APUSH - Most Important

Terms
The Review Note Cards you should have bought and
been studying over a month ago.
1 Jamestown
● Settled in 1607 Jamestown was
the first successful English
settlement built in North America.
It was also the birthplace of
democracy in America.

● “He that will not work shall not

eat” -Captain John Smith

● Peopling: Movement/Migration -
Jamestown falls under the
peopling theme of apush because
it is the first true wave of
immigrants from a European
nation that came to America.
2. First Africans brought to Virginia, 1619
• When a ship containing 20 African Americans entered the port at
Jamestown, many considered the Africans as indentured servants
rather than slaves, though they eventually became bargaining chips
and objects to the settlers.

• By 1640, at least one African American had been declared a slave.

Courts ordered that the slaves were to "to serve his said master or his
assigns for the time of his natural life here or elsewhere."

• Peopling: Movement/Migration - This event is categorized as peopling

because it is the start of the (unwilling) migration of African Americans
to the Americas.
3. The Mayflower Compact 1620
The first governing document in the United States, the
Mayflower Compact, was drafted in 1620 aboard the
Mayflower ship, full of Pilgrims seeking religious
freedom prior to settlement at Plymouth Bay in
Massachusetts, and all 41 men who signed the Compact
declared that they believed in majority rule and would
govern the colony according to its members best
interests.

“If they looked behind the,, there was the mighty

ocean which they had passed...to separate them from
all the civil parts of the world.” --William Bradford

Politics and Power- The Mayflower Compact was the first

governing document and basis to the future government of
majority rule that still runs the United States today.
4. Great Migration of Puritans to
Massachusetts, 1630’s & 1640’s
• The New England area attracted a group of people from
England that was able to pay their way to the New
World, unlike many of the other immigrants. Puritans
went to Massachusetts because they believed that
English authority was ruining the church; they were able
to run their own community in New England and have
religious freedom.
• “It will be a service to the Church of great consequence
to carry the Gospel into those parts of the world...& to
raise a Bulwark against the kingdom of AnteChrist which
the Jesuits labour to reare up in those parts” -John
Winthrop (Reasons for Puritan Migration, 1629).

• Peopling: Movement & Migration- the theme connects to the Great Migration of the Puritans
because it describes the movement of a certain group of people who moved away from their
community because of what they believed. The migration of this religious group set up a way of
life that was part of the basis of colonial life in early New England.
 5. Roger Williams and the Establishment of Rhode Island (1636)
• Puritan minister Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay
Colony for his beliefs in the separation of church and state and religious
freedom, and he later purchased land from a Native American tribe to create
the Settlement of Providence, which eventually, with England’s permission
combined with other neighboring settlements to form the religiously tolerant
colony of Rhode Island.
• “That our selves and all men are apt and prone to differ it is no new Thing in
all former Ages in all parts of this World in these parts and in our deare
native Countrey and mournfull state of England. That either part of partie is
most right in his owne eye his Cause Right his Cariage Right, his Argumts
Right his Answeres Right is as woefully and constantly true as the former.
And experience tells us that when the God of peace hath taken peace from
the Earth one sparke of Action word or Cariage is too too powrefull to
kindle such a fire as burns up Families Townes Cities Armies, Navies
Nations and Kingdomes [Letter of Roger Williams to Town of Providence,
March 28, 1648]”.
• Belief Systems - William Rogers strongly believed that the individual’s
conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority, and was
banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. He
founded the settlement of Providence, which later became the colony of
Rhode Island on the separation of church and state, and made it the first
colony to guarantee all of its citizens the
freedom of worship.
6. William Penn and the Establishment of
Pennsylvania, 1681 - In 1681, William Penn used the charter he received from King
Charles II to found Pennsylvania, a colony in which he
established freedom of religion, as well as a way to have
people of different languages and cultures to participate fully
in government, making Pennsylvania the “seed of the nation”.
- “My friends—There is one great God and power that hath
made the world and all things therein, to whom you and I,
and all people owe their being and well-being, and to whom
you and I must one day give an account for all that we do in
the world; this great God hath written his law in our hearts, by
which we are taught and commanded to love and help, and
do good to one another, and not to do harm and mischief one
to another.” -William Penn (May, 1681)
- Belief Systems - William Penn founded the colony of
Pennsylvania based off his beliefs on tolerance and a
constitutional government, which contrasted the rigid
religious beliefs and the monarchies of the time period.
7. James Oglethorpe established Georgia 1732
~James Oglethorpe, a member of Parliament and
military hero, wanted to erect a military barrier
against the Spanish lands and wanted to provide a
refuge for impoverish English men and women. In
1732, King George II granted Oglethorpe and his fellow
trustees control of the land between the Savannah
and Altamaha Rivers.
~"In America there are fertile lands sufficient to
support all the useless poor in England, and
distressed Protestants in Europe; yet thousands
starve for want of mere sustenance.” -James
Oglethorpe
~Peopling: Movement/Migrations- This event is under
peopling because poor Englishmen migrated to
Georgia in hopes for a new beginning. It also
impacted society because there was finally a border
against the enemy Spain
8. Jonathan Edwards Sparked the Great Awakening, 1734
• Jonathan Edwards began to preach in Connecticut in July of 1741, this is
when the Great Awakening started. Edwards sparked the Great
Awakening by preaching to the people of New England to get them to
leave the Church of England and listen to his religious beliefs. The Great
Awakening, sparked by Jonathan Edwards, was a reaction to the
Enlightenment and it was also a long term cause of the Revolution.
• “He who has no religious affection, is in a state of spiritual death, and is
wholly destitute of the powerful, quickening, saving influences of the
Spirit of God upon his heart.” (Jonathan Edwards-1734)
• Belief Systems- Jonathan Edwards sparked the Great Awakening
because of his beliefs and spread his beliefs throughout the colonies by
preaching them. Edwards beliefs helped start a push to leave the Church
of England but more importantly lead to the removal of English rule in
America. Thanks to Edwards America became a free country and was
able to break apart from the English Government which had been
controlling the colonies at that time.
9. French and Indian War
• Also called the Seven Years’ War, was a
dispute between France and Great Britain.
This resulted with the British receiving
Canada and Florida, while Spain got Louisiana.
• Lord Egremont to King George III of Great
Britain, crowned on 25 October 1760 just two
weeks after the fall of Montreal ending the
French and Indian War.
“It is truly a miserable thing that we no sooner
leave fighting for our neighbors, the French, but
we must fall to quarreling among ourselves.”
• Politics and power- because this was a
dispute that resulted in many changes in who
owned what land.
10. The Proclamation of 1763
•The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III
following Great Britain's gain of French territory in North America
after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War,
which restricted all settlement past a line drawn along the
Appalachian Mountains.

“The treaty relationships and aspirations that were expressed in

the Royal Proclamation are about us sharing the land, wealth and
resources of this country. That has not happened'- Shawn Atleo,
AFN national chief

This Proclamation links to the theme of separate territories in

American History because it creates a border that separates the
13 Colonies from the rest of America
11. Stamp Act 1765-766
The Stamp Act was imposed to raise revenue
from the colonists in support of the new
military, it was a stamp required on all
newspapers and legal or commercial
documents and infuriated many colonists.
“Such another Experiment as the Stamp-Act wou'd produce a general Revolt in
America." - George Mason, 1766.

Economics: This tax infuriated the colonists because traditionally, taxes were used for commerce while this tax was intended to
raise money for the British, it also was implemented without the approval of any colonial legislatures, which also connects it to
the theme of politics and power.
12 The Declaratory Act (1766)
The Declaratory act was passed just after the stamp act was repealed,
it told the colonies that the British still had the power to tax them.
“full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force
and validity to bind the colonies and people of America.” (Declaratory
Act 1766)

This event would fall under the theme of politics and power
because it is the British trying to assert their power over the
colonies.
 Townshend Acts, 1767
• These acts, which taxed glass,lead, paper,
tea and paint, were passed by the king to
pay the salaries of governors and officials in
order to remain loyal to Britain.
• “What a man has honestly acquired is
absolutely his own, which he may freely
give, but cannot be taken from him without
his consent”-Samuel Adams
• Politics and Power- The king and parliament
constantly taxed the colonists though the
colonist often protested. This shows the
power Great Britain repeatedly implied.
This tax also relates to politics because it
was passed to pay British official’s salary.
14 Second Continental Congress, 1775
• A intercolonial assembly that met in Philadelphia, whose main
goal was to get the British Acts Repealed, that raised money
for an army and navy, as well as wrote appeals for to the
British.

• “Mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are

sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to
which they are accustomed.”- Thomas Jefferson

• Politics and Power- This is strictly about the colonists rights and
trying to break free from the british government and forming a
government of their own.
15 The First Continental Congress, 1774
->In response to the intolerable acts forced upon the colonists
(punishment after Boston Tea Party), a response committee
consisting of 56 delegates from 12/13 (excluding Georgia)
colonies met in Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia, to draft a
declaration of rights and grievances, which intended to resolve
tensions with Great Britain and to create a statement of colonial
rights,identify British parliaments violation of those rights, and to
provide a plan that would convince Britain to restore those rights.
-> “I hope future ages will quote our proceedings with applause. It is one
of the great duties of the democratical part of the constitution to keep itself
pure.
-Patrick Henry, speech in the First Continental Congress, September 6, 1774

-> BELIEF SYSTEM: The actions and proceedings following

the Congress reflect the foundation of beliefs of what America
was founded on, essentially our freedoms, including our personal
rights, which were violated by the British; the Congress was put
together solely to comprise a plan of action and response to the
violation of our very foundation and belief system.
16. Lexington and Concord, 1775
-->These battles began what is known as the
Revolutionary War in America.Thomas Gage (a
British Governor) had forces go to Concord to halt
revolting colonists. What is known as "the shot heard
round the world" began the war on the next day (April
19,1775), ending in British retreat to Boston.

-->"Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon,

but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here."
~Captain John Parker
(Commander of American militia in Lexington)

-->America in the World: It falls under this theme

because it is a military development in America and it
ends diplomacy with Britain by beginning a war.
17. Boston Tea Party
• The Boston Tea Party was a act of rebellion by
the colonial freedom group, the Sons of Liberty.
The action was taken due to the raised tea
prices and high tax on tea. On December 16,
1773, the rebels boarded British tea ships and
dumped tea in to the Boston harbor.
Unfortunately,it lead to the Intolerable Acts.
• “No taxation without representation”
• This quote ties into courage. It took many acts
of courage for the colonies to stand up against
Britain just like the Boston Tea Party.
18 Common Sense, Kurt Jugo
• Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that
convinced many people that the war for independence was worth fighting,
it argued for American Independence from Britain and the establishment
of an independent American government.
• “Government, like dress, is the badge of lost innocence; the palaces of
kings are built on the ruins of the bowers of paradise.”-(Thomas Paine
1776)
• Theme- The use of media to gain support for a movement. Common
Sense is one of the many times in American history where media was
used to influence people to join a movement; today more than ever media
still has a major role in the formation of people’s ideals and political
views.
19 - Declaration of Independence, 1776
• The Declaration of Independence is a written document
proclaiming that the colonies of Great Britain would become
their own independent country to escape the tyranny and
taxation of British rule. It outlined what makes America different
by listing freedoms and natural rights that all humans should
have.

• “I am well aware of the toil and blood and treasure, that it will
cost us to maintain this Declaration, and support and defend
these states. Yet through all the gloom I can see the rays of
ravishing light and glory.” -John Adams

• America in the World - formal announcement that America was

now a young, new, powerful nation with a new outlook on
government and rights that should be shared to enlighten other
nations.
 20 Treaty of Alliance, 1778
➢ The Treaty of Alliance was a military alliance between France and America
during the American Revolution against Great Britain.
➢ “Neither of the two Parties shall conclude either
Truce or Peace with Great Britain, without the
formal consent of the other first obtain'd; and
they mutually engage not to lay down their
arms, until the Independence of the United
States shall have been formally or tacitly assured
by the Treaty or Treaties that shall terminate the
War.” (Article 8)
➢ America in the World- This treaty, being the first
military alliance of the new nation, represented
the beginning of America’s existence on a
broader, global scale.
21 Battle Of Yorktown 1781
1. The Battle of Yorktown was the last major land battle in the Revolutionary
War. It signified the end of the war because the American and French
forces surrounded Yorktown and captured Lieutenant General Charles
Cornwallis and his 8,000 troops.
2. “Humanity has won its battle. Liberty now has a country.” - Marquis de
Lafayette
3. America in the World- The Battle of Yorktown showed American will and
power as they defeated the world’s most powerful army. It also promoted
patriotism because for a young country to defeat the Birtish army at that
point in time was nearly impossible.
22 Articles of Confederation Went into Effect
• When the Articles went into effect, it was discovered that flaws
such as no separation of power, no power to tax, no enforcement of
decisions, no power to regulate state tariffs, and requiring 9 out of
13 states to pass a law was inefficient and problematic.
• “On January 27, 1778, the -Articles of Confederation-, recently
adopted by Congress, were debated here. It was 'voted to approve
of the Articles, except the first clause,' giving Congress the power
to declare peace and war. This it was resolved, 'belongs to the
people.” - Edward Pearson Pressey, History of Montague; A
Typical Puritan Town
• Politics and Power: This connects to Politics and Power because it
constituted a change in the way people saw the balance of central
vs. state power. This was also the first constitution of the united
states which acted as a vehicle to further the development of the
country’s national strength.
23 The Treaty of Paris, 1783
• Ended the Revolutionary War under the terms: Britain recognized American
independence, American fishermen got rights to the banks off Newfoundland and
other Canadian fisheries, Britain ceded all lands west of Mississippi, and the U.S
returned all lands seized from loyalists.

• “His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz., New Hampshire,
Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina and Georgia, to be free sovereign and Independent States; that he treats with
them as such, and for himself his Heirs & Successors, relinquishes all claims to the
Government, Propriety, and Territorial Rights of the same and every Part thereof.” –
Treaty of Paris, 1783, Article 1

• Politics and Power- The Treaty of Paris is a political document because it creates British
recognition of a new country and dealt with the governing body of both the U.S. and
England
24. Northwest Ordinances of 1784, 1785, 1787
★ Ordinance of 1784: divided Northwest territory (present day Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) into self-
governing areas
Ordinance of 1785: arranged territories into grid systems (6
miles on
each side); one square every 16 squares must be reserved for
educational purposes
Ordinance of 1787: allowed each area to be governed by a governor
and judges that were appointed by Congress; slavery was outlawed in
these areas; equal freedom was granted to everyone (except women)
★ "The voice of a single individual would have prevented this abominable
crime; heaven will not always be silent; the friends to the rights of
human nature will in the end prevail."--Thomas Jefferson about the
loss of cause towards the abolition slavery in the Ordinance of 1784
★ Economy: Land distribution played a big role in the Northwest
Ordinances. They established the first set of organized territories in the
United States.
25.Shay’s Rebellion, 1786
• Shays’ Rebellion had begun in the summer of 1786, when Shays, a
former Continental Army captain, and other western Massachusetts
veterans and farmers formed an insurrection against the
government for failing to address their economic grievances.
• “if three years ago any person had told me that at this day, I
should see such a formidable rebellion against the laws &
constitutions of our own making as now appears I should have
thought him a bedlamite - a fit subject for a mad house.”- George
Washington's, letter to Henry Knox (February 3, 1787)
• A New Nation- Merchants were glad that they were free of British
rule, however economic problems were now occurring and the middle
and lower classes had shortages in housing and goods. Conflicts
began to occur and were divided among geographic divisions,
commercial and urban regions. These conflicts led to Shays’
Rebellion.
 26. The Constitutional Convention In Philadelphia
in 1787
• The constitutional convention in Philadelphia took place in 1787 to discuss the
problems in the United States and to create a new government instead of fixing
the already existing one: The Articles of Confederation.
• “I confess that there are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at
present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them. For having lived
long, I have experienced many instances of being obliged by better
information, or fuller consideration, to change opinions even on important
subjects, which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise.”
— Benjamin Franklin, 1787
• Politics and Power-The constitutional convention falls under the category of
politics and power because this convention demonstrated the power that many
of the delegates at this convention had in order to make the decision to
completely create a new type of government. In other words, it shows the role
of power that many delegates had in order to completely change the ways of
how the government was going to be run and also shaped how the politics
were going to be like from now on.
27. The Federalist Papers, 1787-8
• The Federalist papers is a series of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison,
and John Jay pushing for the ratification of the United States Constitution.
• “Every man who loves peace, every man who loves his country, every man who loves liberty ought to have
it ever before his eyes that he may cherish in his heart a due attachment to the Union of America and be
able to set a due value on the means of preserving it.” -James Madison
• Politics and Power- The federalist papers fits the theme because the papers where intended to promote the
new constitution which included all things relative to the politics and powers of everyone.
28. Creation of a new government, 1789
● Created in 1789 after the failure of the Articles of
Confederation, the United States government adopted the
Constitution, a House of Representatives, a Senate, and
the First Congress, which elected George Washington as
its first president.

● “Let our government be like that of the solar system. Let

the general government be like the sun and the states the
planets, repelled yet attracted, and the whole moving
regularly and harmoniously in several orbits.”- John
Dickinson

● Politics and Power- The creation of a new US government

in 1789 falls under politics and power because it’s a shift
in government and includes the development of new
governing bodies and people.
29. Alexander Hamilton Appointed Secretary
of Treasury, 1789
• George Washington made Alexander Hamilton the first Secretary of Treasury of the United States in
1789, establishing the position as a precedented part of the Cabinet.
• “The tendency of a national bank is to increase public and private credit.
The former gives power to the state, for the protection of its rights and
interests: and the latter facilitates and extends the operations of
commerce among individuals. Industry is increased, commodities are
multiplied, agriculture and manufacturers flourish: and herein consists the
true wealth and prosperity of a state.”
-Alexander Hamilton, 1790
• Politics and Power- Alexander Hamilton being appointed Secretary of
Treasury by George Washington falls under the theme of Politics and
Power because it shows a shift in the structure of the government. This is
because the appointment of officials to the Cabinet is a precedent that
continues to this day.
30-Samuel Slater establishes the first
textile mill, 1790
Samuel Slater brought designs from
England's textile machines and started
several textile mills in America kick
starting American Industry by starting the
first manufacturing plant in America.

