technique and discussions. discussion.
of defining a research
problem.
I The basic principles of Class room lectures Participation in class
Experimental Designs and and discussions. discussion.
introduction to different
research designs.
II Concept of Sampling Designs Class room lectures (i) Participation in
II Methods of Data Collection and discussions. class discussion.
II Guidelines for constructing (ii) Identification of a
Questionnaire and successful research problem.
Interviewing
II Guidelines for constructing
Questionnaire and successful
Interviewing
A* Understanding of Class Test/ Extent of clarity in
fundamentals of research Assignment work theoretical concepts
methodology, research
problem and research
designs.
III Understanding of Processing Class room lectures (i) Participation in
Operations. and discussions. class
III Descriptive and Inferential discussion.
Analysis of data. (ii) Development of a
III Sampling Distributions. Practical work using Questionnaire.
Parametric Tests of a software package. Identification of
Hypotheses. Chi -square Test. appropriate Test of
Hypothesis,
formulation of null
hypothesis,
appropriate
analysis,
interpretation of
results and
conclusion.
B* Understanding of Hypothesis Class Test/ Extent of clarity in
Testing. Assignment work theoretical concepts.
IV Application of research Project Work and its Ability to analyze the
methodology. presentation. data, interpret the
result and draw
conclusion.
*As per requirements of Internal Assessment for B.A. (Programme).
Keywords: Research methodology; Research problem; Research designs; Sampling Designs;
Descriptive and Inferential Analysis of data; Sampling Distributions; Hypotheses Testing.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester V
DSE1-(i): Demography
Credits: 6 Marks: 150

Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 To collect valid Demographic data using different methods.
 To learn basic measures of Mortality, Fertility and Population Growth.
 To construct life tables.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
 Distinction between Vital Statistics and Demography.
 Errors in Demographic data.
 To check the completeness of registration data using Chandrasekaran-Deming formula.
 Use of Myer’s and UN indices in evaluating age data.
 Use of Balancing Equations.
 Population Composition and Dependency Ratio.
 Sources of data collection on Vital Statistics and errors therein.
 Measurement of Population.
 Distinction between Rate and Ratio.
 Basic measures of Mortality.
 Concepts of Stable and Stationary Populations.
 Concept of Life Tables, their construction and uses.
 Basic measures of Fertility.
 Measures of Population Growth.

Unit I: Population Theories: Coverage and content errors in demographic data, use of
balancing equations and Chandrasekaran-Deming formula to check completeness of
registration data. Adjustment of age data, use of Myer and UN indices, Population
composition, dependency ratio.

Unit II: Introduction and sources of collecting data on vital statistics, errors in census and

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 B.A. (Programme)

registration data. Measurement of population, rate and ratio of vital events. Measurements of
Mortality: Crude Death Rate (CDR), Specific Death Rate (SDR), Infant Mortality, Rate
(IMR) and Standardized Death Rates.

Unit III: Stationary and Stable population, Central Mortality Rates and Force of Mortality.
Life (Mortality) Tables: Assumption, description, construction of Life Tables and Uses of
Life Tables.

Unit IV: Measurements of Fertility: Crude Birth Rate (CBR), General Fertility Rate (GFR),
Specific Fertility Rate (SFR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR). Measurement of Population
Growth: Crude rates of natural increase, Pearl’s Vital Index, Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
and Net Reproduction Rate (NRR).

Suggested Readings:

1. Fredrick, E.C., Dudley J.C. and Klein, S. (1973). Applied General Statistics (3rd ed.).
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2008). Fundamentals of Statistics (9th
ed., Vol. II). World Press.
3. Keyfitz, N. and Beckman, J. A. (1984). Demography through Problems. Springer-
Verlag, New York.
4. Mukhopadhyay, P. (1999). Applied Statistics. Books and Allied (P) Ltd.
5. Biswas, S. (1988). Stochastic Processes in Demography & Application. Wiley
Eastern.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. To calculate CDR and Age Specific death rate for a given set of data.
2. To find Standardized death rate by:- (i) Direct method (ii) Indirect method.
3. To construct a complete life table.
4. To fill in the missing entries in a life table.
5. To calculate CBR, GFR, SFR, TFR for a given set of data.
6. To calculate Crude rate of Natural Increase and Pearle’s Vital Index for a given set of
data.
7. Calculate GRR and NRR for a given set of data and compare them.

