bdkbZ

&5
lwpuk foKku% ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj
(Information Science : Definition and Scope)

ikB&lajpuk(Lesson Structure)

5.0 mís'; (Objectives)

5.1 ifjp; (Introduction)

5.2 lwpuk foKku

(Information Science)

5.3 ifjHkk"kk
(Definition)

5.4 lwpuk foKku dh fo'ks"krk,sa

(Features of Information Science)

5.5 lwpuk dk vUrZfo"kf;d ifjçs{;

(Interdisciplinary Perspective to Information)

5.6 lwpuk foKku dk lax.kd foKku ls lEcUèk

(Information Science with Computer Science)

5.7 lwpuk foKku dk euksfoKku ls lEcUèk

(Relation of Information Science with Psychology)

5.8 lwpuk foKku dk xf.kr ls lEcUèk

(Relation of Information Science with Maths)

5.9 lkjka'k(Summary)
5.10 ekWMy ç'u
(Model Questions)

5.11 çLrkfor ikB(Suggested Reading)

5.0 mís'; (Objective)

izLrqr ikB esa ge lwpuk ds {ks= esa fd;s tkus okys v/;;u ij ppkZ djus dk iz;kl djsx a As
blesa lwpuk foKku fo’k; ds mn~Hko ij izdk'k Mkysx a As fofHkUu fo)kuksa ds }kjk nh x;h lwpuk
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 lpwuk foKku% ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj

foKku dh ifjHkk’kkvksa ij fooj.k izLrqr djsxa As ikB esa lwpuk foKku dh fofHkUu fo”ks’krkvksa ij ppkZ
djsx
a As izLrqr ikB esa ge lwpuk foKku ds vUrZfo’k;h; ifjizs{; dks Hkh le>us dk iz;kl djsx a As
blds vUrxZr ge ,sls fofHkUu fo’k; {ks=ksa dks fpfUgr djsx a s ftuesa lwpuk foKku dh Hkwfedk
vyx&vyx izdkj ls egRoiw.kZ gSA blds fy;s ge eq[; :i ls lax.kd foKku] Hkk’kk] xf.kr]
euksfoKku] bR;kfn fo’k; {ks=ksa esa lwpuk foKku dh egrh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsx a s ,oa bu lHkh ij
lwpuk foKku ds iMus okys ÁHkko ij vyx&vyx izdk”k Mkyrs gq, fooj.k izLrqr djsx a As

5.1 ifjp; (Introduction)

blesa dksbZ erHksn ugha gS fd lwpuk foKku dh mRifRr oSKkfud i`’BHkwfe ls gqbZ gSA fo}kuksa
esa erHksn rks bl ckr dh gS fd lwpuk foKku dh izÑfr] {ks= ,oa nwljs “kSf{kd vkSj O;olkf;d {ks=ksa
ds lEcU/k ls gSA bldh “kCnkoyh rks fo’k; ,oa mldh lhek dh egRrk dh oS|rk ,oa O;ogkfjdrk
ls tqMs gS] tks blds O;ogkfjd thou esa vf}rh; ;ksxnku }kjk izekf.kr gSA ;g ,d oSKkfud
voèkkj.kk gS tks fd vfHkys[k Kku ds ladyu] ifjpkyu] oxhZdj.k]laxzg.k vkSj izlkj ls tqM+k gqvk
gSA lwpuk foKku ,d vUrZfo’k;d izÑfr dh gS] blds fodkl vkSj {ks= dks ,d vyx fo’k; ds :i
esa fuf”pr ugha fd;k tk ldrk A

5.1 lwpuk foKku (Information Science)