"if I do not make as good of yarn as they do in england, I will

have nothing for my services, but will throw the whole of what
I have attempted over the bridge"
-Samuel Slater

Samuel Slater's textile mills are linked with Peopleling and Economy because
with the introduction of textile mills more people moved into northern urban cities
and the industry in America began and expanded rapidly as more and more
manufacturing jobs and factories were created.
31) Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the U.S.
Constitution that state the certain
unalienable rights guaranteed to all
citizens.

A Bill of Rights is what the people are entitled to against every government, and
what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference. - Thomas
Jefferson

The theme that the Bill of Rights falls under is Freedom.

This is because Americans could now enjoy freedoms that
were never promised to them before.
• The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney
in 1973. This machine revolutionized the
speed in which cotton was produced.

• “The cotton gin was such a simple machine

that it was endlessly replicated in each
settlement as cotton marched west from
county to county.” - Pete Daniel, Breaking the
Land (1985)
• The cotton gin falls under the theme of
technology because the efficiency of
producing cotton increased greatly and
became the number one cash crop in the
South.
33. Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793
The new french government went to war with Great Britain and its allies, so George Washington
and Congress established America as being neutral in the conflict.

“Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria,

Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the
one part, and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the
United States require, that they should with sincerity and good
faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the
belligerent Powers; I have therefore thought fit by these presents to
declare the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct
aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the
citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings
whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such
disposition.” -George Washington at special cabinet meeting

America in the World: The Proclamation of Neutrality is a

perfect example of George Washington’s foreign policy of
staying out of European (and all other) foreign affairs.
34. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
➔ Western Pennsylvanian corn farmers refused to pay the federal excise tax on
whiskey, George Washington’s response was to send the state militia under the
command of Alexander Hamilton to collapse the rebellion. It was the first test of
Washington’s authority as president.
➔ “...there is a large & violent Party which can only be controlled by
the application of Force – This being the result, it is become the
more indispensable & urgent to press forward the forces destined
to act against the Insurgents with all possible activity and Energy.”
This excerpt is from
a letter written by Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton to
Governor Thomas Mifflin of Pennsylvania.
➔ Economy: exchange/trade - the army was brought in
because of the economic problem of the tax on
whiskey.
35) Washingtons Farewell Address
As Washington left office he was worried that
America would be dragged into one of their
allies wars and lose.
Thats why he made American Neutrality
one of his top priorities in his farewell address.
American Presidents followed his advice as best
as possible, the hardest being Neutrality, which
came into conflict more than once.
Neutrality in America worked well (more or
less) because during the World Wars we stayed
neutral until something happened the people
and president couldn’t ignore. (Hey, America’s still neutral)
36 -X, Y, Z Affair-
Definition- When, in 1797, US delegates requested to speak with the French Foreign Minister
about ending the impressment of US sailors by France and refused to pay the “required” fee of
$250,000 just to speak to said minister, US citizens supported this refusal to pay the outrageous
bribe. This affair contributed to the demands of the US population for war with France, leading to
undeclared war with France.

"No, no, not a sixpence! Millions for

defense, but not one cent for tribute." -
Charles C. Pinckney, US Foreign Minister
to France
America in the World- This foreign diplomatic episode fits into the US history
theme of America in the World because it shows a crucial cause of why France and the US
became involved in a war with each other. Even though bribes between diplomats were
common at the time, the shocking cost of $250,000 offended the US, and they refused to
bow down to France’s wishes, which was a big deal, since at the time, France was a major
world power.
 37. Alien & Sedition Acts
1798
In 1798 during Adams’ presidency, Federalists enacted legislation designed smother immigrant
support for the Jeffersonian Republican party and to silence critics. The Alien Act violated open door
hospitality and speedy assimilation by implementing new hurdles to citizenship and granting power
to forcibly expel foreigners. The “lockjaw” Sedition Act violated freedom of the press by broadening
power to jail newspaper editors for “scandalous and malicious writing.”

“The Federalists are promoting a sedition bill, which among other enormities, undertakes to make
printing certain matters criminal, tho’ one of the amendments to the Constitution has so expressly taken
religion, printing presses &c out of their coercion. Indeed this bill and the alien bill are so palpably in the
teeth of the Constitution as to show they mean to pay no respect to it.”
- Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Madison (June 7, 1798)

Politics and Power - The acts were an indication of the tensions and heated relations between the newly
developed political parties.
38 . The Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
1798-1799
The Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions were created in opposition to the Alien &
Sedition Laws and emphasized the need for balance in the government. They
questioned who could decide if something was constitutional or not, and
Jefferson & Madison asserted that it was the states’.
This term is related to
Politics and Power in
history. This is so
because it relates to
how political items are
governed, and decided
who would declare
something either “Every state has a natural right
to nullify.” -Thomas Jefferson
constitutional or not.
 39. Election of 1800
The Election of 1800 was the presidential election between Thomas
Jefferson and Aaron Burr (Democratic Republicans) and John Adams and
Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist). The electoral votes were tied so the
election was taken to the House of Representatives, resulting in the election
of Thomas Jefferson. Before the 12th Amendment was ratified in 1804,
votes for President and Vice President were not listed on separate ballots.
There were two ballots each for the President and the runner-up became
the Vice-President.

“We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists. If there be any among us
who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its Republican form,
let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of
opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it”. -Thomas
Jefferson, Inaugural Address

The Election of 1800 relates to the Politics and Power theme in history
because the Jefferson didn’t win the election by popular or electoral vote,
but from the House of Representatives. This shows the problems with
Politics in the 1800’s.
 The appointment of “Midnight Judges” by president
40) Midnight Judges John Adams and the eventual Marbury v. Madison
case lead to the establishment of Judicial Review.

Politics & Power:

The Gist:
● Adams appointed federal judges Executive power is used by John Adams in
last minute in his administration order to fill courtrooms with Federalist
● Jefferson told Secretary of State Judges. This shows how much power the
James Madison not to pay these president has, or is thought to have. The
judges system of checks and balances is
● Marbury, a judge, sued for his reestablished as well with the Court’s ability
commision to declare Acts unjust.
● Supreme Court Justice John
Marshall ruled that Marbury did
have a right to his commission
according to the Judiciary Act
BUT “I did not send out the commissions because I
● Ruled that the Judiciary Act was apprehended such as were for a fixd time [five
unconstitutional years] to be completed when signd & sealed &
such as depended on the will of the President
● Marbury never gets his might at any time be revokd. To withhold the
commission commission of the Marshal is equal to displacing
● The Supreme Court can now him which the President I presume has the
decide if an act of congress is power to do, but to withhold the commission of
constitutional or not the Justices is an act of which I entertaind no
suspicion.”

-John Marshall
41. Marbury v. Madison
➔ In this case, judged by the supreme court, it was announced that
smaller courts, such as state courts, could disregard a congressional
ruling if it conflicted with the constitution.
➔ "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department
to say what the law is.” - Chief Justice John Marshall
➔ Marbury v. Madison is an example of politics and
power because it relates directly to the relationship
between the people and federal government, as
well as any given state’s judiciary branch.
 Purchase made by Thomas Jefferson of Louisiana in 1803, to
continue United States expansionism.

Environment and Geography- Louisiana was purchased in hopes to dominate

and thrive in trade and to expand the United States from sea to shining sea.
“An integral part of the economic life of the age, the greatest colony

in the world, the pride of France, and the envy of every imperialist nation.”

-Thomas Jefferson
Lewis and Clark Expedition
• A journey along the Missouri River to document the physical features of the newly acquired area in the
1803 Louisiana Purchase. Led by Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and four dozen other men.
• “I have at length so far succeeded in making the necessary preparations for my intended journey… all the
articles have been procured, or are in such state of forwardness.” Meriwether Lewis to Thomas Jefferson
in May 1803
• Geography and the environment: The main objective of Lewis and Clark’s expedition was to document
the physical features of the newly acquired area. Their diaries are filled with descriptions of physical
scenery surrounding them.
44. Trial of Aaron Burr
Vice President, Aaron Burr, was accused of
“Would to God
conspiring against the United States in 1807
that I did stand
with General James Wilkinson to construct
on the same
an Independent Republic. Burr was never
ground with
convicted because the accusations were
every other man!
never found true, but in the publics eye he
This is the first
was looked upon as a traitor. Burr also killed
time that I have
Federalist, Alexander Hamilton, during a
been permitted
duel between the two and later fled to
to enjoy the
Virginia in 1804.
rights of a
citizen.” -Aaron
Burr, during his
Politics and Power- Aaron Burr was a man desiring the power trial in 1807.
and authority, so when President Jefferson did not reelect him
as Vice president, he turned to General Wilkinson for forceful
tactics.
45. Jefferson’s Embargo
❖ During the Napoleonic Wars, and in attempting to
prevent bringing the U.S. into another war, The
Embargo of 1807 prohibited the leaving of U.S.
ships to any foreign port and proved to be
economically devastating for the U.S.

❖ It fits in the Economy category because it dealt

with putting economic limitations on Americans.
“They are endeavoring to
convince England that we
suffer more by the embargo
than they do, and if they will
hold out a while, we must
abandon it.” - Thomas
Jefferson
 46. War of 1812, 1812-1815
• This war that started because of Britain’s continued impressment of ships and blocking of trade in the
early 1800s ended with no clear winner, as America merely fended off the British invasions, but showed
the United States they could hold their own against a world power.

● “To have shrunk, under such circumstances, from manly resistance, would have been a degradation
blasting our best and proudest hopes; it would have struck us from the high ranks where the virtuous
struggles of our fathers had placed us, and have betrayed the magnificent legacy which we hold in trust
for future generations. It would have acknowledged that on the element which forms three-fourths of the
globe we inhabit, where all independent nations have equal and common rights, the American people
were not an independent people, but colonists and vassals.”

-President James Madison, November 1812

● A theme that the War of 1812 applies to is Geography. One of the three main reasons James Madison
decided to call for war was because of the land that America could potentially benefit from. If young
America could defeat the British forces, they could be able to snag some land off of them in the war
ending treaty.
 47. Hartford convention of 1814
• The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings held by
Federalists to discuss their grievances over the War of 1812. During
the meeting, the succession of New England was discussed. After
Andrew Jackson’s overwhelming victory in New Orleans, this
convention was discredited and the Federalists were discredited.

“Congress shall not have power, without the concurrence of two-thirds of

both Houses, to interdict the commercial intercourse between the United
States and any foreign nation or the dependencies thereof.”-Hartford
Convention 1814
This fits into the theme of Politics in U.S. History, because it led to the decline of a major
political party.
 48. Battle of New Orleans
Two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed to end the War of 1812, Andrew
Jackson’s forces defeated a large British invasion at New Orleans because the
news of the end of the war had not yet reached Jackson.

“It was a battle that changed the course of American history; a

battle that convinced Americans they had earned the right to
be independent and that their sovereignty would be respected
once and for all around the globe; a battle that thundered a once-
poor, wretchedly educated orphan boy into the White House” The
Battle of New Orleans by ROBERT V. REMINI

Identity: Despite the fact that the outcome of the battle had no
effect on the War of 1812, the American victory sparked a
wave of nationalism and confidence in the United States
to maintain its newly won independence.
49 The American System, 1815
🔼Proposed by Henry Clay
1. High protective tarrif
2. High public land prices to generate more
revenue
3. Keep bank of U.S.
4. System of internal improvements
i.e. roads, transportation, canals
“This American system of ours, call it Americanism,
call it capitalism, call it what you will, gives each and
every one of us a great opportunity if we only seize it
with both hands and make the most of it.”
- Al Capone
Identity: The American System fits into a theme of nationalism because it was balanced out
the economy and with the internal improvements, it made transportation easier and therefore
people felt closer. Internal imporvements also helped the transportataion of goods easier and
that made the U.S. able to rely on itself; forming a nationalistic feeling.
 50. The Era of Good Feelings 1815-1824

{ President Monroe was elected in 1816 ending the

{Declared by the
Boston Newspaper Federalist Party and began the rising nationalism
throughout the country despite the increasing
sectionalism issues. The country became united
throughout this era but despite its name, it was not
free of social and economical problems.

“
Political & Peopling: The Supreme
Court’s goal was to support the
nationalization of the government.
The people of America became more
“
"Let us, then, bind the
republic together with a
perfect system of roads and
confident in their country and more
canals. Let us conquer
unified after the division from the War
of 1812. space.” -John C. Calhoun
 51. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
The state of Maryland attempted to impose a tax on all bank
notes issued by banks chartered outside of Maryland, this
Economy: It dealt with the economy due to the
was countered by the supreme court and established the fact that it directly impacted the businesses
use of “implied powers” in the constitution and that states based and chartered in other states, thus it
may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power.
impacted interstate commerce, the control of
which rests solely with the federal government.
“Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland that if any bank has
established or shall, without authority from the State first had and obtained
establish any branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt
in any part of this State, it shall not be lawful for the said branch, office of
discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt to issue notes, in any manner,
of any other denomination than five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred, five hundred
and one thousand dollars, and no note shall be issued except upon stamped
paper of the following denominations; that is to say, every five dollar note shall
be upon a stamp of ten cents; every ten dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty
cents; every twenty dollar note, upon a stamp of thirty cents; every fifty dollar
note, upon a stamp of fifty cents; every one hundred dollar note, upon a stamp of
one dollar; every five hundred dollar note, upon a stamp of ten dollars; and every
thousand dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty dollars.” - General Assembly of
52. Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
• The Adams-Onis treaty gave Florida over to the U.S. and set a boundary
between the U.S. and New Spain (Mexico)
• “February 15.… A more formidable objection was made by Mr. Onis to
my third article, containing the boundary line westward of the Mississippi.
After a long and violent struggle, he had agreed to take longitude one
hundred, from the Red River to the Arkansas, and latitude forty-two, from
the source of the Arkansas to the…”

• Political and Peopling: John Quincy Adams was doing

his best for the people under his protection. It
appeased them and those among the influential
political leaders in New Spain.
 53) The Missouri Compromise of 1820
{Henry Clay was the main compromiser}

The compromise consisted of the the following

provisions:
1) Missouri enters the Union as a slave state
2) Maine breaks away from Massachusetts and enters
as a free state
3) All land above the 36-30 line is free territory and
all land below it is slave territory
Both houses pass the bill and President Monroe
signs it in!

“...but this momentous question, like a fire bell in the

The Missouri Compromise applies to both the
night, awakened and filled me with terror.” themes of Geography and Politics. It divided
{Thomas Jefferson} the nation in half (adding implications to the
sectional divide) by means of a bill that was
approved by the President.
54. First Lowell Factory Opened,
1823

• The lowell Mill, inspired by Samuel Slater (Father of Manufacturing) and invented by Francis Cabot
Lowell, was the first factory system in which “people and machines were all under one roof”; it was a
haven for women workers that combined the textile processes of spinning and weaving under one
roof.
• “At the time the Lowell cotton-mills were started, the factory girl was the lowest among women.
In England, and in France particularly, great injustice had been done to her real character; she was
represented as subjected to influences that could not fail to destroy her purity and self-respect. In the
eyes of her overseer she was but a brute, a slave, to be beaten, pinched, and pushed about. It was to
overcome this prejudice that such high wages had been offered to women that they might be induced
to become mill-girls, in spite of the opprobrium that still clung to this "degrading occupation"
- Harriet Robinson (Lowell Mill Girl), 1890
• I believe this subject could relate to the Reform Movement as well as the Industrialization era.
Women took over the Mills by storm, emphasizing their importance in the workforce as well as the
progress and development of manufacturing is risen in relation to the Industrialization of America.
 55. Monroe Doctrine,1823
• On December 2,1823, President James Monroe
declared that North and South America were
closed to further European colonization and any
acts of interference would be seen as aggression,
resulting in U.S. intervention.
• “If there be a people on earth whose more
especial duty it is to be at all times prepared to
defend the rights with which they are blessed, and
to surpass all others in sustaining the necessary
burthens, and in submitting to sacrifices to make
such preparations, it is undoubtedly the people of
these states.”
― James Monroe
• America in the World- The Monroe Doctrine
declared the United States as a global police force,
taking it upon the nation to solve conflicts and
protect the Latin and South American countries.
This belongs in “America in the World” because it
is an expansion on the nation’s foreign policy.
 56. Election of 1824
• The presidential election of 1824, that marked the end of the Era of Good
Feelings after Monroe’s administration, consisted of all Democratic-Republican
candidates-Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, John Quincy Adam
(wins)- and is notable for being the only time a presidential election was decided
by the House of Representatives and for actions of a “corrupt bargain”.