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 B.A. (Programme)

Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1 Meaning of Demography and Population Statistics, Coverage and Content
Errors in Demographic data, Use of Balancing Equations.
Week 2-3 Chandrasekaran-Deming formula, Population Composition, Dependency
Ratio, Errors in Age data, Evaluation of Age data, Myer’s and UN Indices.
Week 4 Adjustment of Age data, Meaning of Vital Statistics, Vital events, Sources
of data collection on Vital Statistics and errors they suffer from.
Week 5 Measurement of Population, Distinction between Rate and Ratio, Ratio of
Vital events, Measures of Mortality: Crude Death Rate. Practical Work.
Week 5 Data Preparation: Processing and Analysis of Data: Processing
Operations, measures of central tendency and dispersion. Practical Work.
Week 6 Specific Death Rate, Standardized Death Rate, Direct and Indirect
Methods of Standardization, Practical Work.
Week 7 Infant Mortality Rate, Relative Merits and Demerits of all the Rates.
Practical Work.
Week 8-9 Concepts of Stable and Stationary Populations, Central Mortality Rate,
Force of Mortality. Approximate expressions for Force of Mortality.
Week 10 Introduction to Life Tables, Life Table Functions and Columns,
Assumptions in the construction of Life Tables, Various relationships in
the columns of a life table.
Week 11 Construction of Life Tables, Uses of Life Tables. Introduction to the
concept of Fertility, Difference between Fertility and Fecundity. Practical
Work.
Week 12 Measures of Fertility: Crude Birth Rate, General Fertility Rate. Practical
Work.
Week 13 Specific Fertility Rate, Total Fertility Rate, Relative merits and demerits of
all the Rates. Practical Work.
Week 14-15 Measures of Population Growth: Crude Rate of Natural Increase, Pearl’s
Vital Index, Gross Reproduction Rate, Net Reproduction Rate, their
relative merits and demerits. Practical Work.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes

Unit Course Learning Outcomes Teaching and Learning Assessment Tasks
No. Activity
I Distinction between Vital Class room lectures and Participation in class
Statistics and Demography. discussions. discussion.
I Errors in Demographic data Class room lectures and Participation in class
discussions. discussion.
I To check the completeness of Class room lectures and Participation in class
registration data using discussions. discussion.
Chandrasekaran-Deming
formula.
I Use of Myer’s and UN Class room lectures and Participation in class

46
 B.A. (Programme)

indices in evaluating age data. discussions. discussion.

I Use of Balancing equations, Class room lectures and Participation in class
Population Composition and discussions. discussion.
Dependency Ratio
Understanding of the basic Class Test/ Depth of
concepts in Demographic Assignment Work understanding in
analysis and to take care of theoretical concepts.
errors in demographic data.

II Sources of data collection on Class room lectures and Participation in class

Vital Statistics and errors discussions. discussion.
therein.
II Measurement of Population, Class room lectures and Participation in class
Distinction between Rate and discussions. discussion.
Ratio.
II Basic measures of Mortality. (i) Class room lectures Participation in class
and discussions. discussion.
(ii) Practical work based
on different measures
of mortality.
Understanding the primary Class Test/ (i)Depth of
sources of data collection on Assignment Work understanding in
Vital events and learning theoretical concepts.
some of the important (ii)Ability to choose
measures of mortality. appropriate measures
of mortality in
different situations
with clear reasoning.
III Concepts of Stable and Class room lectures and Participation in class
Stationary Populations. discussions. discussion.

III Concept of Life Tables, their (i) Class room lectures Participation in class
construction and uses. and discussions. discussion.
(ii) Practical work based
on the construction of
life tables.
Learning the concepts of Class Test/Assignment Depth of
Complete and Abridged Life Work understanding in
Tables and their construction. theoretical concepts.
IV Basic measures of Fertility. (i) Class room lectures Participation in class
Measures of Population and discussions. discussion.
Growth. (ii) Practical work based
on different measures
of fertility and
population growth.
Learning the basic measures of Class Test/ (i) Depth of
Fertility and Population Assignment Work understanding in
growth. theoretical
concepts.

