DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Finals Lecture Session 2

First Semester, A.Y. 2021-2022

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 UNIT OUTLINE
At the end of this Unit, the student must be able to:
1. Identify the organs of the digestive system and describe the basic processes
performed by the digestive system
2. Explain the process of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach
3. Describe the location and function of the accessory structures and organs and the
role they play in aiding digestive processes
4. Explain the three phases of digestion and the major hormones that regulate
digestive activities
5. Describe the mechanism involved in the metabolism of various body substances,
vitamins and minerals in the maintenance of normal body processes

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 I. OVERVIEW OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestive Tract: / alimentary
organs
Mouth, pharynx, and
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine
(colon)
Accessory Organs:
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands,
pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 I. OVERVIEW OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 CARBOHYDRATES GLUCOSE

PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS NUTRIENTS

FATS FATTY ACIDS

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 II. MOUTH

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 III. TEETH

Deciduous teeth, also called baby teeth or milk

teeth.

Begins to erupt around 6 months; the first to

appear are the lower central incisors.

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 III. TEETH

All permanent teeth except third molars have

erupted by the end of adolescence.

Wisdom teeth emerge between the ages of

17 and 25.

Although there are 32 permanent teeth

in a full set, the wisdom teeth often fail to erupt

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 III. TEETH

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 III. TEETH
Crown – exposed portion of tooth; covered in enamel

Neck – connects root and crown

Root – embedded portion of tooth

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 IV. SALIVARY GLANDS
SALIVARY GLAND DESCRIPTION SECRETION
* NEAR CHEEK & EAR

PAROTID GLAND ALPHA-AMYLASE

*CONTAIN ONLY SEROUS ACINI

* PRODUCES MAJORITY OF SALIVA

*CONTAINS BOTH SEROUS ACINI AND

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND MUCOUS TUBULES LYSOZYME

* SEROUS DEMILUNES

*SMALLEST

MUCOUS; ALSO ADDS TO BOTH

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS *CONTAINS BOTH SEROUS ACINI AND
AMYLASE AND LYSOZYME
MUCOUS TUBULES

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Food Ingestion and Breakdown

Mechanical digestion - mastication

TEETH
Breaking up food

TONGUE
Mixes food with saliva

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Food Ingestion and Breakdown
CHEMICAL DIGESTION

SALIVA
Amylase - enzyme digests starch

Mucin - slippery protein (mucus) protects

soft lining of digestive system lubricates
food for easier swallowing

Buffers - neutralizes acid to prevent tooth

decay

Anti-bacterial chemicals -kill bacteria that

enter mouth with food
Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 V. PHARYNX

The back of the throat.

- Oropharynx and
Laryngopharynx

Is approximately 15cm long.

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Swallowing (& not choking)

Epiglottis
• flap of cartilage
• closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
• food travels down esophagus
Peristalsis
• involuntary muscle contractions to move food along

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 VI. ESOPHAGUS
• 25 cm long
• Pushes food to Stomach (peristalsis)

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Peristalsis

Series of involuntary wave-like

muscle contractions which
move food along the digestive
tract

Copyright © 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 VII. STOMACH stomach
▪kills germs
C-Shaped; left abdominal cavity ▪break up food
▪digest proteins
▪store food
Varies from 15cm to 25 cm in length; holds up to
4 liters of food

Mechanically and chemically breaks down food

sphincter
Food is temporarily stored here up to 2-4 hours

Pushes food through pyloric sphincter to small

sphincter
intestine

Has layers of muscle that line the inside.

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 VII. STOMACH
Regions:

Cardia (near heart)

Fundus
Body
Pyloric Antrium
Pylorus

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 VII. STOMACH
Mucosa of the stomach is a simple columnar
epithelium composed entirely of mucous
cells.

But the stomach is made out of protein!