• “Newly uncovered election returns for the 1824 election reveal a precursor to
the Florida “hanging-chad” phenomenon of the 2000 presidential election: some
voters who had intended to vote for John Quincy Adams inadvertently cast their
ballots for Andrew Jackson... the election still would have been decided by the
House of Representatives. Nonetheless, Jackson’s subsequent claim that Adams
had been chosen president because of a corrupt bargain would have had less
credibility.” -Rosemarie Zagarri, May 2011

• Politics and Power-I believe that the election of 1824 falls under this theme as
it was a significant presidential election that illustrated the corruption and
duplicity of politics. Henry Clay was out of the running for presidency and gave
his support to Adams. When Adams was announced president, he appointed Clay
as Secretary of State. This affair is commonly referred to as a “corrupt bargain”
by Jackson.
 57. Indian Removal Act of 1830
The Indian Removal Act was originally suppose to be an
act that encouraged land exchange negotiated treaties
with Native Americans but instead turned into the
removal of all Native Americans from their homelands in
effort that settlers would not have to encounter Indian
opposition in the settlement of new territories.
Peopling- This relates to the APUSH
theme of peopling because this act
forced Native Americans to migrate off
of their home lands.
“ The evil,Sir, is enormous: the inevitable suffering incalculable. Do not stain the
fain fame of the country..Nations of dependent Indians,against their will, under
color of law, are driven from their homes into the wilderness. You cannot
explain it: you can not reason it away..our friends will view this measure with
sorrow, and our enemies alone with joy, and we ourselves, Sir, when the
interests and passions of the day are past, shall look back upon it, I fear, with
self-reproach, and a regret as bitter as unavailing”
- Edward Everett, 1830, anti- I.R.A
 A congressional measure against a subsidy for the Maysville
Road in Kentucky ( a part of Henry Clay’s American system to
benefit the west) , the bill was vetoed by “King Jackson” because
the Road would only benefit the privileged Kentucky citizens and
was seen as an extravagant expenditure.
“Such grants [of money by the federal government] have
always been [passed] under the control of the general principle
that the works which might be thus aided should be "of a general,
not local, national, not State," character. A disregard of this
distinction would of necessity lead to the subversion of the federal
system.... I am not able to view [the Maysville Road Bill] in any other
light than as a measure of purely local character.... It has no
connection with any established system of improvements; [and] is
exclusively within the limits of a State [Kentucky]....” -Andrew
Jackson, Veto message to the House of Representatives (1830)
Politics and Movement- The Maysville Road was suppose to aid
people in traveling across Kentucky but because of Jackson’s
opposition to federal power and aristocratic privilege it was stopped.
 59. Nat Turner’s Revolt, 1831
Nat Turners Rebellion was a revolt by Slaves in
Virginia led by Nat Turner that caused the death of
60 White people and caused a huge retaliation by
white people both violently and legally restricting
the little freedom of slaves creating tension before
the Civil War.
“Having soon discovered to be great, I must
appear so, and therefore studiously avoided
mixing in society, and wrapped myself in mystery,
devoting my time to fasting and prayer.”
-Nat Turner
Social Revolt- Throughout America’s history many social
leaders have revolted against a hierarchy such as our
Founding Father and British Tyranny to Women's Rights
Advocates who fought traditional views and government.
Nat Turner fits into this as he had a issue he hated and
fought against it just as social leaders did before and after
him
60 Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis was a crisis created by the 1832
Ordinance of Nullification, in which South Carolina
declared that the federal Tariff of 1828 and 1832 was
null and void in their state.
• "The Union, next to our liberty, most dear! May we all
remember that it can only be preserved by respecting
the rights of the States and by distributing equally the
benefits and burdens of the Union"-- John C. Calhoun
• Politics and Power- The Nullification Crisis was largely
based on the controversy over the right of the state and
federal government and how they coincide. They
believed that if their individual state did not support a
law they could override federal laws.
61. Jackson Destroys National Bank
• Andrew Jackson was a president who was deeply opposed to concentrated power and therefore, was an advocate for breaking up
the national bank. Jackson was a member of the “hard money” group that believed that gold and silver were to be used only as a
basis for currency. They also believed in ideas like public virtue and were suspicious of expansion and speculation. Johnson
vetoed the recharter bill in 1832 and the bank debate was in full swing. When economic recession hit in 1834, Jackson blamed
Nicholas Biddle and Biddle’s supporters believed that he was placing his interests in the bank over other issues. As a result, the
banks failure for a recharter left the country in an economic plague.
• The bold effort the present (central) bank had made to control the government … are but premonitions of the fate that await the
American people should they be deluded into a perpetuation of this institution or the establishment of another like it. -Andrew
Jackson, warning the american people, 1834
• Politics and Power - The theme of politics and power is evident here because of uses the the presidential veto and removing
officials that headed the national bank. Debates also took place between political parties over the existence of the bank.
62 The Panic of 1837
• The nations first economic depression caused when banks loaned too much money out for
Western expansion and hardship became widespread as cotton prices fell, businesses and banks
failed, and unemployment grew causing a financial panic in the first months of Van Buren's
presidency.

• "Those who look to the action of this government for specific aid to the citizen to relieve
embarrassments arising from losses by revulsions in commerce and credit, lose sight of the ends
for which it was created, and the powers with which it is clothed. It was established to give
security to us all. … It was not intended to confer special favors on individuals. … The less
government interferes with private pursuits, the better for the general prosperity." - Martin Van
Buren in response to the Panic of 1837.

• Economic- The Panic of 1837 was caused completely by poor economic decisions
such as Jackson’s species circular, placing surplus funds in treasuries, and using
government funds to pay off debt.
Horace Mann
• Horace Mann was considered by many to be the Father of the Common School. Horace
Mann began his career of advocating for education reform when he was elected to the
Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837. He continued to fight to ensure that every
child would have free education through taxes. Later many states adopted his idea and
today they are still in effect

• “Education then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the
conditions of men, the balance -wheel of the social machinery” -Horace Mann

• Belief System- Horace Mann and the education reform fall under this theme because it is
an American idea that everyone should be able to control their own destiny and should
not be deprived of anything, including an education due to the lack of money.
 By: Alex DiMarco

65. Election of 1840

● This United States presidential election that took place during a
recession from the Panic of 1837 saw Martin Van Buren (D) run
against William Henry Harrison (W), in which Harrison won by
appealing to the general public as a common man through the
use of campaign slogans/songs.

● “There is nothing more corrupting, nothing more destructive of

the noblest and finest feelings of our nature, than the exercise of
unlimited power.”- William Henry Harrison

● Politics and Power - this election came was a duel between the
Whig and Democratic parties that ultimately saw Harrison
become president because of his claims as being a common man
or normal citizen in office who supports all Americans, not just
the wealthy ones.
64. Trail of Tears, 1838
• In order to provide white settlers with land, President Andrew
Jackson had the remaining Native Americans removed from their
homes, forcing them to march to a specially designated “Indian
territory” via an extremely rough path known as the Trail of Tears,
which covered thousands of miles and provided the Indians with a
most unpleasant journey.
• "I saw the helpless Cherokees arrested and dragged from their homes, and driven at the bayonet point
into the stockades. And in the chill of a drizzling rain on an October morning I saw them loaded like
cattle or sheep into six hundred and forty-five wagons and started toward the west....On the morning of
November the 17th we encountered a terrific sleet and snow storm with freezing temperatures and
from that day until we reached the end of the fateful journey on March the 26th 1839, the sufferings of
the Cherokees were awful. The trail of the exiles was a trail of death. They had to sleep in the wagons
and on the ground without fire. And I have known as many as twenty-two of them to die in one night of
pneumonia due to ill treatment, cold and exposure..." - Private John G. Burnett, Captain Abraham
McClellan's Company; 2nd Regiment, 2nd Brigade, Mounted Infantry; Cherokee Indian Removal 1838-
39
• Peopling (Movement and Migration) - The Native Americans being
forced to move away from the land that they had always occupied
paved the way for more land to be settled and developed by the
American people and government, but it also demonstrated how
American ambition can cost others dearly.
 66 Manifest Destiny
• Manifest Destiny was the belief, firmly held by the
US people during the 1800’s, that it was their
destiny by God to expand its territory and influence
from the Atlantic East coast to the Pacific West
coast of North America.
• “Other nations have tried to check ... the
fulfillment of our manifest destiny to
overspread the continent allotted by
Providence for the free development of our
yearly multiplying millions” (John Louis
O’Sullivan).
• American Expansion: It has always been
American nature to expand to new lands just as
their ancestors traveled to the continent in the
first place with hearts set on exploration.
 67. The Annexation of Texas
After a joint resolution between the two houses of Congress, and with the support of James K. Polk, the Republic of
Texas, which contained parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming, was admitted into the United
States on December 29, 1845.

“…the annexation of Texas [is] now all- important to the security and future peace and prosperity of our union, and I hope
there are a sufficient number of pure American democrats to carry into effect the annexation of Texas … No temporizing
policy or all is lost” -Andrew Jackson

America and the World- The Annexation of Texas is in this theme under expansionism,
because the United States is growing and expanding its territory. It also includes annexing
and independent nation, and leads to conflict with Mexico.
 68.Mexican-American War

• A conflict right after the annexation of Texas due to America's desire for manifest destiny and westward
expansion as well as slavery despite the rights of the indigenous people already residing on the
land;Mexico was internally corrupted and declined the United States when James Polk (the President) had
sent John Slidell to Mexico to negotiate a settlement in Texas thus resulting in a war lasting from 1846-
1848 over the territory.
• "The Mexican War is part of the mission of the destiny allotted to the Anglo-Saxon race on this continent.
It is our destiny, our mission to Americanize this continent.... The sword is the great civilizer" -Ashbel
Smith, (former) Sec. of State of the Texas Republic [1846]
• Territorial Expansion and Manifest Destiny- The United States dedicated their efforts to expanding its
nation and becoming the dominant country, the Mexican-American war develops that
theme because of its political involvement in confiscating Mexico’s rights from the land.
69 Wilmot Proviso
● After James K. Polk asked for 2 million dollars for purchasing peace with
Mexico, David Wilmot, Pennsylvania senator, introduced the Wilmot
Proviso, which prohibited slavery in any territory gained from Mexico.
This amendment never got approved by Congress due to the Southern
representatives.
● "Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the
acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United
States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and
to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said
territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted."
-David Wilmot
● Identity- Wilmot Proviso dealt with the identities of Africans Americans
in any territory gained by the US from Mexico. This was an issue over
race and trying to stop the expansion of slavery into the West. The Wilmot
Proviso fit with this theme because David Wilmot was trying to free
African American of slavery in territory in the West and stop the
expansion of this harsh treatment of humans.
70. Mormons migrated to Utah (1847-1848)
• In the year of 1847, Brigham Young led a group of 148
mormon pioneers to Salt lake City, Utah. The mormons
went on this 177 mile journey in order to seek religious
and political freedom. Those 148 pioneers would later
bring 100,000’s of mormons to the new lands.
• “All such enterprises were financed by voluntary tithes,
which meant that each man and his team labored for the
church one day in ten and contributed one-tenth of his
crops, one-tenth of the increase in livestock, and one-
tenth in produce” -”Brigham Young” in Lenoard J.
Arrington, The presidents of the Church(1986)
• Peopling: The mormons traveling on the mormon trail
seeking freedom is an example of them traveling through
migrations and movement. They were in the US near
Nebraska and traveled in large groups all the way across
the nation to Utah.
71. Seneca Falls Convention

● The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was a convention organized by

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.Anthony. They organized this
convention to discuss women's rights and organize a plan to earn their
suffrage. The Convention occurred from July 19th 1848 to July 20th 1848.
● “We hold these truths to be self evident that all men and women are
created equal.” -Elizabeth Cady Stanton
● This event reflects the American theme of Identity because it was gender
related, the women leading the Convention strived for equality for
men/women.
72. Mexican Cession 1848
• In 1848 following the Mexican-American war the treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, ending the war
between the United States and mexico while also ceding
the territory for $15 million dollars. The united States
bought the 529,000 sq. miles as the third largest
acquisition of land in US history.
• “It is America’s right to stretch from sea to shining sea.
Not only do we have a responsibility to our citizens to
gain valuable natural resources we also have a
responsibility to civilize this beautiful land” (Thomas
Jefferson).
• America in the World- The purchasing of this territory
was not only from the result of a war with another nation
but leads to America expanding and interacting with its
borders with other country to do so.
 73. California Gold Rush, 1849
During a time of westward expansion and frontier boundary change, California
quickly became inhabited with those looking for gold. In 1848 the discovery of
gold in Coloma, California attracted more than 100,000 people in two years.
Most didn’t did not strike it rich, but they settled around after discovering thaat
the land was good for agriculture. The rush had many die on the Oregon,
California, and Gila River Trail.

“I have left those that I love as my own life behind and risked
everything and endured many hardships to get here. I want to
make enough to live easier and do some good with, before I return”
-S.
Shufelt
PEOPLING: The mass migration of people from the midwest and oregon to
California. Most did not flourish because of gold but they did build towns and
ports and settled in the new are. California’s accessto the pacific ocean
allowed major cities like Sanfrancisco to develop as trade centers.
74. Compromise of 1850
On January 29, 1850, Senator Henry Clay, proposed a
series of resolutions in attempt to seek a compromise
because of the crisis’ between the Northern and Southern
states. The compromise of 1850 included 5 separate bills
which caused confrontations between free and slave states
regarding territorial status. The compromise reduced
sectional conflict and was greeted with relief, although
specific provisions were disliked by both sides.

“”My judgment is that neither House of Congress, nor

both combined, have any right to interfere in the count. It is
for the Vice-President to do it all.... There should be no
compromise of our Constitutional rights.” says Rutherford
Birchard Hayes.

Peopling: The Fugitive slave law, which was included in

the compromise of 1850, was one of the most controversial
elements in the compromise. It required that all escaped
slaves, upon capture, were to be returned to their masters.
Those who turned escaped slaves in were given a reward
and those who aided them were punished.
76. Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act, made by Stephen Douglas,
was passed in the 1850s during the pre-Civil War era and
established popular sovereignty, allowing the settlers of a
territory to decide whether or now to allow slavery.
• The doctrine of self government is right--absolutely and
eternally right--but it has no just application, as here
attempted. Or perhaps I should rather say that whether it
has such just application depends upon whether a Negro
is not or is a man. If he is not a man, why in that case, he
who is a man may, as a matter of self-government, do
just as he pleases with him. But if the Negro is a man, is it
not to that extent, a total destruction of self-government,
to say that he too shall not govern himself? - Stephen
Douglas (October 16, 1854)
• Identity - The Kansas-Nebraska Act defined the racial
identities of African-Americans in each territory, whether
they would be slaves or free men. It also defined the
identity of the state, whether or not it would allow slavery
and which side it agreed with, the North or the South.
77. Founding of the Republican Party, 1854
• The Republican party was founded on March 20, 1854 in Ripson, Wisconsin to oppose
the spread of slavery after the Whig party failed to do so.

• “I am a republican, a black, dyed in the wool Republican, and I never intend to belong
to any other party than the party of freedom and progress.”- Fredrick Douglass

• Politics and Power: The Republican Party was founded as a United States political party
to have power in America.
78 Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857
• The Supreme Court case in which a Missouri slave sued for his
freedom, stating that his stay in Illinois (free territory), made him a
free man, however, the Supreme Court disagreed saying he couldn’t
sue because he wasn’t a citizen, but property.
• [Former slaves and their descendants had] “...no rights which the
white man was bound to respect.” -Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
• Identity- This case, and the ruling against Dred Scott,
identified how African-Americans were thought of;
this ruled that all slaves or former slaves were not people
or citizens, but rather pieces of property.
79. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
(1858) • The Lincoln-Douglas Debates were a series of seven debates, discussing slavery, the
Dred Scott decision, and popular sovereignty, between Abraham Lincoln, the
Republican candidate, and Stephen Douglas, the Democratic candidate, for the Senate
race in Illinois in 1858.

• “ ‘A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe this government cannot endure,
permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not
expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one
thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it
and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of
ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful
in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.”
Excerpt from Abraham Lincoln's speech, "A House Divided"

• Politics and Power- both debaters were discussing their views as a means to be voted
into a political position and demonstrates their power and if they are a good candidate
for the Senate; the topics discussed also foreshadowed the upcoming issues Lincoln
would have to deal with in his role as Senator and later as President
John Brown Raid
● “I, John Brown am now quite certain that the
crimes of this guilty land will never be purged
away but with blood.” - John Brown
● John Brown led a group of 18 men into the
town of Harper’s Ferry on October 16, 1859
with the plan of instituting a slave rebellion in
West Virginia. He attempted to take over a
federal arsenal but was stopped when troops
arrived from Washington and was then
executed in Virginia.
● Belief Systems - The idea of the raid was fueled
through Brown’s abolitionist beliefs. He
wanted to start the rebellion in order to free the
slaves within the South versus the belief of
those in the South that are pro-slavery.
81) Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln won the election over
Douglas, Breckenridge, and Bell with the
Republican platform of the non-extension of
slavery, protective tariff, no abridgment of
rights, government aid to build pacific
railroads, internal improvements, and free
homesteads.

“I fully appreciate the present peril the country

is in, and the weight of responsibility on me.”
--December 22, 1860 Letter to
Alexander Stephen

Politics and power: Lincoln represented the

what american society thought the role of
politicians should be and the Republican
platform fully supported the liberty and rights
of the people.
82 Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1. Uncle Tom’s cabin was a novel written
by Harriet Beecher Stowe describing the
life and brutal death of a slave by the
hands of his owner.
2. “Truth is the kindest thing we can give
folks in the end” - Harriet Beecher Stowe
3. This novel can be linked to the strong
abolitionist movement, for its detailed
account of cruelty towards another
human beiing as well as the the theme
of womens equality due to the fact that
it was a praised novel and written by a
woman
 87. Southern Secession
The secession of Southern States led to the establishment of the
Confederacy and ultimately the Civil War. It was the most serious secession
movement in the United States and was defeated when the Union armies
defeated the Confederate armies in the Civil War, 1861-65.

“We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is
hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance adopted by us in convention on the twenty-third day of May, in
the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States
of America was ratified, and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly of this State ratifying
amendments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed; and that the union now subsisting between South
”
Carolina and other States, under the name of the "United States of America," is hereby dissolved.
Done at Charleston the twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty.
-South Carolina Ordinance of Secession

South Carolina, like many southern states of the time, believed that the differences between the
north and south had grown too drastic to continue as a union. This, and the dispute over slavery
lead to the souths eventual secession
(BAGPIPE Beliefs)
83. Fort Sumter, 1861
Tensions from both the Union and the newly formed Confederacy, after
South Carolina seceded from the Union, led to the Battle of Fort Sumter
on April 11, 1861, where Confederate forces demanded that the Unions
soldiers who were occupying Fort Sumter evacuate immediately and
later fired upon them. While no soldiers were killed in the battle, the
fight led to the beginning of the Civil War.