47
 B.A. (Programme)

(ii) Ability to choose

appropriate
measures of
fertility and
population growth
in different
situations with
clear reasoning.
Application of the concepts Project Work/ Ability to apply the
learnt. (Optional) Presentation concepts learnt in real
life.

Keywords: Vital Statistics; Demography; Sources of data; Stable and Stationary Populations;
Chandrasekaran-Deming formula; Life Tables; Measures of mortality; Measures of Fertility.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester V
DSE 1-(ii): Applied Statistics- I
Credits: 6 Marks: 150
Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 To give suitable exposure to applied fields of statistics viz. Index Numbers and Time
Series.
 Hands-on experience at working with data in fields mentioned above.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
 The fundamental concepts of Index Numbers, Construction of price and quantity Index
numbers.
 Construction of Chain Index numbers and its utility.
 How to construct Consumer price Index and to understand its significance.
 Time series data, components of time series data, study the behaviour and identifying
the variation due to different components in the data.
 Fitting of various mathematical curves, and growth curves to get trends and to forecast.
 Estimation of seasonal component by Method of simple averages, Ratio to Trend. Ratio
to Moving Averages and Link Relative method.
 To measure random component.

Unit I: Index Numbers: Definition, construction of index numbers and problems thereof for
weighted and unweighted index numbers including Laspeyre’s, Paasche’s, Edgeworth-
Marshall and Fisher. Factor reversal and time reversal tests. Chain index numbers, conversion
of fixed based to chain based index numbers and vice-versa. Consumer price index numbers.

Unit II: Introduction to times series data, application of time series from various fields.
Components of a times series, Decomposition of time series.

Unit III: Trend: Estimation of trend by free hand curve method, method of semi averages,
fitting a various mathematical curve, and growth curves. Method of moving averages.
Detrending. Effect of elimination of trend on other components of the time series.

49
 B.A. (Programme)

Unit IV: Seasonal Component: Estimation of seasonal component by Method of simple

averages, Ratio to Trend. Ratio to Moving Averages and Link Relative method,
Deseasonalization. Random Component: Variate component method.

Suggested Readings:
1. Chatfield, C. (1980). The Analysis of Time Series –An Introduction. Chapman & Hall.
2. Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2002): Fundamentals of Statistics (8th
ed., Vol. I & II). The World Press, Kolkata.
3. Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V. K. (2008). Fundamentals of Applied Statistics (4th ed.).
Sultan Chand and Sons.
4. Kendall, M.G. (1976). Time Series. Charles Griffin.
5. Mood, A.M., Graybill, F.A. and Boes, D.C. (2007). Introduction to the Theory of
Statistics (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
6. Mukhopadhyay, P. (2011). Applied Statistics (2 nd ed.). Books and Allied.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. Calculate price and quantity index numbers using Laspeyre’s, Paasche’s, Marshall-
Edgeworth and Fisher’s formulae.
2. To calculate the Chain Base index numbers for a given series of Fixed Base index
numbers and show that the two are same.
3. To compute Chain Base index numbers for a given set of data.
4. To convert the Chain Base index numbers to Fixed Base index numbers.
5. Fitting and plotting of modified exponential curve by method of three selected points.
6. Fitting and plotting of Gompertz curve by method of partial sums.
7. Fitting and plotting of logistic curve by method of three selected points.
8. Fitting of trend by Moving Average Method (for n even and n odd) 16.
9. Measurement of Seasonal indices Ratio-to-Trend method.
10. Measurement of Seasonal indices Ratio-to-Moving Average method.
11. Measurement of seasonal indices Link Relative method.
12. Calculation of variance of random component by variate difference method.

