ECE390 Computer Engineering II

Lecture 9

Dr. Zbigniew Kalbarczyk University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign Interpreted by Professor Michael Loui Also at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Lecture outline
Interrupt vectors Software interrupts Hardware interrupts 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller Writing your own handlers Installing handlers

Z. Kalbarczyk

ECE390

Where this is leading

Interrupts

Triggers that cause the CPU to perform various tasks on demand Three kinds:
Software interrupts - provide a mechanism whereby the programmer can use the int instruction to access code that already exists (is resident) in machine memory Hardware interrupts - triggered by hardware events external to the microprocessor, e.g., request for service by external devices such as disk drives Exceptions - hardware origin within the microprocessor itself, e.g., an attempt to divide by zero

Regardless of source, they are handled the same

Each interrupt has a unique interrupt number from 0 to 255. These are called interrupt vectors. For each interrupt vector, there is an entry in the interrupt vector table. The interrupt vector table is simply a jump table containing segment:offset addresses of procedures to handle each interrupt These procedures are called interrupt handlers or interrupt service routines (ISRs)

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ECE390

Interrupt Vectors
The first 1024 bytes of memory (addresses 00000 003FF) always contain the interrupt vector table. Each of the 256 vectors requires four bytestwo for segment, two for offset

Memory address (hex) 003FC 4*x 00008 00004 00000

Interrupt function pointer INT 255 INT x INT 2 INT 1 INT 0

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ECE390

Software interrupts
Essentially just function calls using a different instruction to do the calling Software interrupts give you access to built-in code from BIOS, operating system, or peripheral devices Use the INT instruction to call these procedures For example INT 10h access video services, e.g., plot a pixel, type a character on the screen. See Lab Manual.

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ECE390

The INT and IRET instructions

Syntax: INT N N is a number from 0 to 255 INT does the following:
Pushes flag register (pushf) Pushes return CS and IP in this order Far jumps to [0000:(4*N)] Clears the interrupt flag (IF)

IRET is to INT what RET is to CALL

Pops flag register Performs a far return

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ECE390

Things to notice
The interrupt vector table is just a big permanently located jump table The values of the jump table are pointers to code provided by BIOS, hardware, OS, or eventually ECE390 students Interrupt service routines preserve the flags the state of the computer should be completely unaltered by an ISR

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ECE390

Hardware interrupts
Alert the processor of some hardware situation that needs service
A key has been pressed A timer has expired A network packet has arrived

Similar to INT instruction: push flags, CS, IP; far jump to interrupt service routine Additional level of complexity with the interrupt call not coming from your program code Can happen at any time during the execution of your program (when IF = 1)

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ECE390

The 80x86 interrupt interface

INT Request (INTR)

80x86 processor

INT Acknowledge (INTA) Data bus

Some device

Device generates request signal Device supplies interrupt vector number on data bus Processor completes the execution of current instruction and (when IF = 1) executes ISR corresponding to the interrupt vector number on the data bus ISR upon completion acknowledges the interrupt by asserting the INTA signal
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But wait theres more

The above setup could get complicated with multiple devices generating multiple interrupts connected to the same few pins on the processor Enter the 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller

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ECE390

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The 8259 PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INTR INTA INT#

8259 PIC

Interrupt outputs from peripheral devices

80x86

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The 8259 PIC

The PIC is programmed with a base interrupt vector number
0 corresponds to this base 1 corresponds to this base + 1 k corresponds to this base + k

For example, if the PIC is programmed with a base interrupt vector of 8, then 0 corresponds to interrupt vector 8 at address 0000:4*8 = 00020h

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ECE390

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The whole enchilada

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 IRQ8 IRQ9 IRQ10 IRQ11 IRQ12 IRQ13 IRQ14 IRQ15

Base vector is 08h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 IRQ0 IRQ1 IRQ3 IRQ4 IRQ5 IRQ6 IRQ7