“Our Southern brethren have done grievously; they have rebelled and
have attacked their father’s house and their loyal brothers. They must
be punished and brought back, but this necessity breaks my heart” -
Major Robert Anderson, who was involved in the Battle of Fort Sumter.

Politics and Power-The Battle of Fort Sumter was a political ploy created
by the South in order to affirm their position and their fears of Union
influence over slavery as well as asserting the fact that the Confederacy
wanted to be separate from the Union.
84. Homestead Act, 1862
The Homestead Act was passed by Abraham Lincoln in 1862
and it encouraged western migration by giving US citizens
160 acres of land.

“In 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, a bill

opening one half million square miles of territory in the
western United States for settlement.”-Peter Agre

Politics and Power- The government passed a law giving

people the ability to migrate west and acquire land, but
some people had to pay a small fee and everyone had to
live there five years before receiving complete ownership
of the land.
 85. Morrill Land-Grant Act 1862
• In the year of 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Land
Grant Act to establish schooling specializing in agriculture and the
mechanic arts. The Act was influenced by Vermont Congressman Justin
Smith Morrill to fund the creation of new schools while other states
sought after building “A&M” colleges.

• “ … without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including

military tactic, to teach such branches of learning as are related to
agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of
the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and
practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and
professions in life.” - Justin Smith Morrill, 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act

• Politics and Power - The passage of the bill in Congress can be attributed
to the advocacy and intuition of politician Justin Morrill and the
agreement to sign such an act on July 2, 1862 by Abraham Lincoln
during his presidency.
86 The Emancipation Proclamation
Colette Bucher

The Emancipation Proclamation freed all the Slaves in the Confederate

States on January 1, 1863, three years after the Civil War started.
While it did not end slavery everywhere it boosted moral and let the
recently freed slaves volunteer to join the army. It was a precursor to
the 13th amendment, and a large step forward for freedom.

“I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said
designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be
free” Abraham Lincoln.

Identity- This proclamation changed the identity of African Americans

in the United States. Most went from slaves to free people, but for all
this was a sign of hope and a start towards a better identity.

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/
87. Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, 1863

Vicksburg was the battle that gave the Union control of Mississippi,
and Gettysburg was the turning point of the war towards a Northern
victory; General Grant led the Union in both battles.

“I believe there was a feeling of sadness among the Union soldiers

at seeing the dejection of their late antagonists." Written by General
Ulysses S. Grant describing the bloody scene of the battlefields

Politics and Power- Both of the battles gave the Union the upper
hand in the fight to end slavery. Vicksburg was fought to gain control
of the capital state of the Confederacy and cripple the south, and
the win at Gettysburg gave Lincoln the political power to instate the
Emancipation Proclamation
88. Appomattox Court House, 1865
After four years of war between the Union and the Confederacy,
Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union general
Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia, marking
the end of the Civil War.

“I will state, General, that I am equally anxious for peace with

yourself, and the whole North entertains the same feeling… By the
South laying down their arms they will hasten that most desirable
event, save thousands of lives, and hundreds of millions of property
not yet destroyed” Ulysses S. Grant in response to Lee’s letter of
proposing a surrender of the Confederacy at Appomattox.

Identity: After the surrender at Appomattox, various innovations in

America appeared politically, socially, and economically. Many
associate this meeting between Lee and Grant the end of the
infamous Civil War. This caused a significant change in the way the
North and the South were classified, the secession of the South
meant that “being Southern” didn’t solely serve as supporting
slavery as it previously did before the war.
89. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 1865

• The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln was Carried out by John Wilkes Booth, on April 15, 1865
in Ford’s Theater. Booth shot Lincoln in the back of the head, Lincoln was later brought to a
small house across the street where he later died.
• “Sic semper tyrannis!” -John Wilkes Booth after shooting Lincoln.
• Politics and power: Booth was under the impression
that killing Lincoln would allow the south to achieve a
much better peace.
90.) The Freedmen's Bureau - 1865
• The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government agency created in the aftermath
of the Civil War to act as a welfare agency to help people in the south (most
importantly newly emancipated slaves) who had been made destitute by
the war. The Bureau provided food, water, shelter, and education to those
who needed it, and it is best remembered for the over 3000 schools it
opened.

• “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United

States of America in Congress assembled, That there is hereby established in
the War Department, to continue during the present war of rebellion, and
for one year thereafter, a bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned
lands, to which shall be committed, as hereinafter provided, the supervision
and management of all abandoned lands, and the control of all subjects
relating to refugees and freedmen from rebel states,” -First line of the
Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1865

• Theme: Politics and Power - This was a major example of the increased
power of the federal government after the Civil War, and showed the
government becoming involved in creating welfare welfare projects for the
first time in the nation’s history.
 (Racial and Ethnic) Identity-
91. The thirteenth amendment ties in with the
acknowledgement of different ethnicities not being
below “white men”. It symbolizes the
acknowledgement that all men are equal with no rights
over one another.

The thirteenth amendment was added to the constitution to abolish slavery, it was ratified in
1865.

"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal."
-Abraham Lincoln
92 Purchase of Alaska- 1867
The purchase of Alaska was
the transaction in 167 in
which the United States
Secretary of State William
Henry Seward purchased
Alaska from Russia for $7.2
million, a bargain considering
the amount of gold and
natural resources that were
discovered in the region.

“The United States has already

gotten 425 times over the $7 million
purchase price it paid to imperial
Russia, in gold, metals, minerals,
timber, and oil.”
Congressman Joe Evins (D-Tenn.)
Congressional Record, 1958.

Politics and Power- The

purchase of Alaska in 1867
marked the end of Russian
efforts to expand trade and
settlements to the Pacific
Coast of North America, and
became an important step in
the United States’ rise as a
great power in the Asia-
Pacific.
94. Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment
Trial 1868
President Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment Trial finally took place in
1868 when Republicans had believed that Johnson had dismissed
the Secretary of War Stanton even though Congress did not agree
with his dismissal. Johnson had then violated the Tenure of Office
Acts.

“Who does not know, that from the hour [Johnson] began these, his
usurpations of power, he everywhere denounced Congress, the
legality and constitutionality of its action, and defied its legitimate
power.” ~Benjamin Butler, House Prosecutor 1868

The theme would be Reconstruction because his reason for

dismissing Stanton was because Stanton did not agree with
Johnson’s Reconstruction policies. Johnson’s prefered not to be as
oppressive towards the southern states as Stanton would have
prefered.

~Kayla Smith
95
The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868
and allowed citizenship to all people who
were born or naturalized in the United
States, including former slaves.

Identity: After the ratification of the 14th

Amendment, the United States
reestablished equal rights among all citizens
of the United States regardless of race and
allowed every citizen equal protection.

“You will search in vain in the Constitution of the United States

… for that word white, it is not there . . . The omission of this
word — this phrase of caste — from our national charter, was
not accidental, but intentional.”
-John Bingham, “Father of the Fourteenth
Amendment”
96
97. Standard Oil
1870 Overview:
• Standard Oil was an American oil company founded by John D. Rockefeller, William
Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, Samuel Andrews, Stephen V. Harkness and Oliver Burr
Jennings in the heart of the industrial revolution.
• This company was one of the first to use “Trusts” to their advantage and went on to be
one of the biggest, richest companies of all time.
• Part of Standard Oil’s Success was because of its horizontal integration. In this,
Standard Oil controlled all of one part of the oil market
(production/drilling/manufacturing mainly in their case as a lot of smaller companies
had gone out of business) and essentially created a monopoly in that area.

Quote: “If it has taught us anything, it is that our present law-makers, as a body, are
ignorant, corrupt and unprincipled; that the majority of them are, directly or indirectly,
under the control of the very monopolies against whose acts we have been seeking relief.
”
― Ida Tarbell, The History Of The Standard Oil Company

Politics and Power: Standard Oil contributed to power in that it showed the American
people how powerful not only the industrial revolution had become, but also how
powerful specific companies had become. It also contributed to politics in that because of
Standard Oil, Anti-Trust act laws, such as the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, got passed.
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil set precedents surrounding all businesses as monopolies and some trusts
started to become outlawed.
98 Knights of Labor Created, 1869
Created in 1869 as a labor union that accepts any workers and wants
industries to be owned by the laborers, so that there is fair labor
conditions

It is a society of laborers which is about to be liberated from the

ferrets of labor, and this society does no longer know of those other
higher and more meaningful activities for the sake of which this
freedom would deserve to be won

Economy- These knights fought for better labor conditions that affects
the economy directly through the raise of wages which would increase
price of production for products
 1869
99 - Wyoming Gives Women the Right to Vote
● In 1869 Wyoming ( ) became the first state to grant women the right to
vote, which would only spread, starting from the West.
● “The vote of women transformed Wyoming from barbarism to civilization” - a typical
campaign point by women in the East seeking suffrage.
● Identity - With gender roles changing, this was the icebreaker of a cascade of
state suffrage acts that gave women a voice, changing their identity from
subservient to independent.
● Importance: People in Wyoming supported women’s rights for one of two
main reasons: they believed in equality, or they were lonely and wanted
women to move to the state. In the end, suffrage granted Wyoming national
publicity and more people.
100. Battle of Little Bighorn, 1876
❖ Also known as “Custer’s Last Stand”, this battle was a brutal combat between
the northern tribe indians and the U.S. Cavalry, led by Lt. Col. George Custer.
Custer was ordered to explore and purchase the Blacks Hills of the Great Sioux
Reservation. However, the Sioux Indians showed their refusal by waging war.
The U.S. Cavalry attempted to defeat the indians several times but failed and the
Sioux won the battle. Unfortunately, powerful Army expeditionary forces
invaded the Sioux reservations, and within one year, the Black Hills were taken General George Custer
by the U.S.
❖ “You are the White Eagle who has come to steal the road. The Great Father (the
president) sends us presents and wants us to sell him the road, but the White
Chief comes with the soldiers to steal it before the Indian says yes or no. I will
talk with you no more. I will go now and fight you! As long as I live I will fight Sioux Leaders
you for the last hunting grounds of my people.”
-Red Cloud, a Sioux Warrior, during a peace meeting with the U.S.
government.
❖ Politics and Power - The Battle of Little Bighorn was one of the worst U.S. Army
defeats against the Indians. The gruesome battle outraged many Americans and
viewed the Indians as wild. However, the U.S. government increased efforts to
take back the land of the Blacks Hills, and moved the Sioux and Cheyenne to a
different reservation.
101 Election of 1876
• One of the most infamous elections in American history, Samuel Tilden, a Democrat from New York, ran
against Republican Rutherford B. Hayes.
• Although Tilden received 184 electoral votes, to Hayes’ 165, four states had a disputed vote, with each
party claiming that they had won in each state. The result was the compromise of 1877, which awarded the
disputed votes to Hayes, making him the winner of the election, and in return, the Republicans agreed to
withdraw troops from the south and end reconstruction.

• “The fact that two great political parties have in this way settled a dispute in regard to which good men
differ as to the facts and the law no less than as to the proper course to be pursued in solving the question in
controversy is an occasion for general rejoicing.” (Rutherford B. Hayes inaugural address).
• This election resulted in the second of three “Corrupt Bargains” in American history, the other two coming
from the 1824 election, in which no candidate received enough electoral votes, and the other coming from
the pardoning of Richard Nixon in 1972.
102. The Great Railroad Strike
of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 occurred on July 14 in Martinsburg,
West Virginia when employees of the railroad company broke out in a
revolt, when they had their wages cut multiple times, and many other
revolts spontaneously arose in other cities. Militias were sent to
suppress revolters, but refused to use force, so President Hayes sent
troops. Troops went from one city to the next suppressing each strike,
and a mere 45 days after the strike began, it ended.

“one spirit and one purpose among them -- that they were justified in
resorting to any means to break down the power of the corporations.”
~ Pittsburgh State Militiaman under orders of taking down the strikes

Economic Transformations- The end to the Civil War saw an increase

in the production of railroads, but as funding for the railroads
decreased over time the wages of the railroad workers got cut
multiple times. In response to the wage cuts, the railroad workers
went on strike and demanded that their wages be raised back to a
reasonable amount, and the strike lasted until the military sent troops
to break it up.
103 103: Chief Joseph Surrenders (1877)

Chief Joseph, of the Nez Perce tribe, surrenders to the U.S. army on October 5,
1877 just 40 miles short, after a few battles and skirmishes, of the Canadian border
after he and his people attempted to escape capture and forced relocation to a
comparatively tinier reservation by the U.S.
Peopling: This relates to
Manifest Destiny, and more
specifically the treatment and
removal of natives already
residing in areas sought to be
settled by the United States in
their expansion and conquer of
the west.
 One of its (Garfield’s assassination) lessons,
perhaps its most important lesson, is the
folly, the wickedness, and the danger of the
extreme and bitter partisanship which so
largely prevails in our country.”
- Rutherford B. Hayes, in a letter to Emile
Kahn (October 1, 1881)
On July 2 1881, less than four months
after being elected president, James
Garfield is shot to death by radical
lawyer and preacher Charles Guiteau
on the platform of a Potomac railroad
station.

Politics and Power- many Americans (including Charles

Guiteau) did not agree with the policies and political
philosophy of Garfield, nor the way his actions threatened to
destroy the Republican Party.

104) Assassination of James Garfield, 1881

105.) Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute, 1881
Founded on July 4, 1881, the Tuskegee Institute was the first formal school for
blacks, and Booker T. Washington’s way of advocating for them to better
themselves through education and economic success rather than fighting for
equal rights.

“At the bottom of education, at the bottom of politics, even at the bottom of
religion, there must be for our race economic independence.”
-Booker T. Washington

Identity- Booker T. Washington’s sole purpose for founding the Tuskegee

Institute was not only to support self reliance, but also to teach students that
manual labor is both practical and beautifully dignified, and furthermore
promote black’s societal status.
 106. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
The chinese exclusion act of 1882 was a law in the United States that suspended the immigration of all chinese laborers into
the United States. This law was only meant to last 10 years, but because of its many expansions the law was basically in
effect until WWII. This act was signed by the president at the time Chester A. Arthur whom was strongly supported by
most labor unions and most unskilled workers because of the increased competition in the job market.

“I am satisfied the present Chinese labor invasion (it is not in any proper sense immigration--women and children do not
come) is pernicious and should be discouraged. Our experience in dealing with the weaker races--the negroes and Indians,
for example--is not encouraging. We shall oppress the Chinamen, and their presence will make hoodlums and vagabonds of
their oppressors. I therefore would consider with favor suitable measures to discourage the Chinese from coming to our
shores. But I suspect that this bill is inconsistent with our treaty obligations.... If it violates the National faith, I must
decline to sign it” (Rutherford Birchard Hayes).

Racial Superiority: The white race in the United States at this time shows with the chinese exclusion act that they think they
are better than all the other races. This is similar with what happened with the Native Americans when they refused to
accept American life they were kicked off their land. By passing the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 Americans are again
showing their belief that they are the superior race of the world.
107. Pendleton Civil Service Act
The pendleton civil service act was passed in 1883 and stated that federal government
jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected
through competitive exams. It made it illegal to demote/fire any government officials for
political reasons and made it illegal to solicit campaign donations on Federal government
property. Also the act created the Civil Service Committee.
“Now for civil service reform. Legislation must be prepared and executive rules and maxims. We must limit
and narrow the area of patronage. We must diminish the evils of office-seeking. We must stop interference
of federal officers with elections. We must be relieved of congressional dictation as to appointments.”
- Rutherford B. Hayes wrote in his diary on April 22nd, 1877
Politics and Power: This act directly relates to power within politics; It prevents parties from dominating the
branches of the government. It makes sure that government employees are selected for their skills rather
than based on the benefit they could provide for their party. It eliminates people from getting a job based on
inheritance or affiliation. Ultimately it make sure a party cannot dominate the government through the
selection of jobs.
108. Haymarket Square Riot, 1886
On May 4th, 1886, at Haymarket Square, in Chicago, Illinois, around 1,500 Chicago workers were having a peaceful
labor demonstration, protesting for an 8 hour work day, and in reaction to police killings of strikers the day
before. While police officers moved in to break up the demonstration, a bomb was thrown at the them by an
unknown protester, exploding. In reaction to the bomb, the remaining police officers then opened fire on the
crowd, resulting in many deaths and injuries. In the aftermath, eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy for
the Haymarket Square Riot.

“No single event has influenced the history of labor in Illinois, the United States, and even the world, more than
the Chicago Haymarket Affair. It began with a rally on May 4, 1886, but the consequences are still being felt
today. Although the rally is included in American history textbooks, very few present the event accurately or
point out its significance.”-William J. Adelman

Economy: The Haymarket Square Riot was at first a protest for workers’ rights to an 8 hour workday (a labor
demonstration), and after the convictions of the eight anarchists for conspiracy, many labor organizers viewed
them as martyrs.
109. American Federation of Labor created, 1886

• The American Federation of Labor was created as a union for the skilled
which was comprised of many smaller unions, this conglomerate entity
kicked of the union movement which still stands strong today.
• “[The labor movement is] a movement of the working people, for the
working people, by the working people, governed by ourselves, with its
policies determined by ourselves…”- Samuel Gompers, Proceedings of the
Convention. Washington, D.C. 1886
• Economy- the creation of the American Federation of Labor was an
economic event, though some may contest that it is more aligned with
politics and power. It is indeed aligned with economy because it signaled a
change in the way that America’s economic system worked, with laborers
having more of an impact on their working world than they have ever had in
the past. This allowed them to better decide how they will earn money.
 110. Dawes Severalty Act, 1887
• In an attempt to assimilate the native American tribes into white
culture the government passed the Dawes Act to dissolve the
communal ownership of tribal land and divide it into sections to be
owned by individual natives and their families; essentially turning
the Indians into farmers.
• “The Indian may now become a free man; free from the thralldom
of the tribe; freed from te domination of the reservation system;
free to enter into the body of our citizens. This bill may therefore be
considered as the Magna Carta of the Indians of our country” -
Alice Fletcher
• Identity- The Native Americans were forced to relocate to
reservations and then they were forced to dissolve their tribal
lands; though the whites thought they were helping the natives, but
the government was just trying to mold the Indians’ identity to it’s
own pre-approved definition of identity.
111. Jane Addams founded Hull House, 1887
A middle-class woman, Jane Addams,
dedicated to uplifting the urban masses,
established the Hull House in Chicago in
1889, the most prominent American
settlement house, mostly for immigrants.
Identity- Through the Hull
House, we are able to see
“Hospitality still survives the large diversity that is the
among foreigners, although it American melting pot.
is buried under false pride
among the poorest
Americans.”