50
 B.A. (Programme)

Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1 Index Numbers: Introduction, basic problems involved in the construction
of Index Numbers, Construction of Index Numbers: Simple Aggregate
Method, Weighted Aggregate Method, Comparison and interpretation.
Practical Work.
Week 2-3 Criteria of a good Index number: Unit test, Time reversal Test, Factor
reversal test, Errors in Measurement of Price and Quantity Index Numbers
and their Control. Practical Work.
Week 4-5 Chain index numbers, conversion of fixed based to chain based index
numbers and vice-versa. Consumer price Index Numbers. Importance and
interpretation. Practical Work.
Week 6 Introduction to times series data: Components of a times series,
Decomposition of time series-Additive and multiplicative model with their
merits and demerits. Practical Work.
Week 7 Illustrations of time series. Measurement of trend by method of free-hand
curve, method of semi-averages. Practical work.
Week 8-9 Measurement of trend by method of least squares (quadratic and
exponential). Fitting of various other mathematical curves and growth
curves. Practical Work.
Week 10 Measuring of trend by method of moving average. Practical Work.
Week 11 Detrending: Effect of elimination of trend on other components of the time
series. Practical Work.
Week 12 Seasonal Component: Estimation of seasonal component by Method of
simple averages, Ratio to Trend. Practical work.
Week 13 Seasonal Component: Estimation of seasonal component by Method of
Moving Averages. Practical work.
Week 14 Seasonal Component: Estimation of seasonal component by Method of
Link Relative. Deseasonalization of data. Practical work.
Week 15 Random Component in a Time Series: Variate component method and its
significance. Practical work.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit No. Course Learning Outcomes Teaching and Assessment Tasks
Learning Activity
I Index Numbers, construction of Class room lectures Participation in class
price and quantity index numbers. and discussions. discussion.
I Component of errors in the (i) Class room Participation in class
construction of Index Numbers lectures and discussion.
discussions.
(ii) Practical Problem solving,
problems from Analyze and Interpret
the list of the results.
practical.
I Construction of Chain index (i) Class room Participation in class

51
 B.A. (Programme)

numbers lectures and discussion.

discussions.
(ii) Practical Problem solving,
problems from Analyze and Interpret
the list of the results.
practical.
I Construction of wholesale and (i) Class room Participation in class
Consumer price Index and its lectures and discussion.
significance. discussions.
(ii) Practical Problem solving,
problems from Analyze and Interpret
the list of the results.
practical.
A* Understanding basic concepts Class Test/ Extent of clarity of
with relevance and importance of Assignment work theoretical concepts
index numbers. studied in the course.
II Time series data, components of Class room lectures Participation in class
time series data, study the and discussions. discussion.
behaviour and identifying the
variation due to different
components in the data.
II Identify and measure various (i) Class room Participation in class
components of time series data. lectures and discussion.
discussions.
(ii) Practical Problem solving,
problems from Analyze and Interpret
the list of the results.
practical.
B* Understanding basic concepts Class Test/ Extent of clarity of
with relevance and importance of Assignment work theoretical concepts
index numbers. studied in the course.
III Measurement of Trend by (i) Class room Participation in class
various methods. lectures and discussion.
discussions.
(ii) Practical Problem solving,
problems from Analyze and Interpret
the list of the results.
practical.
III Fitting various mathematical (i) Class room Participation in class
curve, and growth curves. lectures and discussion.
discussions.
(ii) Practical Problem solving,
problems from Analyze and Interpret
the list of the results.
practical.
III Effect of elimination of trend on (i) Class room Participation in class
other components of the time lectures and discussion.
series discussions.
(ii) Practical Problem solving,

52
 B.A. (Programme)

problems from Analyze and Interpret

the list of the results.
practical.

C* Understanding basic concepts of Class Test/ Extent of clarity of

fitting and effects of elimination Assignment work theoretical concepts
of trend on other component studied in the course.

IV Estimation of seasonal (i) Class room Participation in class

component by Method of simple lectures and discussion.
averages, Ratio to Trend. Ratio discussions.
to Moving Averages and Link (ii) Practical Problem solving,
Relative method problems from Analyze and Interpret
the list of the results.
practical.
IV Random Component: Variate (i) Class room Participation in class
component method. lectures and discussion.
discussions.
(ii) Practical Problem solving,
problems from Analyze and Interpret
the list of the results.
practical.