What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach
lining

Gastric Pits – millions lining mucosa

Gastric Glands – secretes gastric juice
Chief Cells - pepsinogen
Parietal Cells

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 GASTRIC JUICES
• Secreted by the stomach.
• Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl).
• Pepsin- an enzyme that breaks down large
proteins into amino acids.
• Food is further broken down into a thin liquid
called chyme.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 VIII. SMALL INTESTINE
• Major Digestive Organ
• Extends from Pyloric Sphincter to
Large Intestine
• 2 – 4 meters in length (longest in
alimentary canal)
• Located retriperitoneally
• Lined with villi, increase surface area
for absorption.
• Small intestine has huge surface area =
300m2 (~size of tennis court)

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 VIII. SMALL INTESTINE
Structure
• 3 sections
• duodenum = most digestion
• jejunum = absorption of
nutrients & water
• ileum = absorption of nutrients
& water

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 DUODENUM
• 1st section of small intestines
• acid food from stomach
• mixes with digestive juices from: ▪ pancreas
▪ liver
▪ gall bladder

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 ABSORPTION BY SMALL INTESTINES
Absorption through villi & microvilli
• finger-like projections
• increase surface area for absorption

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 IX. LARGE INTESTINES (COLON)

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 IX. LARGE INTESTINES (COLON)
• Solid materials pass through • Function
the large intestine. • re-absorb water
• use ~9 liters of water every
• These are undigestible solids day in digestive juices
(fibers). • > 90% of water reabsorbed
• Water is absorbed. • not enough water absorbed
• diarrhea
• Vitamins K and B are • too much water absorbed
reabsorbed with the water. • constipation
• Rectum- solid wastes exit the
body.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 You’ve got company!
• Living in the large intestine is a community
of helpful bacteria
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• produce vitamins
• vitamin K; B vitamins
• generate gases
• by-product of bacterial metabolism
• methane, hydrogen sulfide

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 APPENDIX
Vestigial organ

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 RECTUM
• Last section of colon (large intestines)
• eliminate feces
• undigested materials
• extracellular waste
• mainly cellulose from plants
• roughage or fiber
• masses of bacteria

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 X. ACCESSORY ORGANS
•Pancreas
•Gall Bladder
•Spleen

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Gall bladder
• Pouch structure located near the liver which concentrates and stores
bile
• Bile duct – a long tube that carries BILE. The top half of the common
bile duct is associated with the liver, while the bottom half of the
common bile duct is associated with the pancreas, through which it
passes on its way to the intestine.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 BILE
• Bile emulsifies lipids (physically breaks apart FATS)

• Bile is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder

between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids
the process of digestion.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Pancreas
An organ which secretes
both digestive enzymes
(exocrine) and hormones
(endocrine)

Pancreatic juice digests all

major nutrient types.

Nearly all digestion occurs

in the small intestine & all
digestion is completed in the
SI.

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Liver
• Function
• produces bile
• bile stored in gallbladder until needed
• breaks up fats
• act like detergents to breakup fats
bile contains colors from old red
blood cells collected in liver =
iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 mouth stomach
▪break up food ▪kills germs
▪digest starch ▪break up food
▪kill germs ▪digest proteins
▪moisten food ▪store food

liver
▪produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
▪break up fats

pancreas
▪produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 X. Physiology of the Digestive System

1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Mechanical Breakdown
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Excretion (Defecation)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 X. Physiology of the Digestive System

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 X. Physiology of the Digestive System

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 X. Physiology of the Digestive System

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Flow Chart of Digestion

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Flow Chart of Digestion

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 Flow Chart of Digestion

Image Source: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition (2017)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Impacted Teeth

- When teeth remain embedded in the

jawbone

- Can exert pressure and cause a good

deal of pain

Wisdom teeth are the most commonly

impacted

Image Source :http://www.exodontia.info/Wisdom_Tooth_Impaction_Classification.html

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Watery stools, or Diarrhea

• Any condition that rushes food

residue through the large intestine
before that organ has had sufficient
time to absorb the water

• Prolonged diarrhea may result in

dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance, which can be fatal if
severe

Image Source :https://theconversation.com/what-the-consistency-of-your-poo-says-about-your-health-65106

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Constipation

• Too much water is absorbed; the stool

becomes hard and difficult to pass.

• May result from lack of fiber in the

diet, poor bowel habits

Image Source :https://theconversation.com/what-the-consistency-of-your-poo-says-about-your-health-65106

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Vomiting/Emesis

• Caused by local irritation of the

stomach, such as occurs with bacterial
food poisoning

• Activates the emetic center in the

brain (medulla).