- Jane Addams (1860–

1935), U.S. social worker
112

Gospel of Wealth- It was morally correct

for the rich to spread their wealth to and
provide for the poor

“The man who dies rich, dies disgraced.”

- Andrew Carnegie

Belief Systems - The Gospel of Wealth

was Andrew Carnegie’s belief system
that to solve the nation’s inequality of
money, the rich should administer their
riches to the poor but not the unworthy.
113 Jacob Riis -How the Other Half Lives, 1890
How the Other Half Lives through the use of vivid
photojournalism exposes the poor living conditions of
immigrants in the New York City tenements during the 1890s;
Jacob Riis intent was to enlighten the middle and upper class
Americans to the details of the crime, disease, filth and
poverty of the tenements.

“Slum dwellings were almost universally sunless, practically

airless, and poisoned by summer stenches. The hall is dark
and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies
back there.” - Jacob Riis

Reform - Jacob Riis as well as other muckrakers attempted to

reveal the plight of the poor. This urban reform created a
belief that middle-class Americans responsibility was to assist
immigrants in obtaining better housing, and ultimately a
middle-class lifestyle.
114 - Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890
The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first attempt by United States federal
courts to ban cartels, monopolies, and trusts that would concentrate
economic power into large corporations by manipulating prices.

"We can do nothing of good in the way of regulating and supervising these
corporations until we fix clearly in our minds that we are not attacking the
corporations, but endeavoring to do away with any evil in them. We are not hostile
to them; we are merely determined that they shall be so handled as to subserve the
public good. We draw the line against misconduct, not against wealth."
-- Teddy Roosevelt

Politics and Power- This Antitrust act centers around this particular theme
since the main concern about trusts was the misuse of power within the
economy because many big businesses were manipulating the system.
115. Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890
The Battle of Wounded Knee occurred in South Dakota, on December 1890. The
fight broke out when the Federal Army acted upon the requests of the local residents
of South Dakota to end the ritual of the Ghost Dance. The massacre caused casualties
as high as 250 for Native Americans, including women and children, while the
cavalry lost 25 men. It has known to be the last major conflict between the Native
Americans and the U.S army.

“They made us many promises, more than I can ― Dee Brown, Bury My
Heart at Wounded Knee:
remember, but they never kept but one; they promised to An Indian History of the
American West

take our land, and they took it.”

Belief Systems - While it could be argued that the conflict was caused by the
American’s belief of expansionism, Manifest Destiny, the major causation was
because of Native American’s Ghost Dance spiritual movement to protests against
reservations, which worried many local residents. With the increased ideological
tensions over a period of time, the Federal Army was involved and the Massacre
occurred abruptly.
116 Ellis Island
● Ellis Island was the biggest and busiest
immigrant inspection station from 1892 to 1954
and is located in New York. Millions of
immigrants arrived from northern and western
Europe and scandinavian countries. Many of
them were jews trying to escape from Germany
and Russia.
● “These men of many nations must be taught
american ways, the english language, and the
right way to live.” -Henry Ford
● Ellis Island relates to a theme of opportunity in
America, because millions of people went
through Ellis Island to have opportunities in life.
117- Homestead Strike, 1892

● Industrial strike and lockout, also known as the Homestead Steel

Strike.
● One of the worst labor disputes in US History.
● Dispute between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel
Workers and the Carnegie Steel Company.
● “But it’s fading as all events do & we are at work selling steel one
pound for a half a penny.” - Carnegie after the conclusion of the
strike.
● The strike shows how Americans fight for what they believe in
and what they think is right. This is present throughout history
and shows the nature of the American people.
 118- Panic of 1893
• Railroads & National Cordage Company declared bankruptcy, causing
the stock market to collapse.
• Bank failures followed due to investment into stock market.
• Farmers suffered depressed prices since 1887, prices
dropped even lower, affecting the largest group of the population.
• Overexpansion revealed America's dependence on railroads.
• 20% of the labor-force lost their jobs, 8,000 business shut
down, 156 railroads filed bankruptcy, & 400 banks failed.
• Prosperity didn’t return until 1901.
• Unemployment caused social unrest. In 1894, Jacob Coxey
announced
to, “send a petition to washington with boots on”
• “Coxey’s Army”- Unemployed march to the capital, lead by populist
businessman Jacob Coxey, advocating for massive public works
program to create jobs for the unemployed. Coxey was arrested and
followers were put into camps.
• Linked to the theme of Economy because of the economic state of
the nation during the late 1800’s.
119- Pullman Strike
• The Pullman Strike was a nation wide strike lead
by the American Railway Union in the summer
of 1894. The members of ARU lived in Pullman,
Illinois, where they dwelt in houses owned by
the Pullman Railroad Company, the same
company the strikers worked for. The ARU
choose to strike after the Pullman Company
raised rent without raising the workers wages.
Railroad workers across the nations struck out
of sympathy. The strike was eventually stopped
by Pres. Grover Cleveland, who sent in federal
troops to break the srikes.
• “If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a
postal card in Chicago, that card will be
delivered.”- Grover Cleveland, after ordering
● Links to the theme of Economics, and to a federal troops to break the strikes
lesser extent Politics and Power, as a labor
strike was broken up by Political intervention.
120- Plessy v. Ferguson
• A court case discussing Homer Plessy’s, a black male living in
Louisiana, ability to ride on a “white only” train car. The
Supreme court upheld the Jim Crowe laws of “Separate but
equal” ruling against Plessy 7-1.
• “In view of the constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in
this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens.
There is no caste here. Our constitution is color-blind, and
neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect
of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law.” - Justice
John Marshall Harlan, the only Supreme court justice to vote in
favor of Homer Plessy
• Identity- The transition of African Americans from slavery to a
free life was a tough one filled with much racism and
segregation. Homer Plessy among many others challenged this
oppressive lifestyle ultimately leading to the Civil Rights Act of
1964.
THe Election of 1896 #121
❖ The Populist Party and the Democratic Party
came together and both nominated William
Jennings Bryan as their candidate, while the
Republicans nominated William Mckinley; in
the end McKinley got elected.
❖ “Many factors led to bryan’s defeat. He was
unable to win a single state in the populous
Northeast. Laborers feared the free-silver idea
as much as their bosses. While inflation would
help the debt-ridden, mortgage-paying
farmers, it could hurt the wage-earning, rent-
paying factory workers.”-U.S.History.org
❖ This event links with the theme of economics,
since the main issues of the election of 1896
was the backing of money.
 122 The Spanish-American War, 1898
A war fought between the
Americans and the Spanish in which
America received Guam, Puerto
Rico, Philippines, and Hawaii. Spain
lost its colonial empire and the
United States became a Pacific
power.

“We could not leave them to themselves…

they were unfit for self-government...and
they would soon have anarchy and misrule
over there worse than Spain’s was...there
was nothing left for us to do but to take
them all and educate the Filipinos, and
uplift, and civilize and christianize them.”
William Mckinley on the Spanish American
War
Imperialism- While this war is not entirely imperialism, the result of the war
(the taking over of the Philippines and Cuba) is a form of expansionism
because the Americans instilled a new government and civilization to the
Filipinos.
123 Open Door Policy
● The Open Door Policy was a foreign affairs policy
enacted by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 that
proposed keeping China open to trade with all
countries equally, with no one country having
economic dominance over them.

● “The "Open Door" policy stands as one of the most

important policy statements ever issued by the U.S.
State Department.” - Lewis L. Gold, professor of
American history at University of Texas

● APUSH Theme: American in the World/Global

Context - I chose that theme because it
encompasses foreign policies and affairs, which the
Open Door Policy was.
125 - The assassination of William McKinley
• William McKinley, the 25th president of the US, was shot and fatally
injured by anarchist Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901 shortly
after his re-election--the shooting took place during the Pan-
American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, inside the Temple of
Music--the president died from the wounds on September 14th.

• “It was in my heart, there was no escape for me. I could not have
conquered it had my life been at stake. There were thousands of
people in town on Tuesday. I heard it was President's Day. All those
people seemed bowing to the great ruler. I made up my mind to kill
that ruler.” - Leon Czolgosz (statement to the police)

• APUSH Theme - Politics and Power - Czolgosz was an anarchist, and

according to his statement to the police he resented the President’s
power and authority as “the great ruler” and wanted to put a stop to
it.
126. Theodore Roosevelt Mediated Coal Miner’s
Strike
A strike by the United Mine Workers of America for higher wages, better
hours, and recognition. Threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to
big cities. Roosevelt suspended the strike and gave a 10% wage increase
and a 1 hour work time reduction. AKA anthracite coal strike.

“I ask that there be an immediate resumption of operations in the coal

mines in some such way as will...meet the crying needs of the people”
-Theodore Roosevelt

Economy- The coal strike dealt with work, wages, and labour systems, all
under the theme of economy in history. The strike also affected a major
resource therefore affecting the economy overall.
127 Wright Brothers flew first airplane,
1903

On December 17, 1903, Technology

during the era of invention “The desire to fly is an idea handed The advancements that the Wright
patents and Thomas down to us by our ancestors who, in their Brothers made in creating the first
Edison’s Menlo Park, the grueling travels across trackless lands in
Wright Brothers forever airplane capable of flight brought
prehistoric times, looked enviously on the
changed history by creating birds soaring freely through space, at full about the foundation of many
the first airplane capable of speed, above all obstacles, on the infinite airplanes that became crucial to
flight; as their 1903 glider- highway of the air.” U.S. military power as well as
prototype took off over Kill commerce.
Devil Hills, the winds of
128: Northern Securities Breakup
• The Northern Securities Company was a huge railroad trust, overbearing
the nation, formed by the notable America shapers including, J.P.
Morgan, and J. D. Rockefeller. The company was then sued under the
Sherman Antitrust Act by Theodore Roosevelt in his trust busting craze
in 1904.

• “It was the first example of Roosevelt’s use of anti-trust legislation to

dismantle a monopoly, in this case a holding company controlling the
principal railroad lines from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest.” -
Theodore Roosevelt Center

• Economy - The Northern Securities were over running the Railroad

Industry and the breakup of the trust was very beneficial to give
distribute the money evenly throughout the country.
129. Roosevelt Corollary, 1904
• An addition made to the Monroe Doctrine by Teddy
Roosevelt that stated that America had a right to intervene
in any conflicts between Europe and Latin America, justified
American intervention in the whole of the western
hemisphere, and made America an international police
power.
• "Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and
in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United
States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States,
however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or
impotence, to the exercise of an international police
power." -Theodore Roosevelt, 1904
• America in the world - The Roosevelt Corollary gave America
the title of international police power, involving them in all
foreign affairs concerning latin american countries and gave
them the right to intervene in any issue in the world that
involved the western hemisphere.
130 Hay- Bunau- Varilla Treaty
• Signed by the United States and Panama
November 18th, 1930; granting the U.S. the
right to build the Panama Canal
• "By far the most important action I took in
foreign affairs during the time I was President
was related to the Panama Canal,"
-Theodore Roosevelt
• America in the World: Because of the financial
disagreement between Columbia and
President Roosevelt, he (Roosevelt) responded
by dispatching U.S. warships to Panama City to
aid in Panamanian independence, later
resulting in the Republic of Panama and an
agreement to build the canal.
 131. Upton Sinclair Publishes The Jungle 1906

“Here was a population, low-

A novel written by Upton Sinclair
class and mostly foreign,
in 1906 to expose the harsh
hanging always on the verge of
conditions that immigrants
starvation, and dependent for its
underwent, but instead revealed
opportunities of life upon the
the poor sanitation of the
whim of men every bit as brutal
meatpacking industry and aided
and unscrupulous as the old-
in the passage of the Meat
time slave drivers” -Upton
Inspection Act
Sinclair, The Jungle

Economy→ Sinclair’s book revealed the inhumane conditions of immigrant factory workers and
advocated against the continuation of these practices in the economy
132. Model T Introduced, 1908
● Generally regarded as the first automobile produced by Henry
Ford’s Ford Motor Company from 1908 to 1927. Opened travel
to the common middle class because of Ford’s invention, the
assembly line.
● “I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be large enough
for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and
care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best
men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern
engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no
man making a good salary will be unable to own one...” ―
Henry Ford, My Life And Work
● “Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants
so long as it is black.” ― Henry Ford
● Economy- Ford’s assembly line and Model T led to the
enormous expansion in the American automobile industry.
133, NAACP organized 1909

• The National Association for the Advancement of Colored people,

also known as NAACP.
• NAACP was organized in 1909 and this organization became
quickly one of the most important civil rights organization in the
country.
• It was mainly composed of African Americans, but had many white
members in the organization, and their goal was to end
segregation and racial discrimination.
• “Children learn more from what you are than what you teach” -
W.E.B Du Bois
• Reform- W.E.B Du Bois was among the founders of NAACP and he
was a Racial Activist.
 134: Election of 1912
• Election of 1912: Between 4 candidates, Woodrow Wilson (Dem.), Teddy
Roosevelt (Progressive/Bull Moose), William H. Taft (Rep.), Eugene V. Debs
(Soc.). The Progressive Party platform (New Nationalism) was women’s suffrage,
graduated income tax, lower tariffs, minimum wage, no child labor, workmen’s
compensation. The Democratic Platform (New Freedom) was to eliminate trusts, support
small businesses, tariff reduction, strengthen Sherman Antitrust Act, no women suffrage.
Woodrow Wilson wins because of split in Republican party.
• “He was a fresh face, an articulate guy, mildly progressive, southern roots, northern
background,” Lewis L. Gould said of Wilson.
• Politics and Power: The election of Woodrow Wilson shifted the political power of the
presidency from Republican to Democratic and Wilson put his own stamp
on the Progressive Program and promised to tackle to the Triple Wall of
Priveledge.
 135: 16th Amendment
• The 16th amendment levied a national income tax directly upon the citizens of
the state. It stipulates that the tax shall not be intermediated by the state nor shall
it be affected by a state’s aggregate total. The amendment was added on
February 3rd, 1913.
• “Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1: The congress shall
have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes
from whatever source derived without apportionment
among the several states and without regard to census or
enumeration.”
• Economy: The 16th amendment directly affected
consumer spending; a critical aspect of the American
economy yet to date.

MA
 136: 17th Amendment
• In response to the people’s accusations during the Progressive
Movement that Senators used bribery to keep their power, Congress
passed the 17th Amendment that declared from then on that all
Senators were to be elected by direct vote of the people and not by
the state legislature.
• “Bribery is a weapon forbidden those who stand for right and justice-
who “fights the devil with fire” gives him choice of weapons, and
must lose to him, though seeming to win a few though dollars put in
the experienced hands of the heelers, and the senatorial general
agents of “the interests” is secure for another six years.”-David G.
Phillips, series of articles called The Treason of the Senate
• Politics and Power-this amendment shifted the political power of
choosing Senators from the dominant political party in the stage
legislature to the people; therefore effectively ending political
bosses
137 Federal Reserve System 1913
● A major reform and effect of the many panics that occurred during the time period, especially the Panic of
1907, and before World War I. Proposed by Wilson, it included the creation of twelve regional banks that
were controlled by individual banks in each region. The individual banks would put a certain percentage of
assets in each regional bank, which would then use the assets to support loans to private banks at a
discounted rate. This central banking system created Federal Reserve notes, a new currency, and funds
were able to be transported to troubled areas. However it also contributed to the Great Depression in the
1930’s.
● "When you or I write a check there must be sufficient funds in our account to cover the check, but when
the Federal Reserve writes a check there is no bank deposit on which that check is drawn. When the
Federal Reserve writes a check, it is creating money." - Putting it simply, Boston Federal Reserve Bank
● Economy, Work, Exchange, Trade, Technology-This banking system was created to regulate the smaller
banks that were scattered across the country. It circulated money to areas that needed it and centralized the
many banks that had previously caused panics because they had all been so different.
 138. Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914
- This was an amendment passed in 1914 that was put in effect to promote
competition in business and discourage the build up of large monopolies.
The Clayton Antitrust Act prohibited things such as price fixing and
discrimination and exclusive sales contracts. Though it prohibited some
things, it legalized peaceful strikes and boycotts against companies.
- “We are not hostile to them; we are merely determined that they shall
be handled as to subserve the public good. We draw the line against
misconduct, not against wealth” - Theodore Roosevelt.
- Economy - I put this act here because the act itself wants to force the big
businesses to use a larger portion of their net income to benefit society
instead of entirely the businesses use. This would ultimately reduce
the wealth gap in the nation and stimulate the tough times people had to
face.
139 - The Birth of a Nation (1915)
Extremely controversial film based on America in 1860’s, directed
by D.W. Griffith, criticized for glorifying the Ku Klux Klan and
demonizing African-Americans, praised for its innovative camera
techniques, revived the modern KKK, considered the first feature
motion picture.

“It is like writing history with lightning, and my only regret is that
it is all so terribly true.”
- Comment made by Woodrow Wilson after a White House
screening of the film.

