WEEK 2 THE STATE

government endowed to this end with

coercive power, maintains within a
STATE by Aristotle
community territorially demarcated the
- State is a union of families and villages universal external conditions of social
having for its end a perfect and self- order.
sufficing life by which we mean a happy
STATE by James W. Garner
and honorable life.
- A state is a community of persons, more
Modern Term “State”
or less numerous, permanently
- The modern term “state” is derived occupying a definite portion of
from the word “status”. It was Niccolò territory, having a government of their
Machiavelli (1469-1527) who first used own to which the great body of
the term “state” in his writings. His inhabitants render habitual obedience,
significant work is titled as “Prince”. and enjoying freedom from external
control.
- The state is the most universal and
most powerful of all institutions. The
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
state is a natural institution.
1. PEOPLE/POPULATION
STATE by Alisha Holland
- People refers to the mass of population
- State is a numerous assemblage of
living within the state. “People”
human beings, generally occupying a
answers the question, “who governs
certain territory among whom the will
whom?”
of the majority or of an ascertainable
class of persons is by the strength of - According to Plato, there is no specific
such a majority made to prevail against number requirement; “…the state shall
any of their members who oppose it. neither be too small nor yet one that
seems great but has no unity.”
STATE by John William Burgess
Aristotle, on the other hand, says “the
- State is a particular portion of mankind number should be neither too large nor
viewed as an organized unit. too small; It should be large enough to
be self-sufficing and small enough to be
STATE by US Pres. Woodrow Wilson
well governed.”
- State is a people organized for law
2. TERRITORY
within a definite territory.
- Territory is the demarcated area that
STATE by Max Weber rightly belongs to the population.
“Territory” answers the question,
- The state is an association that claims
“where?” It is a definite portion of the
the monopoly of the legitimate use of
surface of the earth which is the subject
violence.
of the jurisdiction and sovereign rights
STATE by Robert M. Maclver of a state in accordance with the
international law.
- The state is an association which, acting
through law as promulgated by a
- There can be no state without a fixed 4. SOVEREIGNTY
territory. People need territory to live - Sovereignty is the supreme power of
and organize themselves socially and the state to command and enforce
politically. Territory refers to the obedience its will from the people
terrestrial (land), fluvial/maritime within its jurisdiction, and corollarily, to
(water), and aerial (air-space) domains. have freedom from foreign control.
- The territorial domains are: a. - The word “sovereignty” means
terrestrial (land) b. fluvial (water) supreme and final legal authority
which includes maritime and c. aerial above and beyond which no legal
(air). It consists the land within its power exists. Sovereignty has two
boundaries, the air space above the aspects:
land, the inland waters and all the
natural resources therein, and the sea 1. Internal sovereignty which means
beyond the state’s coastlines, including that the State is supreme over all
its seabed and subsoil. In the case of its citizens, and associations;
archipelagic states this territorial sea 2. External sovereignty which means
stretches to 12 miles (19kms) from the that the state is independent and
coastlines to the open sea. free from foreign or outside
control.
- As in the case of the population, there is
no definite size with regard to the THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE
extent of area of the state to be fixed.
There are several theories that attempt to
There are large and small states.
explain the origin of the state, but no single
However, territory should be
theory offers an adequate explanation. These
permanent and large enough to be self-
theories have been formed and developed as a
sufficing. Vatican is the smallest with a
result of the political thought and philosophy in
total land area of 0.44 km2; Russia is
the ancient time until the Enlightenment
the largest with 17,098,242 km2.
period in Europe.