D* Understanding basic concepts of Class Test/ Extent of clarity of

estimation of seasonal and Assignment work theoretical concepts
random component studied in the course.

E* Understanding of complete Class Test/ Extent of clarity of

course. Assignment work theoretical concepts
studied in the course.
F* Application of Index Numbers, Project Work and Ability to apply
Time Series, (optional) its presentation. concepts of Index
Numbers and Time
Series on practical
data, understanding
and giving solutions to
a problem.
*As per requirements of Internal Assessment for B.A. (Programme).
Keywords: Index Numbers; Chain index numbers; Time series data; Measurement of Trend;
Simple averages, Ratio to Trend; Ratio to Moving Averages; Link Relative method.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester VI
DSE 2-(i): Applied Statistics II
Credits: 6 Marks: 150

Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 This course will help students to learn techniques and approach of SQC being used in
industry to manufacture goods and services of high quality at low cost.
 This course will also give exposure to Sampling Inspection Plans.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
 Statistical process control tools- Control charts for variables, attributes.
 Statistical product control tools- Sampling inspection plans.

Unit I: Quality: Definition, dimensions of quality, historical perspective of quality control

and improvements starting from World War II, historical perspective of Quality Gurus and
Quality Hall of Fame. Quality system and standards: Introduction to ISO quality standards,
Quality registration.

Unit II: Statistical Process Control - Seven tools of SPC, chance and assignable causes of
quality variation. Statistical Control Charts for variables- Construction and Statistical basis of
3-σ Control charts, analysis of patterns on control chart, Control charts for variables: X-bar &
R-chart, X-bar & s-chart.

Unit III: Control charts for attributes: np-chart, p-chart, c-chart and u-chart. Comparison
between control charts for variables and control charts for attributes.

Unit IV: Acceptance sampling plan: Principle of acceptance sampling plans. Single sampling
plan their OC, AQL, LTPD, AOQL, ASN, ATI functions with graphical interpretation, use
and interpretation of Dodge and Romig’s sampling inspection plan tables.

Suggested readings:
1. Goon, A.M., Gupta M.K. and Dasgupta B. (2002). Fundamentals of Statistics (8th ed.,
Vol. I & II). World Press, Kolkata.

54
 B.A. (Programme)

2. Gupta, S.C., Kapoor V.K. (2007). Fundamentals of Applied Statistics (4th ed.). Sultan
Chand and Sons, New Delhi.
3. Mukhopadhyay, P. (2011). Applied Statistics (2nd ed.). Books and Allied (P) Ltd.
4. Montogomery, D.C and Runger, G.C. (2008). Applied Statistics and Probability for
Engineers (3rd ed.). Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
5. Montogomery, D. C. (2009). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control (6th ed.). Wiley
India Pvt. Ltd.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals
1. Construction of X-bar and R chart (without trial control limits).
2. Construction of X-bar and s chart (without trial control limits).
3. Construction of p-chart (fixed sample size).
4. Construction of p-chart (variable sample size).
5. Construction of d-chart.
6. Construction of c- chart.
7. Construction of u-chart.
8. Single sampling inspection plan.
9. OC functions and OC curves.
10. Determination of the best plan on the ASN.

Week-wise Teaching Plan:

Week 1-2 Introduction to quality, dimensions of quality, Its concept, application and
importance. Historical perspective of quality control. Quality system and
standards: Introduction to ISO quality standards, Quality registration.
Week 3-4 Process and product control, Seven tools of SPC, Chance and Assignable causes
of quality variation. Examples of patterns on control chart.
Week 5-8 Statistical Control Charts- Statistical basis of 3-σ Control charts, Control charts
for variables: X-bar & R-chart, X-bar & s-chart. Rational Sub-grouping,
Revised and Modified Control Limits. Practical work.
Week 9-12 Control charts for attributes: np-chart, p-chart, c-chart and u-chart. Comparison
between control charts for variables and control charts for attributes. Analysis of
patterns on control chart, estimation of process capability. Practical work
Week 13-15 Acceptance sampling plan: Principle of acceptance sampling plans. Single
sampling plan with OC, AQL, LTPD, AOQ, AOQL, ASN, ATI functions with
graphical interpretation, use and interpretation of Dodge and Romig’s sampling
inspection plan tables. Practical work.