Image Source :https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-nausea-and-vomiting-1298245

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Gallstones

If bile is stored in the gallbladder for

too long or too much water is removed,
the cholesterol it contains may
crystallized

Agonizing pain may occur when the

gallbladder contracts

Image Source: https://www.homeinstead.ie/blog/home-care-blog/2013/11/18/gallstones-symptoms-risk-factors

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Pancreatitis

Rare but extremely serious inflammation

of the pancreas; results from activation
of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreatic
duct.

Image Source: https://twitter.com/PancPathologist/status/762627089111580672/photo/1

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis

Diverticulosis - mucosa protrudes

through the colon walls, a condition called
diverticulosis.

Diverticulitis - diverticula become

inflamed, can be life-threatening if
ruptures occur.

Image Source: Lecture Notes, Salazar. R (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Heartburn

Caused by failure of cardioesophageal

sphincter to close tightly; gastric juice backs
up to esophagus

Leads to esophagitis, even ulceration

Because the diaphragm no longer reinforces

the relatively weak cardioesophageal
sphincter, gastric juice flows into the
unprotected esophagus.
Image Source: https://www.eldercarehomehealth.com/heartburn-seniors-tips/
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Peritonitis

Peritoneum is infected

Peritoneal membranes tend to stick

together around the infection site.

This provides time for macrophages

in the lymphatic tissue to mount an
attack

Image Source: https://nurseslabs.com/peritonitis/)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Peptic Ulcer

Typically a round, sharply defined

crater 1 to 4 cm in diameter in the
mucosa of any part of the GI tract
exposed to secretions of the stomach.

May occur in the esophagus, but 98%

occur in the pyloric part of the
stomach (gastric ulcers) or the first
part of the duodenum (duodenal
ulcers).

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XI. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Peptic Ulcer

May appear at any age; develop most

frequently between ages 50 and 70.

Recurring tendency—healing, then flaring up

periodically—for the rest of a person’s life if
not treated.

Duodenal ulcers -3x more common than

gastric ulcers.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 XII. REFERNCES
Keller, S.;Marieb, E. (2017) - Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology-Pearson, 12th edition
Lecture Notes, Ramel, Joshua Luigi D., RMT (2019)
Lecture Notes, Salazar, Romaenia S. RMT, MAT (2019)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / ANTONIO C. PASCUA JR, RMT, MSMT/ JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT
 MACROSCOPIC AND
MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Finals Laboratory Session 2
First Semester
Our Lady of Fatima University

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
UNIT OUTLINE
1. Demonstration of the Components of the Digestive System
2. Observation of the Microscopic Anatomy of the Organs of Digestive System

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
I. ORAL CAVITY
Nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium (soft plate
cheeks, floor of the mouth and
pharynx), with keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
on the (hard palate and gingiva )

Tongue
- Striated Muscle
- 4 papillae
Filiform papillae with keratinized epithelium
Nonkeratinized foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
Large vallate papillae

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
I. ORAL CAVITY
Filiform papillae with keratinized epithelium
- Heavily Keratinized, Elongated Cone Shaped
- Provide a rough surface that facilitates food movement

Nonkeratinized foliate papillae

- Consist of several parallel ridges on each side of the
tongue, anterior to the sulcus terminalis

Fungiform papillae
-Lightly keratinized, and interspersed among the filiform
papillae; mushroom-shaped

Large vallate papillae

-Largest papillae, with diameters of 1-3 mm
- Consist of Serous Salivary Glands (von Ebner Glands)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
I. ORAL CAVITY
TEETH
Each tooth has enamel covering its
crown and neck and a vascularized,
innervated central pulp cavity within the
dentin that makes up the roots and
extends into the neck.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
I. ORAL CAVITY
Dentin – secreted by
odontoblasts

- tall polarized cells derived

from the cranial neural
crest that line the tooth’s
pulp cavity

Enamel - 96% calcium

hydroxyapatite and only 2%-
3% organic material including
very few proteins and no
collagen

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
II. ESOPHAGUS
- Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Striated Muscle and Smooth Muscle
- At the esophagogastric junction, stratified squamous
epithelium changes abruptly to simple columnar
epithelium.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
III. STOMACH Four major regions:
Superior cardia
Inferior pylorus
- Continue the digestion of carbohydrates Intervening fundus
initiated by the amylase of saliva Body