3. GOVERNMENT
1. DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
- There can be no state without
government. Government is the agency - The Divine Right Theory holds that the
to which the will of the state is state is of divine creation and the ruler
formulated, expressed, and carried is ordained by God to govern the
out. people. Reference has been made by
advocates of this theory to the laws
- It is an institution or aggregate of which Moses received at Mount Sinai.
institutions by which an independent
society makes and carries out those - The rulers of the past advocated the
rules of action necessary to enable men political dominance of authority and
to live in a social state, or that which power through their own ordained
are imposed upon the people by those mandate that they represented the
who possess the power or authority of state as on the basis of the divine right
prescribing them. (as God created the state). It was in this
nature that the divine rights of kings
 have the absolute power and influence - By natural stages, the family grew into a
over their subjects. clan, then developed into a tribe which
broadened into a nation and the nation
- This is the oldest theory concerned in
became a state.
the origin of state. According to this
theory, state is established and 5. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
governed by God himself by agent or
- Social contract theory asserts that the
vice regent or vicar of God. The chief
early states must have been formed by
exponent of this theory in early times
deliberate and voluntary compact
were the Jews and supporters were the
among the people to form a society and
early church fathers.
organize government for their common
2. NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY good.
- Necessity or force theory maintains that
- This theory justifies the right of the
the state must have been created as a
people to revolt against a bad ruler.
product of the existence of the strong
and the weak in society, and as a result 6. HISTORICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY
of their struggle against each other THEORY
wherein those who are strong are able
- The Historical or Evolutionary theory
to dominate and impose their will upon
explains that “the state is the product
the weak.
of growth, a slow and steady evolution
- The creation of the state through the
extending over a long period of time
constant war and invasion of the great
and ultimately shaping itself into the
warriors in the ancient time dominated
complex structure of a modern state.”
the weak and later on formed a state.
This theory is more scientific.
3. NATURAL OR INSTINCTIVE THEORY - The state is neither the handiwork of
- The Natural or Instinctive Theory holds God, nor the result of superior physical
that the state is founded out of man’s force, nor the creation of evolution or
natural instinct for association. The convention, nor a mere expansion of
social urge of the human being to be the family. The state is not a mere
within a group of people in the artificial mechanical creation but an
community as in sociology describes institution of natural growth or
that “man is a social being.” historical evolution says professor
Garner.
- The social group provides the political
development to stay and work together DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND NATION
with common goal in the community COMPARISON BY DEFINITION
and later on transforms into a state.
- State is a community of persons
4. PATRIARCHAL THEORY occupying a definite territory, have
government of their own, and enjoying
- The Patriarchal theory attributes the freedom from external control.
origin of states to the enlargement of
- A nation is a society of inhabitants of a
the family which remained under the
specific geographic region united and
authority of the father or mother.
 bound together by a common racial - Power of Taxation is the inherent power
ancestry, the same language and of the sovereign, exercised through the
culture, historical past, laws and a legislature, to impose burdens upon
shared interests and sentiments over subjects and objects within its
the passing of many years. jurisdiction for the purpose of raising
revenues to carry out the legitimate
- The state is a political concept, while
objects of the government.
nation is an ethnic or racial concept.