;|fi lwpuk foKku ,d fo’k; ds :i esa foKku gS] ftlesa ^foKku^“kCn ,d izfdz;k ds cnys
fo’k; dks lwfpr ugha djrk gS] tksfd lwpuk dh fo”ks’krk ,oa vuqiz;ksx ls lEcfU/kr gSA
b.Vjus'kuy bulkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ bUQkWjes”ku ,.M ykbczsjh lkbUl ds vuqlkj ^lwpuk
foKku esa oSKkfud lwpuk dk izHkqRo eq[;r% vFkZ”kkL= fo"k; dh ekax vk/kkfjr rF;ksa ds }kjk fuf”pr
fd;k x;k FkkA^ lwpuk foKku dh oSKkfud mRifRr ds ckotwn ;g ,d lkekftd foKku ds fo"k;
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g eq[;r% lwpuk dks ,d lk{; ds #i esa ekurk gSA bldk mn~Hko
^lwpuk foKku* loZizFke 1950 ds n”kd ds nkSjku ,d fo"k; ds :i esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA loZizFke
bl “kCn dk iz;ksx QSjkMus ds }kjk o”kZ 1955 esa fd;k x;kA tks fd ,d fo’k; ds :i esa ,d yEcs
le; rd pys izys[ku vkUnksyu rFkk ml ij iMus okys lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh izHkko
ls gqvkA ;g Li’V gS fd lwpuk foKku “kCn dh mRifRr ds le; ls gh fofHkUu lwpuk oSKkfudksa
tSls “ksihjks] ckmMsu ,oa jksfcUlu vkfn ds e/; lwpuk foKku dh izÑfr ds ckjs esa vkilh lgefr
FkhA eq[;r% lwpuk foKku dk lEcU/k oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh lwpuk ds j[kj[kko vkSj lwpuk ds
foKku ls FkkA
ÁkjEHk esa Li’V r©j ij lwpuk foKku dh dksbZ fuf”pr ladYiuk ugha FkhA lwpuk foKku esa
fofHkUu izdkj dh vo/kkj.kkvksa ,oa ijEijkvksa dk vuqdj.k gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds Lo#i esa&
 oLrqxr vo/kkj.kk;sa cuke KkukRed vo/kkj.kk;saA
 xzUFkky; ijEijk cuke izy[s ku ijEijk cuke lax.ku ijEijkA
( 42 )
 lpwuk foKku% ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj

mi;qZDr vo/kkj.kk ds fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ gSa] tks fofHkUu Kku {ks=¨a dks fu:fir djrs gaSA
fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds Kku {ks= fofHkUu lwpuk {ks=¨a dk Áfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA gkykafd blds ckotwn]
;s lHkh la;qDr :i ls ,d gh uke ^lwpuk foKku^ dks iznf”kZr djrs gaSA

5.3 ifjHkk"kk (Definition)

lwpuk foKku dh ifjHkk’kk vkSj izÑfr ij vkilh lgefr u g¨us ds dkj.k bl cgl dks
lqy>kus dk iz;kl ges”kk fu’Qy jgk gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh Li”V gS fd lwpuk foKku ij v/;;u ds
{ks= dh egÙkk Lej.kh; gSA fofHkUu fo}ku¨a }kjk nh x;h bldh ifjHkk’kkv¨a ds vk/kkj ij bldh ,d
iw.kZr% Lohdk;Z ifjHkk’kk nsuk lEHko ugha gSSA loZlEer fopkjksa ds vHkko esa ;g mfpr gksxk fd fofHkUu
fo)kuksa ds }kjk fn;s x;s eq[; rdksZa ds vk/kkj ij lwpuk foKku d¨ le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tk;sA
Routledge ds vuqlkj] “Information as a discipline that investigates the characteristics
of information and the nature of the information transfer process, whilst not losing sight of the
practical aspects of collecting, collating and evaluating information and organising the
dissemination through appropriate intellectual apparatus and technology”.
Vsyj ds vuqlkj “Information Science is a science that investigates the properties and
behaviour of information. It deals with the force that govern the flow of information and the
means of processing information for optinal accessibility and unability.”
czkbVsu us lwpuk foKku dks ^vlaLFkkxr xzUFkky; foKku^ ds #i oxhZd‘r fd;k gSA ogha
LySedk ds vuqlkj lwpuk foKku eq[;r% lwpuk ds iz;ksx] mldh izd‘fr] xq.k vkSj fu;a=.k ds
lUnHkZ esa ,d vUrfoZ’k;d izÑfr dk v/;;u {ks= gSA nwljh rjQ] oflZx us lwpuk foKku ds fy;s
^mRrj vk/kqfud foKku^ “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA lwpuk foKku eq[;r% ikjEifjd foKku RkFkk
rduhdh ds }kjk mRiUu gq;ha leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, ;kstuk ds fodkl dh vko”;drk gsrq
iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA
foYlu ds vuqlkj “Information science is that set of practices and related disciplinary
studies which is concerned with the generation, transmission, organization, storage, retrieval
and use of information together with the studies of the user of information.”
eSdjSUd ds vuqlkj bfrgkl ds :i esa foKku gh lwpuk foKku gSA ;g fo”ks’k :i ls Hkwr
ds ckjs esa orZeku dks lwfpr djrh gSA eSUlQhYM us lwpuk foKku dh ifjHkk’kk dks ysdj gq,
okn&fookn dh vkykspuk dh gS] vkSj ^lwpuk^ rFkk ^foKku* nksuksa gh “kCnksa dks vLi’V crk;k gSA
mlds vuqlkj “Information Science is being used to described heterogeneous set of activities,
so called information science forcing the search for a unifying conceptual framework where
none exists.”