- Add an acidic fluid to the ingested food and

mixing its contents into a viscous mass called
chyme by the churning activity of the
muscularis

- Begin digestion of triglycerides by a secreted

lipase, and

- Promote the initial digestion of proteins with

the enzyme pepsin.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
III. STOMACH

Mucosa of the stomach

fundus and body is
penetrated by numerous
gastric pits, which are
lined like the stomach
lumen with surface
mucous cells and which
lead into branching
gastric glands.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
IV. SMALL INTESTINE
Three regions:
1. Duodenum with large mucous glands in
the submucosa called duodenal glands;
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum with the large mucosal and
submucosal Peyer patches.

- All regions of small intestine the mucosa

has millions of projecting villi,

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
V. LARGE INTESTINE
Three major regions:
1. Cecum, with the appendix;
2. Colon, with its ascending,
transverse, descending, and sigmoid
portions;
3. Rectum.

Presence of intestinal glands, lined

by lubricant goblet cells and
absorptive cells for the uptake of
water and electrolytes.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
VI. ANAL CANAL

Simple columnar epithelium lining the

rectum shifting abruptly to stratified
squamous epithelium of the skin at the
anus.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
VII. SALIVARY GLANDS
Saliva: digestive, lubricating and protecting functions
* Drained by simple cuboidal intercalated ducts
-> Merge to form interlobular/ excretory duct

* Three Pairs of Salivary Glands:

-> Parotid
-> Submandibular
-> Sublingual

* Three Types of Secretory Cells:

-> Serous cells (oval or acini)
-> Mucous Cells (elongated tubules)
-> Myoepithelial Cells (surrounds acini)

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
VIII. PANCREAS
* Mixed Endocrine-Exocrine Organ
*Retroperitoneal Organ; has head
and tail regions
* Mostly comprised of Serous acinar
tissue

Panceatic Acinar
-> Pyramidal
-> Contain Secretory Granules
(Zymogens)
-> Round, basal nucleus
-> Drained by an Intercalated duct

Exocrine Function of Pancreas

-> Secretion of Pancreatic Juice
-> Secretion of Digestive Enzymes
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
 IX. LIVER
-> Largest Internal Organ
-> Digestive Function: Production of Bile
-> Major interface between digestive system
and blood
-> Functional Unit: Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
-> Large epithelial cells
-> Large central nuclei (often binucleated)
-> Endocrine Fxn: Plasma Protein Secretion
-> Exocrine Fxn: Bile Secretion
-> Other Functions:
- Glucose Storage
- Detoxification
- Vit. A Storage
- Storage of Iron
- Removal of effete RBC’s (Kupffer Cells)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
X. BILIARY TRACT AND GALLBLADDER
* Bile Canaliculi, Bile Ductules and Bile Ducts
* Forms Common Hepatic Duct and Common
Bile Duct
* Delivers Bile produced from Hepatocytes

*Bile Ductules and Bile Ducts:

-> Simple Cuboidal or Columnar Cells
(Cholangiocytes)

*Common Hepatic Duct

-> Leads to Cystic Duct

*Cystic Duct
-> Delivers Bile to Gallbladder (Temp.
Storage)
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
X. BILIARY TRACT AND GALLBLADDER
Gallbladder
* Hollow, pear-shaped organ
* Stores up to 30-50ml of Bile
* Mucosa of Gallbladder Contains:
-> folds (surface area)
-> Lamina Propria
-> Lining of Cholangiocytes

*Contraction of the gallbladder sends bile

to the duodenum via the common bile
duct

* Bile - induced by cholecystokinin

(CCK) from enteroendocrine cells in the
duodenum when food is present.

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]
REFERNCES
Lecture Notes, Ramel, Jonas Mikko D., MD (2017)
Lecture Notes, Ramel, Joshua Luigi D., RMT (2019)
Lecture Notes, Tan, Christine Faith, MD (2020)
Mescher, Anthony L (2018) , Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas 15th Edition

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE – VALENZUELA CAMPUS / JOSHUA LUIGI D. RAMEL, RMT / [email protected]