- A state is not subject to external

control while a nation may or may not
be independent of external control.

- A state cannot become a state without

a nation or nations that consists its
people.

- A single state may consist of one or

more nations or peoples and
conversely, a single nation may be
made up of different states.

INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

1. POLICE POWER

- Police power is the power of

government to enforce obedience from
the people in the promotion of public
health, morals, or safety, and the
general well-being of the community.

- It is the inherent power of government

to enact and enforce laws for the
promotion of general welfare.

2. POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN

- Power of Eminent Domain is the power

possessed by the state over all
property within the state, specifically
its power to appropriate property for a
public purpose.

- This is the power of the state to take

private property for public use with just
compensation.

3. POWER OF TAXATION
 others do what they otherwise would not do by
rewarding or promising to reward them, or by
depriving or threatening to deprive them of
WEEK 3 POWER something they value.”

According to Heywood (2015), Power exists In Social Science and Politics, Power is the
when A gets B to do something that B would ability to influence or outright control the
not otherwise have done. behavior of people. Power may also be seen as
Power evil or unjust, but the exercise of power is
- can be defined broadly as the ability to accepted as reserved only to humans as social
achieve a desired outcome, sometimes beings.
referred to in terms of the ‘power to’ Power is often distinguished from AUTHORITY
do something. on the grounds that the former is based on the
- This notion of power includes ‘ability’ to influence others, whereas the latter
everything from the ability to keep involves the ‘right’ to do so.
oneself alive to the ability of
government to promote economic NATIONAL POWER: DIMENSIONS, FEATURES
growth. AND EXERCISE

- Power may, more narrowly, be NATIONAL POWER

associated with the ability to punish - National Power is that “combination of
and reward, bringing it close to force or power and capability of a state which
manipulation, in contrast to ‘influence’, the state uses for fulfilling its national
which also encompasses rational interests and goals” according to
persuasion. Paddleford and Lincoln.
- NATURE: Some social scientists define it - To Hartman, national power denotes
as the use of force whereas many the ability of a nation to fulfil national
others explain it as the capacity to goals, how much powerful or weak a
secure the desired goals through the particular nation in securing them.
use of force or threat of use of force or
even by exercising influence. - National Power is simply the ability or
capability of a nation to secure the
- According to Morgenthau “Power is the goals and objectives of its national
power of man on others” and as a interests in relation with other nations.
“man’s control over the minds and It involves the capacity to use force or
actions of other men.” threat of use of force or influence over
Another definition is from Schwarzenberger others for securing the goals of national
who view power as “the capacity of one to interest.
impose his will on others by reliance on - In this way, we can define National
effective sanctions in case of non-compliance.” Power as “the ability to control the
Charles P. Schleicher defines power as “the behavior of other states in accordance
ability to exercise such control as to make
 with one’s own will.” National Power is them economic aid and loans, and try
the currency of international relations. to secure their interests in international
relations. It is used as a means to
DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL POWER
induce as well as to coerce a desired
 The three forms of national power are change in the behavior of other states.
inseparable from each other. Without
economic power no nation can develop
her military power, and without the
latter no nation can play an active role
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL POWER
in international relations. Psychological
power can be enduringly and really - Psychological power means the power
effective only when it is backed by of opinion and image of the nation.
economic and military power.
- The role of propaganda and persuasive
1. MILITARY POWER negotiations in international relations
- is regarded as absolutely essential for have been used by the states for
achieving the objective of security of securing an intended change in the
the nation. For every nation, security is behavior of other states.
the most vital element of its national
- By the use of psychological and cultural
interest. It is the primary concern of
means a nation always tries to
every nation to work for her security.
influence the people and leaders of
- is as such a vital part of national power. other nations. The ability to influence
The role and importance of a state in others through systematic publicity and
international relations depends upon its educational and cultural relations
military power. No state can get constitutes the psychological part of
recognition as a super power without the national power of a nation.
being militarily superior.
METHODS OF EXERCISING NATIONAL POWER
2. ECOMIC POWER

- is constituted by the ability of a nation

to satisfy its own needs and to control
the behavior of other states by
affording or denying access to economic
goods and services.