Slave 8259
INTR

80x86

Master 8259
INTR

Base vector is 78h

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Typical IRQ assignments

IRQ 0: Timer (triggered 18.2/second) IRQ 1: Keyboard (keypress) IRQ 2: Slave PIC IRQ 3: Serial Ports (Modem, network) IRQ 5: Sound card IRQ 6: Floppy (read/write completed) IRQ 8: Real-time Clock IRQ 12: Mouse IRQ 13: Math Co-Processor IRQ 14: IDE Hard-Drive Controller

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ECE390

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Interrupt priority
Lower interrupt vectors have higher priority Lower priority cant interrupt higher priority
ISR for the keyboard INT 9h is running Computer gets request from device attached to IRQ8 (INT 78h) INT 9h procedure must finish before IRQ8 device can be serviced ISR for the keyboard INT 9h is running Computer gets request from Timer 0 IRQ0 (INT 8h) Code for INT 9h gets interrupted, ISR for timer runs immediately, INT 9h finishes afterwards

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ECE390

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Servicing an interrupt
Complete current instruction Preserve current context
PUSHF Store flags to stack Clear Trap Flag (TF) & Interrupt Flag (IF) Store return address to stack PUSH CS, PUSH IP

Execute Interrupt Service Routine usually the handler immediately reenables the interrupt system (to allow higher priority interrupts to occur) (STI instruction sets IF to 1) process the interrupt

Identify Source
Read 8259 PIC status register Determine which device (N) triggered interrupt

Indicate End-Of-Interrupt (EOI) to 8259 PIC mov out al, 20h 20h, al

Activate Interrupt Service Routine

Use N to index vector table Read CS/IP from table Jump to instruction at CS:IP

;transfers the contents of AL to I/O port 20h Return (IRET) POP IP (Far Return) POP CS POPF (Restore Flags)

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ECE390

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Interrupt service routines

Reasons for writing your own ISRs
to supersede the default ISR for internal hardware interrupts (e.g., division by zero) to chain your own ISR onto the default system ISR for a hardware device, so that both the systems actions and your own will occur on an interrupt (e.g., clock-tick interrupt) to service interrupts not supported by the default device drivers (a new hardware device for which you may be writing a driver) to provide communication between a program that terminates and stays resident (TSR) and other application software

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ECE390

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Interrupt service routines

DOS facilities to install ISRs
Function INT 21h Function 25h INT 21h Function 35h INT 21h Function 31h Action Set Interrupt vector Get Interrupt vector Terminate and stay resident

Restrictions on ISRs
Currently running program should have no idea that it was interrupted. ISRs should be as short as possible because lower priority interrupts are blocked from executing until the higher priority ISR completes

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ECE390

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Interrupt Service Routines

ISRs are meant to be short
keep the time that interrupts are disable and the total length of the service routine to an absolute minimum

ISRs can be interrupted (if STI has reset IF to 1) ISRs must be in memory
Option 1: Redefine interrupt only while your program is running the default ISR will be restored when the executing program terminates Option 2: Use DOS Terminate-and-Stay-Resident (TSR) command to load and leave program code permanently in memory

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ECE390

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Installing ISRs
Let N be the interrupt to service Read current function pointer in vector table
Use DOS function 35h Set AL = N Call DOS Function AH = 35h, INT 21h Returns: ES:BX = Address stored at vector N

Save ES, BX in Old_Vector doubleword Set new function pointer in vector table
Use DOS function 25h Set DS:DX = New Routine Set AL = N DOS Function AH = 25h, INT 21h

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ECE390

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Installing ISR

Interrupts can be installed, chained, or called

Install New interrupt replace old interrupt

Chain into interrupt Service myCode first

MyIntVector Save Registers MyCode Restore Registers JMP CS:Old_Vector

Call Original Interrupt Service MyCode last

MyIntVector Save Registers Service Hardware Reset PIC Restore Registers IRET

MyIntVector PUSHF CALL CS:Old_Vector Save Registers MyCode Restore Registers IRET
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Interrupt Driven I/O

Consider an I/O operation, where the CPU constantly tests a port (e.g., keyboard) to see if data is available
CPU polls the port if it has data available or can accept data