Identity - while this film does stand out with its clearly
unprecedented techniques, the film encapsulates a racist
nationalism (and pure hatred) that most southern communities
had during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era. The film also
demonstrates disrespect for racial and ethnic identities, as well
as supremacist propaganda.
140- Pancho Villa’s Raid 1916
1. In March of 1916, a well known mexican revolutionary,
Pancho Villa, led an unsuccessful raid on the town of
Columbus New Mexico, resulting in the death of 17
americans. An angry President Woodrow Wilson then
ordered the Punitive Expedition which consisted of the
US Army unsuccessfully invading Mexico in an attempt
to capture General Villa.
2. “Our forces were scattered in little bunches throughout
the camp and vicinity but did very telling work. As soon
as the light was bright enough we made every shot
count and soon thoroughly discouraged the invaders.
About 6:30 the Mexican bugler sounded ‘Recall,’ it was
a welcome sound. The Mexicans began immediately to
retreat.” -Sergeant Fody
3. Politics and Power- The raid was a direct cause of the
Punitive Expedition, by means of revenge, which lasted
6 months and did not result in the capture of Francisco
Villa. Wilson called on the expedition to revenge the
deaths of the 17 americans, and to not seem weak to
the nation or congress while fighting a war overseas.
U.S. Entry into WWI- 1917
- The United States officially entered the first world war when German U-
boats sank the American ship, The Lusitania, killing nearly 1,200
americans. At about the same time, newspapers published an
intercepted telegram from German Foreign Secretary Arthur
Zimmerman that proposed a German-Mexican alliance. In return for
supporting Germany, Mexico was to reclaim the Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona territories. This helped to greatly increase American
support for the war.

- “There is a price which is too great to pay for peace, and that price can
be put in one word. One cannot pay the price of self-respect.”
- Woodrow Wilson

- Nationalism- The United States pride in it’s nation is one of the main
reasons for our entry. Once American’s were injured by the Germans,
and we were threatened with losing our territory, we joined the war. This
shows America’s strong nationalism and pride for our country.
142. The Fourteen Points
-Set of 14 distinct ideas proposed by Woodrow Wilson in which he included
recommendations of for post-war boundaries, principles of freedom of sea,
armament reduction, free trade, removal of secret meetings/agreements and
peaceful resolution of colonial claims as well a proposal of a league of nations to
resolve future issues. Of these 14 points, however only 4 were truly accepted post
war.

-“The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the
tested foundations of political liberty.”
-Woodrow Wilson
-Politics & Power/ Geography: 8 of the Fourteen Points were ideas dealing with
post-war boundaries which would in itself change the geography of the countries
affected. The rest of the points pertained towards foreign policy between nations
(ex:Open covenant and resolution of colonial claims), plus the idea of the League
of Nations was for a collective group of nations to serve as a regulator and
enforcer for the World
143 18th Amendment 1919
•On January 16, 1919, the Eighteenth
Amendment prohibited the making, transporting,
and selling of alcoholic beverages. (But not the
drinking of previously owned alcohol.)
•"Why don't they pass a constitutional
amendment prohibiting anybody from learning
anything? If it works as well as prohibition did, in
five years Americans would be the smartest race
of people on Earth."-Will Rogers
•Politics and Power- Prohibition attempts to
control man’s appetite by legislation and makes
crimes out of things that are not crimes.
144 Versailles Treaty defeated, 1919
The Treaty of Versailles of 1919, ending the war between Germany and the Allies,
was defeated by the Senate due to the inability of multiple republicans and
democrats to agree on the tenets of the treaty- more specifically, the feud between
Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge.

“The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other
nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her powerful good, and endanger her
very existence. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come, as in the years that have gone.
Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Beware how you trifle with your
marvelous inheritance; this great land of ordered liberty. For if we stumble and fall, freedom and
civilization everywhere will go down in ruin.”- part of Henry Cabot Lodge’s speech in Washington D.C (12
August 1919).

America in the World: Global Context- the rejection of the Treaty by congress
illustrates the still lingering foreign policy of avoiding foreign affairs created by
Washington’s farewell address, as well as the growing notion of America as a
dominant world power, which should not have to “be subordinate” to other
countries.
145 The Palmer Raids (1919-1920)
Led by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer, the Palmer Raids were conducted
during the height of the First Red Scare (1919-1920) and were performed to
incarcerate and deport radical socialists and anarchists.

"A mob is a mob, whether made up of Government officials acting under

instructions from the Department of Justice, or of criminals and loafers and
the vicious classes." -Massachusetts Judge George Anderson, court case in
which he ordered the release of seventeen arrested men (June 1920)

Politics and Power- Following World War I, The U.S. government feared the
influence of communism, and the Palmer Raids represent the federal
government’s attempt to eliminate the threat of radicalism.
146 19th Amendment 1920
• August 18, 1920 the 19th Amendment gave
women the right to vote.

• “There never will be complete equality until

women themselves help to make laws and
elect lawmakers.” - Susan B. Anthony

• Politics and Power: For the first time in

history, the government gave women the
right to voice their political opinions and
vote.
 147: National Origin Act, 1924
❖ As a result of an increase in Southern and Eastern European
migration, the congress passed this act to restrict the flow of
“New Immigrants”, allowing only 2% of the 1890 census.

❖ “Biological laws tell us that certain divergent people will not mix
or blend … the outcome shows deterioration on both
sides.” - Calvin Coolidge

❖ Peopling: Following the depression in the 1890s, there was

an increase in European immigration to the U.S. However, after
WWI, the arrival of foreigners decreased as a result of
immigration restrictions imposed in the 1920s.
148- The Teapot Dome Scandal 1923-1924

• Teapot Dome scandal - (1923-1924) involved giants

among the oil industry never returning “loans” and
corruption in the U.S. government during the harding
administration.

• “I have no trouble with my enemies. I can take care of

my enemies all right. But my damn friends, my god-
damned friends, White, they're the ones who keep me
walking the floor nights!” - Warren Harding

• Politics & Power: The oil industry at this time period

had a high influence in American politics, the Teapot
Dome Scandal caused many corporatives to be
accounted with mistrust as well as many government
officials.
149 The Scopes Trial 1925
• Substitute teacher John Scopes was put on trial for violating Tennessee’s Butler
Act, which made it illegal to teach evolution in a state funded school.

• “I do not consider it an insult, but rather a compliment to be called an agnostic.

I do not pretend to know where many ignorant men are sure — that is all that
agnosticism means.”
-Clarence Darrow

• Belief System: The nation as a whole was considered a

“Christian Nation” but for the first time the belief system

held by the majority of Americans was challenged.

The KKK March on Washington, 1925
On August 8th, 1925, the KKK marched through Washington DC to prove
that, despite recent steps toward equal rights for African Americans, they
were as powerful and resilient as ever.

“Klu Kluxism is least harmful and menacing when the sun shines on it.
Only in the dark can it make trouble. For that reason, we say, let them
parade.” -quote from “The Syracuse Herald”.

This event falls under the category of Ideas,

Beliefs, and Culture because the KKK members
believed that they were superior because of
their race and supported their bigotry by
twisting interpretations of Christianity.
151. Charles Lindbergh’s Flight,
1927
➢ The aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis, flew Charles Lindbergh from
New York to Paris in the first successful non-stop solo
transatlantic flight.
➢ “Not since the armistice of 1918 has Paris witnessed a downright
demonstration of popular enthusiasm and excitement equal to that
displayed by the throngs flocking to the boulevards for news of
the American flier, whose personality has captured the hearts of
the Parisian Multitude.” - New York Times, 1927
➢ Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture - Lindbergh became a hero overnight
because his flight helped instill safety and security in Americans
who were unsure about travelling by air.
152 Sacco and Vanzetti Executions of 1927
● Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were two Italian immigrants who were tried and wrongly executed for
murder in 1927, simply because they were immigrants in the US at a time in which immigrants were heavily
disliked.
● “But what good is the evidence and what good is the argument? They are determined to kill us regardless of
evidence, of law, of decency, of everything. If they give us a delay tonight, it will only mean they will kill us next
week. Let us finish tonight. I’m weary of waiting seven years to die, when they know all the time they intend to
kill us.”--Sacco, August 22, 1927, fifteen hours before he and Vanzetti were executed.
● Peopling- The influx of immigrants in the 1900’s led to the harsh response in convicting Sacco and Vanzetti of
murder due to the American’s distaste for immigrants at the time; when many years later the two italian
immigrants are believed to have been innocent.
153. The Jazz Singer : 1927
Historic milestone film best known for
being the “first” to put synchronized
dialogue and music into a film

The Jazz Singer fits best with technology

and economy because it was considered
the first film to have sound motion picture
and raised $3.5 million

“Wait a minute, wait a minute. You

ain't heard nothin' yet!”
-Al Jolson
 STOCK MARKET CRASH OF 1929
Definition Quote
The early twenties was a time of great
prosperity with stocks constantly rising “The wires to other cities were jammed with
leading many banks and people to invest frantic orders to sell. So were the cables, radio,
in the stock market thing it was a safe. and telephones to Europe and the rest of the
However, during 1929 unemployment world. Buyers were few, sometimes wholly
had risen and the market began to absent.... This was real panic.... When the closing
weaken. This left stocks being marketed bell rang, the great bull market was dead and
higher than their actual value. Soon
Theme in History aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa buried.” Jonathan
many investors started to sell huge
quantities of stock. This drastically aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Norton Leonard
The Stock Market Crash of
dropped the value of stocks and caused
many people and banks to lose their 1929 falls under the
investments in the stock market. category of economy
Consequently, the banks lost their because of the mass trading
investments and when people tried to of stocks and huge loss of
withdraw their money the bank couldn’t money.
pay it back, thus causing the Great
Depression.
 #155 Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Theme: Economy-
The Smoot-Hawley The affected the prices of
Tariff, named after the tariffs on the imports
Senators Reed Smoot that came into the US,
and Willis C. Hawley, which weakened our
was an act that raised economy more than it
U.S. Tariffs to a level already had been by the
that lengthened the primary igniters of the
time and intensity of Great Depression
the Great Depression.

“I almost went down on my knees to beg Herbert Hoover to veto the

asinine Hawley-Smoot Tariff.” - Thomas Lamont, a J.P. Morgan
partner
156 The Stimson Doctrine (1932)
The Stimson Doctrine is an idea thought up by Henry Stimson that the U.S. embodied that states the
U.S. would not recognize any territorial changes that were made with force.

“ The invasion of Manchuria by

Japan is a direct cause of the
installation of the Stimson Doctrine
by the Federal Government”

-Eric Hobsbawns (Historian)

America In the World - The Stimson Doctrine

was a showcase of american foreign
policy being established due to recent events
 157:Bonus Army, 1932
In the summer of 1932, a group of
World War 1 veterans who were out
of work, gathered in Washington
D.C to demand the payments of
their promised bonuses; the
president vetoed their pleas and
cleared the troops, causing an
outcry.

Politics & Power: President

Hoover used his power to veto “The movement was
Theme a bill because he believed it actually far deeper and
was not the role of the more dangerous than an
government to aid while still effort to secure funds from a
balancing the budget. He then nearly depleted federal
used his power to order troops treasury.”
to immediately clear out the - General Douglas
march. MacArthur
158 The First New Deal, 1933
• The First New Deal was implemented by Franklin
Roosevelt after he took office, which were a series
of experimental programs meant to provide
opportunities for those who were suffering from the
Great Depression.
• “Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we
have to fear is fear itself.” “I pledge you, I pledge
myself, to a new deal for the American people.” -
Franklin Roosevelt
• Economy: Work, Exchange/Trade, and Tech-
Franklin Roosevelt instituted the New Deal in order
to offset the effects of the Great Depression on
American society and stabilize the economy.
159: The Good Neighbor Policy, 1933
➢ A U.S. diplomatic policy presented by President Franklin
Roosevelt in 1933 that encouraged friendly relations and
mutual defense among the countries of the Western
Hemisphere.
➢ “In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the
policy of the good neighbor-the neighbor who resolutely
respects himself and, because he does so, respects the
rights of others” -President Franklin D. Roosevelt in
Inaugural Address March 4, 1933
➢ Politics and Power- President Roosevelt knew a war was
coming due to the brewing tensions in Europe and he
wanted to make sure that the Latin American countries
would side with the United States if necessary.
160. Dust Bowl, 1935

• During the Great Depression, located in the Great Plains the United States
suffered a harsh and tragic drought that hurt farm life, the economy, and
society called the Dust Bowl.

• “I went primarily to see at first hand conditions in the drought states; to see
how effectively Federal and local authorities are taking care of pressing
problems of relief… I talked with families who had lost their wheat crop, lost
their corn crop, lost their livestock, lost the water in their well, lost their garden
and come through to the end of the summer without one dollar of cash
resources, facing a winter without feed or food -- facing a planting season
without seed to put in the ground”. -Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Geography: The “desertification” factor of the Dust Bowl created human

interaction within the environment, including the migration of people and the
distribution of land and resources.
161. Second New Deal 1935
This legislation that Roosevelt and Congress passed between 1935 and 1938 was strikingly different from the
First New Deal in certain ways. Perhaps most important, the Second New Deal legislation relied more heavily
on the Keynesian style of deficit spending than the First New Deal did. Roosevelt altered his policy making in
part because of complaints from critics and in part because, by 1935, it was clear that more Americans still
needed federal relief assistance. Roosevelt thus aimed approximately half the Second New Deal programs and
policies at long-term reform.

[Some People]...will try to give you new and strange names for what we are doing. Sometimes they will call it
'Fascism,' sometimes 'Communism,' sometimes 'Regimentation,' sometimes 'Socialism.' But, in so doing, they
are trying to make very complex and theoretical something that is really very simple and very practical....
Plausible self-seekers and theoretical die-hards will tell you of the loss of individual liberty. Answer this question
out of the facts of your own life. Have you lost any of your rights or liberty or constitutional freedom of action and
choice?
-Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1934 speech, quoted in David M. Kennedy, Freedom From Fear: The American
People in Depression and War, 1929–1945.

Politics and Power-The effect of this New Deal helped with the realignment of the political system, and the
Domestic party was now in majority, it united liberal ideas while the southern republicans split, and this
second new deal was much more controversial than the first.
162. The Wagner Act, 1935
• The Wagner Act was also known as the National Labor Relations act of
1935. It created a new National Labor Relations Board to advocate the
right of labor unions.:

• “A better relationship between labor and management is the high

purpose of this Act. By assuring the employees the right of collective
bargaining it fosters the development of the employment contract on a
sound and equitable basis. By providing an orderly procedure for
determining who is entitled to represent the employees, it aims to remove
one of the chief causes of wasteful economic strife. By preventing
practices which tend to destroy the independence of labor, it seeks, for
every worker within its scope, that freedom of choice and action which is
justly his.”- FDR signed the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
into law on July 5, 1935

• Work, Exchange, and Technology- The Wagner Act led to the impact
various classes of society, racial and ethnic groups, and men and women
all across the workforce.
163 Social Security Act (1935)
• Social Security Act of 1935 was a federal insurance
program which would give tax money in a monthly pension
to the disabled, unemployed, and to citizens over 65

• “We can never insure 100 percent of the population

against 100 percent of the hazards and vicissitudes of life.
But we have tried to frame a law which will give some
measures of protection to the average citizen to his family
against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old
age.”(Franklin D. Roosevelt)

• Politics and Power: The Social Security Act was a legislative

policy authorized by FDR to provide economic security to
the elderly and disabled.
 164 Huey Long Assassinated, 1935
• September 8th: Huey “The Kingfisher” Long was shot at the Louisiana State Capitol
by Dr. Carl Weiss. Political opposition to Long’s wealth redistribution (“Every Man a
King”) and power consolidation policies had caused rising political tensions against
Long in Louisiana. Weiss was the relative of one of Long’s political enemies. Long
died of his wounds 2 days later.

• “Russell, never forget that you had a great father, not an ordinary man. You only saw
a human father, a man who was always abused, always distressed, always harassed,
always pilloried, always misunderstood — even by his close associates, at times. His
mind and thinking was so far ahead of his day, and ahead of his associates, that they
never could keep up with him. But he knew right from wrong, and he tried to do
right. He knew that he would be attacked if he sought to insist that great and
powerful people, and politicians in control of government, were to be challenged.
And he wasn’t afraid of any man, not even FDR (George Maines to Russell Long).”

• Politics and Power: Long’s assassination relates to the conflict during the Great
Depression over the role of the government and wealth distribution.

Long’s casket outside the

Louisiana State Capitol
 Congress of Industrial Organizations
The CIO,established in 1935, was a new union group that was
responsible for organizing a massive number of unskilled workers into
the employment line.

“Small potatoes”(John L. Lewis)

Politics and Power: The CIO was supported by President Franklin D.

Roosevelt because it backed up his New Deal program, by providing
economic assistance to the country in a great time of need.
166 FDR’s Court Packing Plan 1937
-The court packing plan proposed that the president should be
authorized to appoint an additional justice for each current justice
over the age of 70 in the supreme court, which would’ve allowed FDR
to regulate the new deal programs that were being declared
unconstitutional.
-“ We have, therefore, reached the point as a nation where we must
take action to save the Constitution from the Court and the Court
from itself. We must find a way to take an appeal from the Supreme
Court to the Constitution itself. We want a Supreme Court which will
do justice under the Constitution and not over it. In our courts we
want a government of laws and not of men.”- FDR’s Fireside Chat
Proposing the Court Packing Plan
-Politics and Power: The court packing plan was proposed by FDR in an
attempt to gain a better chance at getting the new deal programs to
be accepted by the court.
167 Roosevelt Recession, 1937-38
• The Roosevelt Recession was a crisis that
happened when FDR decided to pull back on
government spending, as a response to the
crisis- FDR increased public works and other
programs to increase employment.
• “If we can “boondoggle” ourselves out of
this depression, that word is going to be
enshrined in the hearts of the American
people for years to come.” (Franklin D.
Roosevelt on Recession)
• Economy: Work, exchange/trade and
technology- The Roosevelt Recession can be
linked to the subgroup of of Economic
development because when FDR lowered
the government spending that created a
crisis, he quickly came up with a solution to
bring back employment and money into the
economy; further developing it.
168 Lend-Lease Act (1940)
• During WWII, President Roosevelt allowed the government to lend or lease
military equipment to any nation whose security was “vital to the defense of
the United States” (such as Britain).
• “We are buying...not lending. We are buying our own security while we
prepare. By our delay during the past six years, while Germany was preparing,
we find ourselves unprepared and unarmed, facing a thoroughly prepared and
armed potential enemy.” - Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War
• America in the World: In the midst of WWII, America was trying to remain
neutral but also align itself the Allies due to the very real possibility of entering
the war.
169 The Atlantic Charter (1941)
• An agreement made by Winston Churchill and FDR in a secret meeting, out-
lining the post war arrangements and new world guidelines after World War II.