- The economic means of foreign policy

are today the most vital means which a
state can use for influencing the
actions and behavior of other states. 1. PERSUASION
No state can become a military power - is widely used by diplomats and
without having adequate economic statesmen for securing the desired and
power. defined objectives of the foreign
- is used by rich and developed nations policy. But success in persuasion can be
to influence other states by granting achieved only when it is supplemented
 by other methods and when it is or technology can be used by a
supported by a strong national power powerful nation for inflicting a
and effective foreign policy. punishment or pressure on other
nations.
- The art of persuasion consists in
defining and logically explaining a
particular problem or issue or dispute 4. FORCE OR PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
to other nations or any other nation. An - By the use of military power or physical
attempt is made to persuade other force, a powerful nation can compel a
nations to adopt a particular and desired behavior of another nation. As
desired view or perception of the a method of exercising power, force is
nature of issues involved in any related to punishment.
bilateral or multilateral problem,
dispute or issue. - When punitive action is taken against
another nation, it becomes a case of
2. REWARDS use of force. However, when only threat
- The offering of rewards can be material of punitive action is given without the
or economic or psychological. A nation actual use of physical violence against
can give material help to another nation the other state, it becomes a case of
in times of crisis or in other ways. exercise of power through the use of
punishment. As such the difference
- The practice of giving economic aid and between force and punishment is in the
easy loans or grants-in-aid is another actual use of force versus the threat of
method of winning support and use of force.
inducing a change in the behavior of
other states. - Physical force or violence can be used
by resorting to war or acts of reprisals
- The lease of territories or a military by a powerful state.
bases or equipment—industrial or
military, transit and trade facilities and - Resort to war is the extreme form of
grant of right to allow passage of ships exercise of force in international
are some of the other forms of rewards relation.
which a state can offer to other states - It is a risky and dangerous method,
for securing a desired change in their which can damage the national power
behaviors. of the state which resorts to war. This
3. PUNISHMENT consideration makes the resort to war
as a method of last resort.
- A powerful nation can inflict
punishment on an offending or NATURE AND DEFINITION OF AUTHORITY
unhelpful state by imposing economic AUTHORITY
sanctions or norms or policies or placing
trade restrictions or ensuring a denial of - Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics
a possible reward. defines authority as “the power or right
to give orders and enforce obedience,
- Denial or reduction in foreign aid or the power to influence others based on
loan or refusal to export certain items recognized knowledge or expertise.”
 - “Authority can most simply be defined followers because of these
as legitimate power. qualities.
- Such charismatic individuals may
- To Heywood, Authority is based on an
exercise authority over a whole
acknowledged duty to obey rather
society or only a specific group
than any form of coercion or
within a larger society.
manipulation. In this sense, authority is
power cloaked in legitimacy or - They can exercise authority for
rightfulness. good and for bad, as this brief list of
charismatic leaders indicates:
 Joan of Arc
 Adolf Hitler
 Mahatma Gandhi
TYPES OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY  Martin Luther King Jr.
1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY  Jesus Christ
 Muhammad
- is power that is rooted in traditional, or  Buddha.
long-standing, beliefs and practices of a
society. Each of these individuals had extraordinary
- It exists and is assigned to particular personal qualities that led their followers to
individuals because of that society’s admire them and to follow their orders or
customs and traditions. requests for action.
- is legitimated by the sanctity of - is found in a leader whose mission
tradition. The ability and right to rule and vision inspire others. It is based
are passed down, often through upon the perceived extraordinary
heredity. It does not change overtime, characteristics of an individual.
does not facilitate social change, tends Weber saw a charismatic leader as
to be irrational and inconsistent, and the head of a new social
perpetuates the status quo. movement, and one instilled with
- is typically embodied in feudalism or divine or supernatural powers,
patrimonialism. In a purely patriarchal such as a religious prophet. Weber
structure, “the servants are completely seemed to favor charismatic
and personally dependent upon the authority, and spent a good deal of
lord”, while in an estate system (i.e., time discussing it.
feudalism), “the servants are not
personal servants of the lord but 3. LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY
independent men” (Weber 1958, 4).
But, in both cases the system of - derives from law and is based on a
authority does not change or evolve. belief in the legitimacy of a society’s
laws and rules and in the right of
2. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY leaders to act under these rules to
- stems from an individual’s make decisions and set policy.
extraordinary personal qualities - This form of authority is a hallmark of
and from that individual’s hold over modern democracies, where power is
given to people elected by voters, and
 the rules for wielding that power are
usually set forth in a constitution, a
charter, or another written document.

- is empowered by a formalistic belief in

the content of the law (legal) or natural
law (rationality). Obedience is not given
to a specific individual leader - whether
traditional or charismatic - but a set of
uniform principles. Weber thought the
best example of legal-rational authority
was a bureaucracy (political or
economic).

- This form of authority is frequently

found in the modern state, city
governments, private and public
corporations, and various voluntary
associations.

- In fact, Weber stated that the

“development of the modern state is
identical indeed with that of modern
officialdom and bureaucratic
organizations just as the development
of modern capitalism is identical with
the increasing bureaucratization of
economic enterprise.
 CHARLES BARON DE MONTESQUIEU

- A French philosopher of the eighteenth

century, produced one of the most
famous schemes of classifying
governments:

- 'There are three species of government:

republican, monarchical and despotic.’