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 B.A. (Programme)

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit No. Course Learning Outcomes Teaching and Assessment
Learning Activity Tasks
I Introduction to Quality, its Class room lectures and Participation in
concept, application and discussions. class discussion.
importance. Historical perspective
of quality control.
Introduction to ISO quality
standards.
Statistical process control tools,
causes of variation.
II / III Statistical process control tools- (i) Class room lectures Participation in
Control charts for variables, and discussions. class discussion.
attributes (ii) Practical problems
from the list of Problem solving,
practical. Analyze and
Interpret the
results.
II / III Understanding basic concepts and Class Test/ Extent of clarity
control charts. Assignment work of theoretical
concepts studied
in the course.
IV Statistical product control tools- (i) Class room lectures Participation in
Sampling inspection plans, Dodge and discussions. class discussion.
and Romig plans (ii) Practical problems Problem solving,
from the list of Analyze and
practical. Interpret the
results.
A* Understanding of complete Class Test/ Extent of clarity
course. Assignment work of theoretical
concepts studied
in the course.
B* Application of statistical quality Project Work and its Ability to apply
control. (optional) presentation. concepts of
quality control,
practical
handling,
understanding
and giving
solutions to a
problem.
*As per requirements of Internal Assessment for B.A. (Programme).

Keywords: Statistical quality control; ISO quality standards; Statistical process control
tools; Control charts; Sampling inspection plans; Dodge and Romig plans.

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 B.A. (Programme)

B.A. (Programme)
Semester VI
DSE 2-(ii): Demand Analysis and Linear Regression
Credits: 6 Marks: 150
Course Objectives:
The learning objectives include:
 To learn about Demand Analysis, its important aspects of Economic Statistics.
 To learn about Pareto’s law of Income Distribution.
 To learn about Utility and Production Function.
 To provide knowledge for simple and multiple regression models and practical uses.

Course Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, students should have developed a clear understanding of:
 Demand Function.
 Price and income elasticity of demand.
 Income Distribution, income inequality and economic growth.
 Utility and Production Function.
 Simple Linear Regression Model - Statistical data analysis technique, concept of the least
squares criterion, predict the value of dependent variable, lack of fit test.
 Multiple Linear Regression model- significance of regression.

Unit I: Demand Analysis: Demand function, price and income elasticity of demand, Partial
and cross Elasticity of demand, nature of commodities, laws of supply and demand.

Unit II: Income distributions, Pareto – curves of concentration. Utility and Production
Functions: utility function, constrained utility maximization, indifference curves, derivation
of demand curve using indifference curves, production function, homogeneous production
functions, Elasticity of substitution for linear homogeneous functions.

Unit III: Simple Linear Regression Model: Two Variable Case Estimation of model by
method of ordinary least squares, properties of estimators, goodness of fit, tests of
hypotheses, lack of fit and pure Error, Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE), confidence
intervals.

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 B.A. (Programme)

Unit IV: Gauss-Markov theorem, Multiple Linear Regression: OLS Estimation of

parameters; properties of OLS estimators, goodness of fit - R2, partial regression coefficients
and testing of hypotheses on parameters (individual and joint).

Suggested Readings:

1. Croxton, F.E., Cowden, D.J. and Klein, S. (1982). Applied General Statistics. 3rd Edn.
Prentice Hall of India (P) Ltd.
2. Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V.K. (2007). Fundamentals of Applied Statistics. 4th Edn.,
Sultan Chand & Sons.
3. Montgomery, D.C., Peck, E.A. and Vining, G. G. (2006). Introduction to Linear
Regression Analysis. 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons.
4. Soni, R.S. (1996). Business Mathematics with Application in Business and
Economics. Pitamber Publishing Co.