“No society of the world organized under

the announced principles could survive without
these freedoms which are a part of the whole freedom
for which we strive.” ~Franklin D. Roosevelt

• I chose the theme America in the World because the Atlantic Charter deals
with foreign policy and global conflict (World War II).
170- Pearl Harbor, 1941
• The bombing of an American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941 by Japan that
resulted in the death of over 2,500 and American entrance into World War Two.
• "Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was
suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." - Franklin D. Roosevelt
• America in the World: Global Context- This event is what prompted the U.S. to officially enter the second
World War which altered American foreign affairs.
171. Japanese-American Internment, 1942
-After Pearl Harbor, more than 110,000 U.S. citizens who were of japanese
ancestry were forced to relocate and move to camps, due to being a dangerous
threat.
-“February 19, 1942, is the year in which Executive Order 9066 was signed, and this
was the order that called for the exclusion and internment of all Japanese
Americans living on the west coast during World War II.” (Xavier Becerra)
-Identity: The rounding up and forced relocation of the japanese people dealt with
their racial identity. During that era racism played a key role which controlled the
actions of many.
 172- The Invasion of Normandy

The largest amphibious invasion ever in which the western allies

landed over 160,000 troops on Nazi occupied Normandy (French
Beach).

“A crusade in which, we will accept nothing less than full victory.” -

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Geography- Instead of transporting the troops into enemy territory

over land, Eisenhower planned the invasion involving boats dropping
troops into the ocean to swim directly to enemy beach.
173- G.I. Bill of Rights 1944
I. The G.I. Bill of Rights or the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
provided support for returning veterans from World War ll. This act
allowed many veterans to continue their education at government’s
expense; and in addition, allowed veterans to low-interest loans to
buy homes or start businesses.

I. “What are servicemen and women want, more than anything else, is
the assurance of satisfactory employment upon their return to civil
life.” -Franklin D. Roosevelt

I. Economy {economic developments}: The G.I. Bill of Rights portrays

economic development from the veterans and their education. The
educational benefits given to the veterans allows them to hold job
positions that then create economic prosperity for the nation.
 The 1945 wartime
Yalta Conference
conference attended by America in the World-
U.S president Franklin D. this is a prime example of
Roosevelt, Prime foreign policy and
Minister Winston diplomacy. This
Churchill, and Joseph exemplifies the
Stalin to discuss the post
involvement of America
war world. The most
important decision in foreign affairs and the
made was to allow free fight to end WWII
elections in the soviet
bordering countries.

Responsibility for political conditions thousands of miles away can no longer be avoided, I think, by this great Nation. Certainly I
don't want to live to see another war. As I have said, the world is smaller, smaller every year. The United States now exerts a
tremendous influence in the cause of peace. What we people over here are thinking and talking about is in the interest of peace
because it is known all over the world. The slightest remark in either House of Congress is known all over the world the following
day. We will continue to exert that influence only if we are willing to share in the responsibility of keeping the peace.
--Franklin D. Roosevelt, address to congress on Yalta Conference (March 1, 1945)
 #175 Potsdam Conference
1945
On July 17, 1945, a meeting between
Stalin, Churchill, and Truman was held
in Potsdam, Germany to discuss post-
WWII. Compromising that each side
would take reparations from it’s own
occupation zone, divided Germany
equally, created Council of Foreign
Ministers. Also marked the end of
wartime alliances.

America in the World - This is a good

example of global communications
going on between America, Soviet “Now I know what happened to truman yesterday. I couldn’t understand
it. When he got to the meeting after having read this report he was a
Union, and Great Britain. changed man. He told the Russians just where they got on and off and
Communicating about what the generally bossed the whole meeting.”
countries will do for post-WWII. - Churchill, talking on July 22, 1945 about Truman’s behavior on
that day (i.e. the day after he had found out about the atomic
bomb)
 176. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945
On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first ever atomic bomb on the “Having found the bomb we have used it.
city of Hiroshima, Japan, and then another one three days later on Nagasaki, We have used it against those who
attacked us without warning at Pearl
Japan. These nuclear bombs were so detrimental that Emperor Hirohito of Japan
Harbor, against those who have starved
surrendered to the U.S., ending the war in the Pacific and WWII. These atomic and beaten and executed American
bombs killed hundreds of thousands of people and left the cities in shambles. prisoners of war, against those who have
abandoned all pretense of obeying
international laws of warfare. We have
used it in order to shorten the agony of
the war, in order to save the lives of
thousands and thousands of young
America in the World: The Americans.”
nuclear bombs released on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki were - President
the efforts of the U.S. to end Harry S.
the global conflict that was Truman in his
WWII, as fast as possible, and second public
to prevent the loss of anymore statement
about the use
American lives.
of the nuclear
bombs: April
9, 1945
 “Iron Curtain” Speech (1946)
On March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech explaining the divide in
Europe between the communist areas in the East and the democratic areas of
the west, and the severity of the communists’ rule.

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Politics and Power- The Iron
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended Curtain focuses on the
across the Continent. Behind that line lie all problems surrounding the
the capitals of the ancient states of Central
communist rule, and its
and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague,
Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and powers. It blames the USSR
Sofia, all these famous cities and the for dividing Europe and placing
populations around them lie in what I must all of its capitals under the
call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in control of Moscow.
one form or another, not only to Soviet
influence but to a very high and, in many
cases, increasing measure of control from
Moscow. “ -Winston Churchill in his speech
in Fulton, Missouri on March 5, 1946
178
The Truman Doctrine:
Created as a direct result of Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech, stated that
economic and military aid would be given to any nation in Europe threatened by
communists.
“We must keep our full weight America in the World- The
behind the European recovery Truman Doctrine focuses on the
program. We are confident of United States involvement in
the success of this major venture world affairs. The United states
military and economy had an
in world recovery. We believe
effect on European nations
that our partners in this effort threatened by communist.
will achieve the status of self-
supporting nations once again.”-
Harry Truman’s Inaugural
Address January 20, 1949
 179 The Marshall Plan
● The Marshall Plan was an American plan to rebuild Europe after World War
II by providing European nations with economic assistance, which began in
1948 and ended in 1952.
● “The remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the
confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own
countries and of Europe as a whole” -George Marshall, United States
Secretary of State, in his speech outlining the plan to rebuild Europe
(June 5, 1947).

● Economy: Work, Exchange/Trade, Technology- The economic

impact of the Marshall Plan led to a flourishing of Western
Europe’s economy, allowing for a revitalization of commerce,
trade, and manufacturing throughout Europe.
 180. Taft Hartley Act
Taft-Hartley Act was passed over President Truman’s veto by the Congress
to promote businesses and lessen the power of unions.

Republican Congress:
“Closed shops and secondary strikes are now outlawed. The states are permitted
to pass “right to work” laws. The workers do not have to join the union before
they are hired. They have right to work in the states without signing the contract
that forces them to belong into the union.”

Economy – This term belongs to the Economy because it promoted the

businesses to flourish by making the labor unions hard to organize.
 181
The Brooklyn Dodgers Sign Jackie
Robinson
-On April 15th, 1947, despite all odds against him, Jackie
Robinson became the first African American to play
Major League Baseball on a non-segregated team.

-“I’m not concerned with your liking or disliking me… All I ask
is that you respect me as a human being.” -Jackie Robinson
(speaking to those who believed he should be playing on an all
black team only.)

-Identity: This event belongs in identity because it primarily deals with racial classes. The
switch from African Americans being completely segregated from whites to the acceptance of
biracial teams had a large affect on society and the viewpoints of many Americans in the mid
1900s.
182. National Security Act, 1947
- Following the end of World War 2, the National Security Act was put in place to reconstruct
the US military and intelligence agencies and it was in effect as of September 18, 1947.

- James W. Wadsworth, Floor leader representative of New York remarked; “It [the CIA]
will be a gathering point for information coming from all over the world through all
channels concerning the potential strength of other nations and their political intentions”.

- The Identity of the National Security Act is most likely; Politics and Power. This act deals
primarily with the government’s groups (CIA and military) and the group’s
individual power and reconstruction.
183
The Berlin Airlift
On June 24, 1948, Stalin placed a blockade all around Berlin
so that no supplies could get into the city. U.S. and British
planes airlifted 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of
West (Federal Republic) Berlin.

Ernst Reuter, Mayor of West Berlin during the Berlin Blockade Sep. 9, 1948
“People of this world, look upon this city and see that you should not and
cannot abandon this city and this people.”
America In the World- This belongs in America in the
World because the Berlin Airlift is an event involving
both the USSR and Britain, creating a global conflict,
over the involvement with Berlin.
 184 Election of
1948
Despite predictions, Harry S. Truman, the Democrat candidate who supported
civil rights, won the election against Strom Thurmond, the Dixiecrat candidate
(S. Dem. who did not support civil rights), and Thomas Dewey, the Republican
candidate, by a small margin.

“It will be the greatest campaign any President ever made. Win, lose, or draw,
people will know where I stand and a record will be made for future action by the
Democratic Party.” - Harry S. Truman, letter to his sister (autumn 1948)
regarding his Whistle-Stop Campaign

Political and Power - This was a political campaign for

presidency and there was a split in the Democrat party regarding
state’s rights and civil rights.
185. Nato formed, 1949 (North Atlantic
● “By this treaty, we are not only
Treaty Organization) seeking to establish freedom
● The crisis in Berlin resulted in the strong from aggression and from the
alliance between the United States and the
countries of Western Europe. Twelve
use of force in the North
nations signed the treaty agreeing that if an Atlantic community, but we are
armed attack was made against one also actively striving to promote
member then it would be an armed attack and preserve peace throughout
against all. (United States, Great Britain,
Belgium, Portugal, Iceland, Norway, the world.” - Harry S. Truman
France, Italy, Greece & Turkey) ● Politics & Power: This shows the
theme of politics and power
because the countries are trying
to show authority and power with
the formation of this treaty and
that they are not to be messed
with because they are in alliance
with 12 other countries.
186. Joseph McCarthy Attacked State Department
1950
During a time of communist scare during the Truman administration, Joseph
McCarthy, a Republican Senator from Wisconsin, made a public
announcement that he had a list of 205 communists from the State
Department in his hand.
“That is not what they want. They are trying to create an issue, and it is going to
be just as big a fiasco as the campaign in New York and other places on these
other false and fatuous issues.”- President Truman
McCarthy and his statement falls under the theme
Politics and Power because McCarthy’s false
accusation regarding the State Department
was made due to a higher desire to gain political
power through politics by creating controversy.
 187. Korean War
1950-1953

The Korean War was a struggle between the North and South parts
of Korea, essentially became a war between the United States
backed South Korea and the communist Soviet Union backed North
Korea. “If we let Korea down,” President Harry
The Korean War Truman (1884-1972) said, “the Soviet[s] will
can be related to keep right on going and swallow up one
the theme of
[place] after another.”
America in the
World, with
America’s role at This quote from President Truman shows
this time in the that he believed that if Korea fell to
world being to stop communism, all of the countries would soon
the spread of fall to communism.
communism.

-Nicolas Terrazas
 188. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Executed
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed on June 19, 1953 for
passing along information about the atomic bomb to the Soviets during
the red scare.

“There had to be a hysteria and a fear sent

through America in order to get increased
war budgets.” - Julius Rosenberg

Beliefs, Ideas, and Culture: The execution of the

Rosenbergs was held
during the red scare, which was a nation wide
belief that communists were overtaking America. Because of the
amounts of exposure and national attention this case got due to the
beliefs of American citizens that communists were taking over during
this time period I put it under this section.
189 Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
Brown v. Board of Education was a supreme court case
in 1954, that ruled the state law of having separate
schools for black and white students to be
unconstitutional.

We conclude that the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’

has no place. Separate educational facilities are
inherently unequal.” -Chief Justice Earl Warren

Brown v. Board of Education is an example of Identity

because this case ended the racial segregation of
whites and blacks in schooling and strove to end
“separate but equal”.
 190. Geneva Accords, 1954
The Geneva Accords were held to ease indochina tensions and act as a peace settlement
against the growing issues with communism. It resulted in the division of North Vietnam as
communist, and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

“The American position at Geneva is an impossible one, so long as leading Republican senators have no terms for
peace except unconditional surrender of the enemy and no terms for entering the war except as a collective action
in which nobody is willing to engage” -Walter Lippman

The Geneva Accords is an example of America in the World because Americans are working to
solve the growing issue of communism in various parts of the world but exlusives Vietnam for
this situation
 191. Joseph McCarthy condemned for
misconduct,1954
Senator Joseph McCarthy’s movement of McCarthyism fell after
accusing the army in the “Army-McCarthy” hearings, where
after intimidating the witnesses he was viewed different, and
while he was able to keep his job he was left with no power.
“Until this moment, Senator, I think I never Politics and Power: The whole
really gauged your cruelty or your McCarthyism movement was a
recklessness… Have you no sense of political movement in order to get
decency, sir, at long last?” - associate of support from the public, and like
the Army’s chief counsel, Joseph Welch with any political movement, it
came to an end when people no
longer supported it.
192. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
*Over a year long protest that ended with the U.S. Supreme court ruling
that segregation within public buses is unconstitutional.

*”People always say I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that
isn't true...No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”
-Rosa Parks (woman that sparked this protest)

*Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture-This movement was a first on the long journey
to integrate blacks into a predominantly white society.
 #193: Interstate Highway Act
➔ Signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956, authorizing the funding of
a large-scale building of 41,000 miles of highway roads all over the
country.
➔ “Speedy, safe transcontinental travel… In case of atomic attack on
our key cities, the road net will permit quick evacuation of target
areas.” -Dwight D. Eisenhower
➔ Economic Transformations - the building of highways was a large
step toward modernization; it spurred along the production of
automobiles and faster transportation.
194. Integration of Little Rock H.S.
The Integration of Little Rock High School
involved nine black students who enrolled in
an all white high school in September of
1957 testing the Supreme Court ruling of
1954 that stated segregation in public
schools was unconstitutional.
“The humiliating expectations and traditions of
segregation creep over you slowly, slowly stealing a
teaspoon of your self-esteem each day.” - Melba
Patillo, one of the Little Rock Nine

Ideas, Belief, and culture- The Integration of Little Rock

H.S. goes with this theme because it shows how
American thought has changed from African Americans
being slaves, to now being taught side by side with
whites.
 195. Sputnik

• Sputnik was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957 and was the first
man-made satellite to orbit the Earth.
• “Both countries [Russia and the United States] knew that preeminence in space
was a condition of their national security. That conviction gave both countries a
powerful incentive to strive and compete. The Soviets accomplished many
important firsts, and this gave us a great incentive to try harder.” – American
astronaut Scott Carpenter quoted in Into that Silent Sea (p. 138).
• Economic transformations: The launching of Sputnik pushed the United States
to get a jump on their own space station and ultimately led to the creation of
NASA in 1958.
196. U-2 aircraft shot down by USSR, 1960
• May 1, 1960 Gary Power’s spy plane was shot down over Soviet
territory. Eisenhower lied saying it was an off track weather
plane, got caught in lie, refuses to apologize. Cancelled Paris
Peace Conference.

• “ First reports indicate that the President had no

knowledge of the plane incident. If that is the case, we
have got to ask whether or not this administration has
any real control over the federal bureaucracy.”

• Foreign Affairs- During tentions with the Soviet Union,

spyies and spy planes where used to track Soviets
weapon supply and activities.
 197. Greensboro sit-ins (1960)

Theme
Identity- The students from the
Greensboro sit-ins challenged the
way society was segregating “I had a feeling of liberation,
whites and blacks, drawing restored manhood. I had a natural
attention to the inequality due to high. And I truly felt almost
race, aiding the civil rights invincible. Mind you, [I was] just
movement, and changing history. sitting on a dumb stool and not
having asked for service yet” -
Franklin McCain (one of the
students from the sit-in)

After being refused service at a whites-only restaurant

in North Carolina, four black students from an all-
black college staged a sit-in, drawing attention to the
segregation that was going on in the community in a
nonviolent way,inspiring others to do the same, and
creating a new surge forward in the civil rights
movement.
 198. Eisenhower’s Farewell Address, 1961

Eisenhower’s Farewell “In the councils of

Address was on January government, we must guard
17th, 1961 and was against the acquisition of
Eisenhower’s final speech unwarranted influence,
to the nation as President of whether sought or
the United States. It is best unsought, by the military-
known for advocating that industrial complex. The
the nation guard against the potential for the disastrous
potential influence of the rise of misplaced power
military industrial complex. exists and will persist. We
must never let the weight of
Identity: Eisenhower’s Farewell relates to the
this combination endanger
theme of identity because in his speech he
our liberties or democratic
wants the nation to come together as one to
processes.” -Eisenhower
support what he thinks is extremely important,
1961
the military industrial complex.
 Bay of Pigs (1961)
What Happened?
JFK gives approval to a CIA scheme planned in the Ike administration to use Cuban exiles to
overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, but it failed to set off a general uprising and the trained
exiles were captured. JFK took complete responsibility for this and avoids using armed
forces to save the men.
Quote
“While we could not be expected to lend our sympathies, we made it repeatedly
clear that the armed forces of this country would not intervene in any way”
-JFK, address on the subject of Cuba
Theme
United States intervention in Foreign Affairs leads to Tension: This incident can be
compared to when the U.S intervened in the Philippines and any other time the U.S
wrongly intervened in the affairs of foreign nations because the result is always tension
between the United States and that nation.
 Cuban Missile Crisis
-A 13 day stand off between the United States and Soviet Union supported Cuba.
Cuba broadcasted footage and nuclear missiles in a threatening way. It was the
closest the world has come to total nuclear war.