- Montesquieu's classification differed

from Aristotle's in that aristocracy and
democracy were part of his republican
type of government, but his
WEEK 4 THE GOVERNMENT categorization was firmly in the
classical mold since the type of
government depended on the number
ETYMOLOGY of people holding power.
• Politeia – Ancient Greek means “the CLASSIFICATIONS OF GOVERNMENTS
right of citizens” to “form of
government” A. As to The Number of Persons
Exercising Sovereign Power
• Gubernare – Latin means “to steer, to
direc” 1. MONARCHY is a government in which
supreme and final authority is in the
• Governer – Old French means steer, be hands of a single person.
at the helm of; govern, rule, command,
direct" • Absolute Monarchy is a government in
which the ruler rules by divine right

EARLY ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY GOVERNMENTS • Limited Monarchy is a government in

which the ruler rules in accordance
ARISTOTLE with the Constitution
- made one of the earliest attempts • Tyranny is an autocratic form of rule in
to classify government structures. which one individual exercises power
- He distinguished between states without any legal restraint
ruled by one person, by the few and • Dictatorship is an authoritarian type of
the many- monarchy, aristocracy government where there is absolute
and mixed government. control by one person
- His intention was not only to
describe but to evaluate and thus 2. ARISTOCRACY
he extended his classification
- is a government in which political
scheme to their 'perverted' forms,
power is exercised by few privileged
which he labelled tyranny,
classes which is known as aristocracy or
oligarchy and democracy.
oligarchy.
- In an oligarchy, a small group of people - Legislatures called parliaments operate
has all the power in the government. under a parliamentary system of
government in which the executive is
3. DEMOCRACY is a government in which - constitutionally answerable to the
political power is exercised by a parliament. Parliaments usually consist
majority of the people. of chambers or houses, and are usually
either bicameral or unicameral.
• Direct or pure democracy is a
government in which the will of the • Presidential government is a
state is formulated or expressed government in which the state makes
directly and immediately through the the executive constitutionally
people in a mass meeting or primary independent of the legislature as
assembly. regards to tenure to a large extent.

A presidential system is a system of

government where an executive branch is led
• Indirect, representative or republican
by a president who serves as both head of state
democracy is a government in which
and head of government. In such a system, this
the will of the state is formulated and
branch exists separately from the legislature, to
expressed through a relatively small
which it is not responsible and which it cannot,
and select body of persons chosen by
in normal circumstances, dismiss.
the people to act as their
representatives. MEANING OF IDEOLOGY

IDEOLOGY
B. As to Extent of Powers Exercised by
The Central or National Government - is a comprehensive set of normative
beliefs, conscious and unconscious
• Unitary Government is a government in
ideas, that an individual, group or
which the control of national and local
society has.
affairs is exercised by the central or
- is less encompassing than the ideas
national government.
expressed in concepts such as
• Federal government is a government in
worldview, imaginary and ontology.
which the powers of government are
divided between the national and local - Political ideologies can be proposed by
governments. the dominant class of society such as
the elite to all members of society as
C. As to the Relationship Between the suggested in some Marxist and critical-
Executive and Legislative Branches of theory accounts.
Government
- In societies that distinguish between
• Parliamentary government is a public and private life, every political or
government in which the state confers economic tendency entails ideology,
upon the legislature the power to whether or not it is propounded as an
terminate the tenure of office of the explicit system of thought.
real executive.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
LIBERALISM 2. CONCRETENESS

1. INDIVIDUALISM - Liberalism is too abstract. It focuses on

- The individual takes priority over freedom and equality, not on the
society. concrete way people live every day,
which is the focus of conservatism.
2. FREEDOM
- Individuals have the right to make 3. HUMAN FALLIBILITY
choices for themselves - Humans are frequently ignorant,
3. EQUALITY prejudiced, and irrational.
- No person is morally or politically 4. UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES
superior to others. Hierarchies are
rejected - There is no universal answer to the
problems of society; the circumstances
4. RATIONALISM
are unique in each country.
- Humans are capable of thinking
CAPITALISM
logically and rationally. Logic and
reason help us solve problems - is a political and economic ideology
which states that individuals are free.
5. PROGRESS
- They are free to make money, own
- Traditions should not be kept unless
businesses, sell goods and services and
they have value. New ideas are helpful
crucially own private property.
because they can lead to progress in the
Emphasis within capitalist countries is
sciences, the economy, and society
on the role of individuals rather than
6. THE FREE MARKET the state.

