Highlights: - What Is IGCC? - Historical Aspects - Advantages of IGCC - Barriers To Deployment
Highlights: - What Is IGCC? - Historical Aspects - Advantages of IGCC - Barriers To Deployment
What is IGCC? Why IGCC? Historical Aspects Working Principle Advantages of IGCC IGCC in NTPC perspective Barriers to Deployment Conclusion
Why IGCC ?
CONVENTIONAL COAL PLANTS :
Future challenges:
Comparatively lower efficiency & Higher emissions Kyoto Protocol Norms & Strict norms of loan policy Limited Coal Stock & Other options are expensive Land cost & Ash disposal
Why IGCC ?
NON CONVENTIONAL:Future
challenges: Low capacity Low efficiency High capital cost Less flexibility Lesser reliability
To address these challenges, new coal utilization technologies are being developed. One of the more promising of these is Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power generation
Historical Aspects
Coal Gasification : The Scottish engineer William Murdock used this technique in pioneering the commercial gasification of coal in 1792 In 1890s, lamplighters once made their rounds down the streets of many of America's largest cities lighting street lights fueled by "town gas," the product of early and relatively crude forms of coal gasification. (Town gas is still used in some parts of the world, such as China and other Asian countries) Once vast fields of natural gas were discovered and pipelines built to transport the gas to consumers in the 1940s and 50s, the use of town gas phased out.
Historical Aspects
In the 1970s, interest in coal gasification revived because of increasing cost and less availability of natural gas. Coal gasification, however, likely found its most important market application in the 1980s and 90s. Driven primarily by environmental concerns over the traditional burning of coal, gasification emerged as an extremely clean way to generate electric power. By turning coal into a combustible gas that could be cleansed of virtually all of its pollutant-forming impurities and burned in a gas turbine, coal could rival natural gas in terms of environmental performance.
Feeds
Gasification
SYNGAS
IGCC Schematic
Gas Refining
H2
End-products
FUEL CHEMICALS TRANSPORTATION FUEL ELECTRIC POWER
Coal
F E Biomass E D S T Petroleum O Coke/Resid. C K
H2 FUEL CELL
CC AIR COMP. + GT G
OXYGEN STEAM
A S U
ELECTRIC POWER
WATER HRSG
Waste
STEAM
STACK
CO2
Marketable Solid Byproducts Combined Cycle STEAM TURBINE G ELECTRIC POWER
Advantages of IGCC
Higher Efficiency Lower Emission Comparable Cost Multiple Fuel Options Marketable Byproducts Lesser Area Requirement Higher Output Less Solid Waste and Water Use
Advantages of IGCC
Higher Efficiency
As we have already discussed, currently IGCC efficiency is approaching 50%, With development of new gas turbine concepts and increased process temperatures, efficiencies of more than 60% can be achieved. Future concepts that incorporate a fuel cell or fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid could achieve even higher efficiencies. If any of the remaining waste heat can be channeled into process steam or heat, perhaps for nearby factories or district heating plants, the overall fuel use efficiency of future gasification plants could reach 70 to 80 percent. Higher efficiencies translate into more economical electric power and potential savings for ratepayers. A more efficient plant also uses less fuel to generate power.
Advantages of IGCC
Lower Emission
SOX & NOX EMISSION High SO2 removal (e.g., 99 % or higher) and low-NOX emissions (below 50 ppm) are achieved. The emissions of particulates, NOx and SO2 from IGCC units meet all current standards. On most units, sulphur is produced in elemental form as a by-product.
Advantages of IGCC
Lower Emission
Carbon dioxide
Up to 100% of Carbon dioxide can be captured from the coal syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) through a water/gas shift process Carbon capture at IGCC plants is significantly easier and much more economic than at conventional pulverized coal plants and more economic on a $/ton basis than at natural gas plants Even without carbon capture and sequestration, IGCC plants are more efficient than conventional coal plants and emit less CO2.
Advantages of IGCC
Environmental Benefits
The environmental benefits stem from the capability to cleanse as much as 99 percent of the pollutant-forming impurities from coal-derived gases. Sulfur in coal, can be extracted in either a liquid or solid form that can be sold commercially. In an IGCC plant, the syngas produced is virtually free of fuelbound nitrogen. NOx from the gas turbine is, therefore, limited to thermal NOx. Diluting the syngas allows for NOx emissions as low as 15 parts per million. Thus avoids acid raining. Multi-contaminant control processes are being developed that reduce pollutants to parts-per-billion levels and are effective in cleaning mercury and other trace metals in addition to other impurities.
Advantages of IGCC
Comparable Cost
IGCC cost projections range from US$1200 to 1400/kW; 10 to 30 percent higher than for pulverized-coal with wet scrubbers. US Department of Energy (DOE) forecasts that by the year 2010, the operating cost of IGCC based electricity power generation could be in the order of 3.7/kWh ( 1.5Rs/kWh ), which is cheaper than advanced coal fired power plant and also comparable to natural gas fired combined cycle units A capital cost of around 1000$/kW ( 4.3Crore Rs/kW ) is also achievable.
Advantages of IGCC
Comparable Cost
IGCC Plant Capital Cost Trends
16 14
Crore Rs per MW
year
Advantages of IGCC
Advantages of IGCC
Marketable Byproducts
FUEL CHEMICALS
The gasification process in IGCC enables the production of not only electricity, but a range of chemicals, by-products for industrial use, and transport fuels, e.g.; Hydrogen Ammonia Methanol Sulphur Slag
Advantages of IGCC
Advantages of IGCC
Higher Output
Using syngas in a gas turbine increases its output, especially when nitrogen from an oxygen blown unit is fed to the turbine. Thus a turbine rated at 170MW when fired on natural gas can yield 190MW or more on syngas. Furthermore, output is less dependent on ambient temperature than is the case with natural gas.
Advantages of IGCC
Unit Size
A number of demonstration units, mainly around 250 MW size are being operated in Europe and the USA. Most use entrained flow and are oxygen blown, and one is based on a fluidized bed, and is air-blown. The 235 MW unit at Buggenum in the Netherlands, started up in 1993. Three plants are in the USA at Wabash River in Indiana; Polk Power near Tampa in Florida and Pion Pine in Nevada. The largest unit is that at Puertollano in Spain with a capacity of 330 MW.
Advantages of IGCC
Advantages of IGCC
Water Use
IGCC in NTPC
FR shall be prepared for the IGCC project at Dadri Pursue with BHEL for submitting the FR for the other IGCC demo project Complete techno economic study of Underground Coal gasification (UCG) shall be taken up. Possible locations could be Pakri Barwadih and Singrauli area
Perceived financial risk Technology unfamiliarised Why build an IGCC if you can get a permit for a conventional coal plant?
The 1970s energy crisis spawned a vision of greater U.S. energy independence. The Synfuels plant began operating in 1984 and today produces more than 54 billion standard cubic feet of natural gas annually..
In addition to natural gas, the Synfuels plant produces fertilizers, solvents, phenol, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals.
FIXED BED
FLUIDIZED BED
ENTRAINED FLOW