Practical/Lab Work
List of Practicals

1. Fitting of demand curve / function and Estimation of price elasticity of demand from
time series data.
2. Fitting of Pareto curve to income data.
3. Fitting of Lorenz curve of concentration.
4. Estimability when X is a full rank matrix.
5. Estimability when X is not a full rank matrix.
6. Simple Linear Regression.
7. Multiple Regression.
8. Tests for Linear Hypothesis.
9. Lack of fit.
10. Testing of hypothesis on individual regression coefficient.
Week-wise Teaching Plan:
Week 1-2 Demand function, price and income elasticity of demand, Partial and cross
Elasticity’s of demand, nature of commodities, laws of supply and demand.
Practical Work.
Week 3-5 Income distributions, Pareto – curves of concentration. Utility and
Production Functions: utility function, constrained utility maximization.
Practical Work.
Week 6-7 Indifference curves, derivation of demand curve using indifference curves,
production function, homogeneous production functions, Elasticity of
substitution for linear homogeneous functions. Practical Work.

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 B.A. (Programme)

Week 8-9 Two Variable Case Estimation of model by method of ordinary least
squares, properties of estimators. Practical Work.
Week 10-11 Goodness of fit, tests of hypotheses, lack of fit and pure Error, Best Linear
Unbiased Estimator (BLUE), confidence intervals. Practical Work.
Week 12-13 Gauss-Markov theorem, Multiple Linear Regression: OLS Estimation of
parameters; properties of OLS estimators. Practical Work.
Week 14-15 Goodness of fit - R2, partial regression coefficients and testing of
hypotheses on parameters (individual and joint). Practical Work.

Facilitating the achievement of Course Learning Outcomes:

Unit No. Course Learning Outcomes Teaching and Assessment Tasks
Learning Activity
I Demand Analysis Class room lectures Participation in class
and discussions. discussion.

Practical work
II Income distributions Class room lectures Participation in class
and discussions. discussions.
Practical work
II Utility and Production Class room lectures Participation in class
Functions and discussions. discussion.
Practical work.

A* Understanding of basic Class Test/ Extent of clarity in

concepts and techniques Assignment work theoretical concepts
III Simple Linear Regression Class room lectures Participation in class
III Best Linear Unbiased and discussions. discussion.
Estimator Practical work.
IV Gauss-Markov theorem
IV Testing of hypotheses on Class room lectures Participation in class
parameters and discussions. discussion and
Practical work. presentation.
B* Understanding of various Class Test/ Extent of clarity in
techniques Assignment work theoretical concepts.
*As per requirements of Internal Assessment for B.A. (Programme).
Keywords: Demand Analysis; Income distributions; Utility and production functions; Simple
linear regression; Best linear unbiased estimator; Gauss-Markov theorem; Testing of
hypotheses.

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 B.A. (Programme)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

The following faculty members contributed to the revision of the B.A. (Progamme).

Name Affiliation/College
Dr. Poonam Singh DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
Dr. Renu Garg DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
Dr. Zuber Akthar DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
Dr. Raj Kumari SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE
Dr. M. V. R. Prasad Rao SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE
Dr. Renu Kaul LADY SHRI RAM COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
Dr. I. J. Arora PGDAV COLLEGE
Dr. D. Goswami HINDU COLLEGE
Dr. Anita Banasl RAMJAS COLLEGE
Dr. Alka Shabharwal KIRORIMAL COLLEGE
Dr. Veena Budhiraja SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE
Dr. Arpana Pandey PGDAV COLLEGE
Dr. Mukta Dutta Mazumder RAM LAL ANAND COLLEGE
Dr. Neena Mittal RAM LAL ANAND COLLEGE
Dr. Mukti Kant Shukla SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE
Mr. Sharwan Kumar KIRORIMAL COLLEGE
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh PGDAV COLLEGE
Dr. Darvinder PGDAV COLLEGE
Dr. Ashish Kumar Shukla RAMANUJAN COLLEGE
Dr. Sachin Tomer RAMANUJAN COLLEGE
Dr. Archana Verma MATA SUNDRI COLLEGE FOR WOMAN
Dr. Rita jain RAM LAL ANAND COLLEGE
Dr. Meenu Goel MATA SUNDRI COLLEGE FOR WOMAN

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