-President John F. Kennedy was President and Fidel Castro was dictator of Cuba.

-USSR Nuclear Weapons were in range of the United States which started a panic
in the US.

-In response the United States opted to avoid war and signed an economic and
social embargo against Cuba.
Davis Lamberton
 Freedom Riders

• Civil Right’s activists who rode segregated interstate buses through the Deep
South starting in 1961, and were brutally abused and beaten.

• “My objective is not just to make a point, but to bring about a real change in the
situation. We will continue the Ride until people can sit wherever they wish on
buses and use the facilities in any waiting room available to the public. Please
tell the attorney general that we have been cooling off for 350 years. If we cool
off any more, we will be in a deep freeze. The Freedom Ride will go on.” -James
Farmer

• Ideas, Belief, and Culture- The Freedom Riders were promoting the idea of Civil
Right’s in the United States by protesting segregation laws on buses.
 201. Peace Corps of 1961
As one of President Kennedy’s most popular innovations, the Peace Corps
recruited volunteers to give technical aid to developing nations.

“The people of these nations are struggling for economic and social progress. Our
own freedom and the future of freedom around the world, depend, in a very real
sense, on their ability to build growing and independent nations where men can
live in dignity, liberated from the bonds of hunger, ignorance, and poverty.”- John
F. Kennedy

America in the World- The Peace Corps initiative was a foreign policy that helped
dozens of underdeveloped nations through the humanitarian mission, winning the
hearts and minds of the people.
203.

Published by feminist Betty

Friedan, which challenged
women to move beyond the
suburban housewife life.

Theme
Identity: Betty friedan
was promoting women
to re-evaluate their role
in society.
204. March on Washington, 1963
This march was a success by over 200,000 black
and white Americans who advocated civil
rights.

“I have a dream that one day on the red hills of

Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons
of former slave owners will be able to sit down
together at the table of brotherhood”

Identity- I chose this theme because Martin

Luther King Jr. wants black Americans, “sons of
former slaves,” and white Americans, “sons of
former slave owners,” to get along and become
friends instead of living in segregation and
hatred towards each other.
 . John F. Kennedy assassinated, 1963
205

John F. Kennedy (35th President) was assassinated on November 22nd, 1963 in Dallas,
Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald (who was killed by Jack Ruby). Many people believe there
was more to the assassination than the Warren Commission was releasing, starting
numerous conspiracy theories.
Politics and Power- The day John F. Kennedy was assassinated it began changes in the American
political system of that time. Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into Presidential Power, The Camelot
administration ended, and the political choices made in Johnson's administration led to the start of
the Vietnam War. History might have been different if Kennedy had not been assassinated.

“If [the assassination] didn’t

happen, history might have
changed. He was a different kind
of President.” -Douglas Ducharme, a
man who attended the memorial ceremony.
206: The Great Society 1964-1965
❖ The Great Society is President Lyndon B.
Johnson’s domestic program that was designed
to provide social welfare to citizens of the
United States.

❖ “We have the opportunity to move not only

toward the rich society and the powerful society,
but upward to the Great Society.”
~Lyndon B. Johnson

❖ I believe that The Great Society falls under the

category of politics and power because it
describes LBJ’s plan to help the people of the
United States through his domestic programs.
 207. Civil Rights
Act of 1964

• This Act, signed by president Lyndon Johnson, outlawed discrimination and

segregation on the basis of race, color, religion and gender in public places
such as restaurants, theaters, and hotels. It also desegregated businesses,
schools, and voter registration.

• “Today, we are committed to a worldwide struggle to promote and protect

the rights of all who wish to be free. … It ought to to be possible, in short,
for every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without
regard to his race or his color.” -John F. Kennedy, “Civil Rights Address”
President
(June 11, 1963)
John F.
Kennedy • Identity: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 falls under this category because it
addresses deals with the racial discrimination and ethnic identities of people during
the nation
about civil this time period.
rights.
208: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was in response to the
North Vietnamese attack on U.S. ships in the Tonkin
Gulf, allowing President Johnson to dispatch U.S.
planes to attack with congresses support.

"take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack

against the forces of the United States and to prevent
further aggression."
-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The theme I chose for this term is America in the

World, because of the military involvement in the
developing world.
 209: Malcolm X Assassinated, 1965
• Malcolm X was assassinated while giving a speech in the
Audubon Ballroom in New York City by black gunmen who
were rivals of the Nation of Islam.

• “I believe in the brotherhood of man, all men, but I don’t

believe in brotherhood with anybody who doesn’t want
brotherhood with me.” -Malcolm X, 1964

• Identity- The assassination of Malcolm X represents an

event in the Civil Rights Movement as blacks strived for
their racial identity and became willing to use violence to
achieve their goals.
210 Vietnam War escalated, 1965
The Vietnam War escalation happened just after the
Gulf of Tonkin incident and resolution, allowing the US
to intensify their bombing raids; which lead to
Operation Rolling Thunder.

“Our numbers have increased in Vietnam

because the aggression of others has increased
in Vietnam. There is not, and there will not be, a
mindless escalation.”
~Lyndon B. Johnson

The theme I chose for this particular term is

America in the World, because of our military
involvement in another developing country in this
global conflict.
(211) Voting Rights Act, 1965
A piece of federal legislation,
signed into law by Lyndon B.
Johnson, that prohibited racial
discrimination in voting.

"The basic elements so vital to

Negro advancement can only
be achieved by seeking
redress from government at
local, state and Federal levels.
To do this the vote is
Politics and Power- The Voting Rights Act of 1965 essential." -Martin Luther
can be connected with politics and power because it King
was a specific group fighting for their right to vote,
which means they were fighting for their right to have
political power in society.
212: Watts Riots 1965
The watts riots were a series of riots that took place in
Watts, Los Angeles, in 1965 that occurred between the
police force and the blacks in the area after the arrest of
Marquette Frye. The riots ended up costing millions in
property damages and the lives of more than 30 people.

Ideas, belief, and culture- These riots occurred based on

the cultures and races of the men involved. Frye's arrest
made the other blacks in the area believe that they were
being unjustly arrested for something they weren't guilty
of.

“The watts riots were “the beginning of a stirring of

those people in our society who have been by passed
the progress of the past decade” -Martin Luther King
213: Miranda V. State of Arizona 1966
In June 1966, Ernesto Miranda was arrested based on an acquisition of
kidnap and rape, held and interrogated by policemen for two hours, and
was not informed of his rights according to the fifth and sixth
amendments.

Men have certain unalienable rights- Miranda may have committed

a terrible crime, but he still deserved to hear his rights before being
interrogated.

“The Court’s opinion, in my view, reveals no adequate basis for extending the Fifth
Amendment’s privilege against self-incrimination to the police station. Far more
important, it fails to show that the Court’s new rules are well supported, let alone
compelled, by Fifth Amendment precedents. Instead, the new rules actually derive
from quotation and analogy drawn from precedents under the Sixth Amendment,
which should properly have no bearing on police interrogation….” -John Marshall Harlan
214- Tet Offensive
• The Tet Offensive was one of the biggest military campaigns that took place during the Vietnam War that
was launched January 30th,1968. These surprise military attacks were brought on by the Viet Cong forces
and the North Vietnamese People’s Army of Vietnam against South Vietnam forces, and the United
States. Unfortunately, these attacks caused the United States and South Vietnam to lose several cities,
but they answered with many inflicting commands of forces to North Vietnam.
• “It was felt that the elections could not be free in the North in particular. I would say that was part of it.
The other sense that even if free elections were held, they probably would be dominated by the
Communists and the Communists would gain control.”- President Eisenhower (1968)
• Politics and Power- The Tet Offensive changed the American politics by making the citizens unchanged to
the idea of opposing the war being fought. The government made sure that the war was being won, but
the Tet Offensive seemed to show that it was a lie.
215- Johnson Withdrew from
Presidential Race, 1968
• In 1968, Lyndon B. Johnson was challenged by Eugene
McCarthy, Democrat, for the Democrat representative for
the Presidential election in New Hampshire. With such a
poor showing of popularity for Johnson he withdrew from
the race and declared to stop bombing in North Vietnam.
• “Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the
nomination of my party for another term as your
President.” -Johnson’s speech to the world that he would
not rerun for presidency (March 31, 1968)
• Politics and Power- The withdrawing of Lyndon B. Johnson
not only gave the Democratic nomination to Eugene
McCarthy. But it also proved that many Americans were
against the war efforts in Vietnam.
216- MLK ASSASSINATION
The civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was killed on
April 4th, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray, a
fugitive.

After the 1963 JFK assassination, MLK told his wife, “This is
what will happen to me, I keep telling you, this is a sick
society”.

The theme most relevant is Identity, and the struggle for the
end of racial superiority. MLK was killed but his ideas lived
on, and though racial tensions still exist, great progress has
been made since then.
217- Robert Kennedy Assassination, 1968

• After winning the California and South Dakota primary elections,

Robert Kennedy, United States Senator and brother of President
John F. Kennedy, was shot in the Ambassador Hotel, CA by Sirhan
Sirhan.
• "Is everybody all right?" -Robert Kennedy, after Sirhan Sirhan
fired 8 bullets
• Ideas, Beliefs, and Cultures- The Kennedy family was loved by
many, and this generated interest in politics as Americans
followed the Kennedys socially and politically. The death of
Robert Kennedy sparked controversy and shock from the
American people, as it was rare for a senator to be assassinated.
218-Anti War Riots at the Chicago Dem.
Convention
• During the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago a major point
in the election was the decision of the candidates over the
vietnam war. Civil unrest broke out in the streets where
thousands of anti-war protesters battled police.
• “Don’t push me, take your hand off me unless you plan to arrest
me” (Dan Rather, CBS news correspondent who was reporting on
the incident)
• Ideas,Belief and culture- This confrontation was solely based off
the differences in the ideas and beliefs of the citizens and the
government. The people voice their belief which conflicts with the
government which created this chaotic event.
 219
AIM created, 1968
❖ American Indian movement, Native American political activists who fought for their rights by
protesting the government's unfair treatment of native americans.
❖ “Before AIM, Indians were dispirited, defeated, and culturally dissolving. People were ashamed
to be Indian. You didn't see the young people wearing braids or chokers or ribbon shirts in
those days. Hell, I didn't wear 'em. People didn't Sun Dance, they didn't Sweat, they were
losing their languages. Then there was that spark at Alcatraz, and we took off. Man, we took a
ride across this country. We put Indians and Indian rights smack dab in the middle of the public
consciousness for the first time since the so-called Indian wars.” -Russell Means, Activist and cofounder of
the American Indian Movement (AIM) (Oglala Lakota) interview, PBS television, Alcatraz Is Not an Island, 2002

❖ Identity- The Native American’s were a group of people in America who were losing their
culture (or identity) and this group helped them regain that.
 220. The Election of 1968

● Republican candidate Richard Nixon appealed to a nation tired of violence

and unrest. Nixon vowed he would end the Vietnam War and win peace.
Democratic nominee, Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's vice president, seemed
a continuation of the old politics. In the end, Richard Nixon won.
● “The cold war isn’t thawing; it’s burning with a deadly heat. Communism isn’t
sleeping; it is always plotting, scheming, working, fighting.” - Richard Nixon
● Politics and Power - Richard Nixon as the President of the United States
allowed him to help save money from draining into the economy. Also his
control demonstrates his power because Nixon believed if the President did
something illegal, it was not illegal because they are above the normal
citizen.
221. Neil Armstrong walked on the
moon, 1969
➢ Neil Armstrong becomes the first man on the moon, defeating
the Communist in the moon race and fulfilling Kennedy’s goal.

➢ “I think we're going to the moon because it's in the nature of

the human being to face challenges. It's by the nature of his
deep inner soul... we're required to do these things just as
salmon swim upstream.” (Neil Armstrong)

➢ The theme that best suits this topic is belief systems, more
specifically science and philosophy. Although the Soviets were
the first humans in space, it was through America’s advanced
technology and science that they were able to send Apollo 11
to continue in the moon race.
222. Vietnamization, 1969
Vietnamization was a policy put in place by the Nixon
administration to train South Vietnamese soldiers and
provide them with a larger combat responsibility while
simultaneously reducing the number of U.S. troops in the
war.

“I want to end the war to save the lives of those brave

young men in Vietnam.But I want to end it in a way which
will increase the chance that their younger brothers and
their sons will not have to fight in some future Vietnam
someplace in the world.” -Richard Nixon, Vietnamization
speech (1969)

Politics and Power- Richard Nixon as Commander-and-Chief of

the United States Armed Forces used his political power to
save America’s economy from the money draining Vietnam War
and save the American people from having to deal with the
unneeded grief from the loss of a loved one.
223. My Lai Massacre made public, 1969
★ The My Lai Massacre took place on March 16th, 1969,
during the Vietnam War, and resulted in the massacre of
hundreds of unarmed citizens of a village in South
Vietnam, led by American Lieutenant William Calley Jr.

★ “In a guerrilla war, the line between legitimate and

illegitimate killing is blurred. The policies of free-fire
zones, in which a soldier is permitted to shoot at any
human target, armed or unarmed, further confuse the
fighti fighting man’s moral senses.” -Philip Caputo,
1969, a soldier at the My Lai Massacre

★ America in the world: The My Lai Massacre was a product of the

Vietnam War, which consisted of American interference in
Vietnam’s culture, economy, and politics.
225

Pentagon Papers
• A study on the Vietnam War during the
Johnson administration, nicknamed the
“Pentagon Papers” was leaked; the
document uncovered the U.S.
government's les that portrayed the
U.S.as successful in the war and
revealing that the U.S. shouldn’t have
been in war at all
• “Look, all administrations lie, all
governments lie, all officials lie and
nothing they say is to be believed.
That’s a pretty good rule”
• The theme for Pentagon Papers is
America in the world because it
directly shows the U.S. forcing itself
into a foreign countries war
226) Nixon’s visit to China - 1972
Nixon’s visit to china, the first time that the president
visited Communist China, is significant because it
represents the first steps to normalizing relations with
the country.

“the week that changed the world”

-Richard Nixon

America in the world - By attempting to normalize

relations with China, Nixon sought to improve
international trade and boost global economy.
227: Watergate Break- in
The Watergate Break- in occurred June 17,1972. Several burglars were
arrested in the watergate building. They had been caught attempting to wiretap
phones and steal secret documents. These burglars were connected to President
Richard Nixon’s reelection campaign.

“Never again must America allow an arrogant, elite guard of political

adolescents to bypass the regular party organization and dictate the terms of a
national election.” - Gerald R. Ford

This event falls under politics and power. It increased awareness within the
government and the public eye of the existence of corruption within their own
democracy. The true power of a democracy lies within the people not the
president. The president is simply there to ensure the rights of the people are
protected.
 228- SALT I and the policy of detente,
1972
• (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) US diplomats secured soviet consent to a freeze in number of ballistic missiles
carrying nuclear warheads, significant step toward reducing cold war tensions and bringing about detente (A deliberate
reduction of Cold War tensions)

• “The Governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, after reviewing the course of their talks on the limitation of
strategic armaments, have agreed to concentrate this year on working out an agreement for the limitation of the
deployment of anti-ballistic missile systems (ABMs)....The two sides are taking this course in the conviction that it will
create more favorable conditions for further negotiations to limit all strategic arms...This agreement is a major step in
breaking the stalemate on nuclear arms talks”
--Richard Nixon addressing the nation May 20, 1971

• Politics and Power- This was a major step in reducing the tension between the Soviet Union and The United States during
the Cold War.
229: Roe v. Wade,
1973
● Based around an unmarried
pregnant women named Jane
Roe, the supreme court case of
Roe v. Wade ruled that an
abortion was a matter that was
only a concern with a woman, and
her doctor making it legal and
significant to Women's rights to
privacy.

● “I used the name Jane Roe

because I didn’t want my personal
name to be involved in it.”-Norma
McCorvey

● The theme I chose that portrays

the case of Roe v. Wade is Civil
Rights, because like Jane Roe all
women and people have rights to
make their own decisions in life.
230: OPEC Oil Embargo, 1973
➔ As revenge for the U.S. decision to aid the Israeli military,
the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) ordered an embargo against
the U.S., causing the American economy to be devastated.

➔ “I will do everything I can to hold down the price of foreign

oil. Scare stories that the American people will soon be
paying a dollar for a gallon of gas are just as ridiculous as
the stories that will say that we will be paying a dollar for a
loaf of bread. The American people cannot afford to pay
such prices, and I can assure you that we will not have to
pay them.” - Richard Nixon

➔ Economy- Although the oil embargo deals with global trade

and conflict, it directly affects the United States economy
due to the skyrocketing price of oil which causes a strain
on the economy.
 231: Nixon Resigned, 1974
“In the past few days… it has become evident
to me that I no longer have a strong enough
In response of Nixon being political base in the Congress to justify
associated with the Watergate continuing that effort [to remain president]...
Affair, on August 8th 1974 But with the disappearance of that base, I
Nixon became the first THEME know believe that the constitutional purpose
has been served, and there is no longer a need
President in American history for the process to be prolonged”
to resign. - Richard Nixon
This relates to
Political & Power
because of the
pressure
Congress
enforces on Nixon
to leave the White
House.