- Liberalism and capitalism go hand in - In a capitalist economy, capital assets—

hand. Liberals like the free market such as factories, mines, and railroads—
because it easily creates more wealth can be privately owned and controlled,
labor is purchased for money wages,
CONSERVATISM capital gains accrue to private owners,
- political ideology or doctrine that and prices allocate capital and labor
emphasizes the value of traditional between competing uses.
institutions and practices. PILLARS OF CAPITALISM
Conservatism is a preference for the
historically inherited rather than the 1. PRIVATE PROPERTY
abstract and ideal. - allows people to own tangible assets
such as land and houses and intangible
1. STABILITY assets such as stocks and bonds
- is a precious thing, and change must be
2. SELF-INTERESTS
made gradually in order to preserve it.
Undermining stability is very dangerous - people act in pursuit of their own good,
because societies can easily fall into without regard for sociopolitical
chaos and violence. pressure.
 3. COMPETITION production after a percentage has been
- through firms’ freedom to enter and deducted for the common good
exit markets, maximizes social welfare, CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIALISM
that is, the joint welfare of both
producers and consumers 1. COLLECTIVISM

4. MARKET MECHANISM - Human beings are social by nature, and

- that determines prices in a society should respect this.
decentralized manner through Individualism is poisonous
interactions between buyers and sellers 2. PUBLIC OWNERSHIP
5. FREEDOM TO CHOOSE - Society, not individuals, should own the
- customers can buy different products, property
investors can pursue more lucrative 3. CENTRAL ECONOMIC PLANNING
ventures, workers can leave their jobs
- The government plans the economy;
for better pay
there is no free market
6. LIMITED ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
4. ECONOMIC EQUALITY
- to protect the rights of private citizens - All citizens have roughly the same level
and maintain an orderly environment of prosperity
that facilitates proper functioning of
Differences Between Socialism, Capitalism,
markets
Communism
SOCIALISM

- is an economic system in which the

factors of production are valued in
relationship to their usefulness to
people.

- Socialists take into account both

individual needs and greater social
needs. FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS
- They allocate resources using central Anarchy is the state of having no government.
planning, as in a command economy.
Adhocracy is a type of organization that
- The mantra of socialism is, "From each operates in opposite fashion to a bureaucracy;
according to his ability, to each government in unstructured fashion
according to his contribution.
Androcracy or andrarchy is a form of
- Everyone in society receives a share of government in which the government rulers are
the production based on how much male.
each has contributed.
Atheocracy is a government where religion is
- This system motivates them to work forbidden
long hours if they want to receive
more. Workers receive their share of Autarchy is a government by an absolute ruler
Bureaucracy is a government by civil servants Technocracy is a government by technical
experts
Confederacy is a union of sovereign states
Tetrarchy is a government by four people
Dyarchy is a government by two; dual
monarchy Theocracy is a government by a deity through
the clergy or by religious law
Ethnocracy is a form of government by a
particular ethnic group Timocracy is a government by the propertied
class
Geniocracy is a government of intelligent
people Triumvirate is a government by three people

Gynarchy is a government by women;

gynocracy

Heptarch is a government by seven people

Judiciocracy is a government by judges

Kakistocracy is a government by the worst

Kleptocracy is a government by thieves

Malarchy is a government by bad leaders

Matriarchy is a form of government by

women or mothers

Meritocracy is a government by those with

merit

Minarchy is a government with the smallest

possible size

Nomocracy is a government through

established laws

Ochlocracy is a government by mobs

Particracy is a government by political parties

Patriarchy is a government by fathers

Plutocracy is a government by the wealthy

Polyarchy is a government by many people

Republic is a government by elected officials

Robocracy is a government by robots

Stratocracy is a government by armed forces