Polled I/O is inherently inefficient Wastes CPU cycles until event occurs Analogy: Checking your watch every 30 seconds until your popcorn is done, or standing at the door until someone comes by Solution is to provide interrupt driven I/O Perform regular work until an event occurs Process event when it happens, then resume normal activities Analogy: Alarm clock, doorbell, telephone ring
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Timer interrupt example

In this example we will replace the ISR for the Timer Interrupt Our ISR will count the number of timer interrupts received Our main program will use this count to display elapsed time in minutes and seconds

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Timer interrupt - main proc skeleton

;====== Variables =================== ; Old Vector (far pointer to old interrupt function) oldv count scount mcount pbuf ..start ;----Install Interrupt Routine----call Install ;Main program (print count values) .showc mov ax, [mcount]
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call pxy mov ax, [scount] call call pxy mov ah,1 int jz 16h .showc ;Check for key press ;Quit on any key pxy ;Interrupt Count (1/18 sec) mov ax,[count] ;Second Count

RESW DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DB 8

2 ;Interrupt counter (1/18 sec) ;Second counter ;Minute counter ; Temp counter

;====== Main procedure =====

;---- Uninstall Interrupt Routine----call UnInst ;Minute Count call mpxit ;Restore original INT8

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Timer interrupt complete main proc

..start mov mov mov mov call showc: mov mov call mov mov mov call ax, [mcount] bx, pbuf binasc bx, pbuf di, 0 ah, 00001100b pxy ;Column 0 ;Intense Red ;Minute Count ax, cs ds, ax ax, 0B800h es, ax install ;Insert my ISR ;ES=VideoTextSegment ;Initialize DS=CS

mov di,12 call pxy

;Column 6 (DI=12/2)

mov ah,00001010b ;Intense Green

mov ax,[count] mov bx,pbuf call binasc mov bx, pbuf

;Int Count (1/18th sec)

mov ah,00000011b ;Cyan mov di,24 call int jz

;Second Count

;Column 12 (DI=24/2)

pxy 16h showc UnInst 21h

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mov ah,1 ;Key Pressed ?

mov mov call mov

ax,[scount] bx,pbuf binasc bx, pbuf

Call int
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;Restore original INT8 ;Normal DOS Exit

mov ax,4c00h

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Timer interrupt PXY and Install interrupt

;pxy (bx = *str, ah = color, di = column) pxy mov al, [bx] cmp al, $' je .pxydone mov es:[di+2000], ax inc bx add di,2 jmp pxy .pxydone ret ;====== Install Interrupt ===== install ;Install new INT 8 vector push es push dx push ax push bx mov mov int mov mov mov mov mov int pop pop pop pop ret al, 8 ah, 35h 21h ;INT = 8 ;Read Vector Subfunction ;DOS Service

word [oldv+0], bx word [oldv+2], es al, 8 ;INT = 8 ah, 25h ;Set Vector Subfunction dx, myint 21h bx ax dx es ;DS:DX point to function ;DOS Service

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ECE390

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Timer interrupt uninstall interrupt

;====== Uninstall Interrupt =========== UnInst push ds push dx push ax mov mov mov mov int pop pop pop ret dx, word [oldv+0] ds, word [oldv+2] al, 8 ah, 25h 21h ax dx ds ; INT = 8 ; Subfunction = Set Vector ; DOS Service ; Uninstall Routine (Reinstall old vector)

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ECE390

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Timer interrupt ISR code

;====== ISR Code ========= myint push ds ;Save all registers push ax mov ax, cs ;Load default segment mov ds, ax pushf ;Call Orig Function w/flags call far [oldv] ;Far Call to existing routine inc cmp jne word [count] ;Increment Interrupt count word [count],18 .myintdone inc mov cmp jne inc mov word [scount] word [count], 0 word [scount], 60 .myintdone word [mcount] word [scount], 0 ;Next second

; Next minute

.myintdone mov al, 20h out 20h, al pop ax pop ds iret

;Reset the PIC ;End-of-Interrupt signal ;Restore all Registers ;Return from Interrupt

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