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 lpwuk foKku% ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj

5.4 lwpuk foKku dh fo'ks’krk,¡ (Features of Information Science)

Vs¶dks lkjklsfod us lwpuk foKku ds Hkwr] orZeku ,oa Hkfo’; dks le>us ds fy, rhu
ewyHkwr fo”ks’krkvksa dks izLrqr fd;k gSA Vs¶dks ds vuqlkj ;s rhu¨a lkekU; fo”ks’krk,¡ lwpuk foKku
dss ewY;kadu vkSj vfLrRo ds vk/kkj fopkj gSaA ;s lHkh fo”ks’krk,¡ fofHkUu vk/kqfud v/;;u {ks=ksa esa
lkekU; :i ls iz;qDr gksrs gSa&
 lwpuk foKku dh izÑfr vUrfoZ’k;d gSA gkykafd fofHkUu fo’k;ksa ds lkFk blds lEcU/
k fujUrj cnyrs jgrs gSaA vr% bldk vUrfoZ’k;d ewY;kadu vHkh Hkh fd;k tk jgk
gSA
 lwpuk foKku eq[;r% lwpuk rduhdh ls vuojr :i ls tqMk gqvk gSA
 lwpuk foKku vU; {ks=ksa ds rjg lwpuk lekt ds ewY;kadu esa lfØ; :i ls tqM+h
gq;h gSA lwpuk foKku ds rduhdh ls ijs etcwr lkekftd vkSj O;ogkfjd igyw gaSA

5.5 lwpuk dk vUrZfo’kf;d ifjÁs{k (Interdisciplinary Perspective to Information)

çkjEHk ls gh lwpuk foKku fo”k; dk vUrZfo’k;d n‘f’Vdks.k is”k fd;k x;k gSA lwpuk foKku
dh vUrZfo’k;d :ijs[kk gh blds v/;;u ds {ks= vkSj izÑfr dh xgjkbZ dks n'kkZrh gSA lwpuk foKku
dh i`’BHkwfe essa vusd fHkUurk;sa gSa gkykafd bu fHkUurkv¨a dk irk yxkuk eqf”dy gSA lwpuk foKku
us lapkj vkSj f”k{kk ds {ks=ksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA izR;sd fo’k;¨a dh Ik‘’BHkwfe esa dke dj jgs
fofHkUu yksxksa us mu {ks=¨a esa izklafxd ;ksxnku fn;k gS] ysfdu lwpuk foKku dh etcwr vUrZfo’k;d
fo”ks’krk,¡ Hkh mu {ks=¨a ds fodkl ds fy;s i;kZIr ek«kk esa ftEesnkj gSA vr% lwpuk foKku us dbZ lkjs
fo’k;ksa dks tksM+dj ,d dj fn;k x;k gSA orZeku lekt esa eq[;r% vuqÁ;¨x vk/kkfjr Kku ,oa
oSKkfud Kku dh mi;ksfxrk dh c<rh gq;h ek¡x us lwpuk foKku fo’k; ds lkFk fofHkUu nwljs
oSKkfud fo’k;ksa ds lkFk lglEcU/k ,oa tqMko d¨ egRoiw.kZ cuk fn;k gSA
LVsEcj ds vuqlkj “Information science has incorporated a number of distinct disciplines
into its main streem and peripheral research. Given that information science has multiple
disciplins at work within it, there is an immediate need to investigate the nature and value of
collaboration of various subjects. A major component of this investigation is clearifying
semantic meaning for terms that are frequently used interchangeably by researchers and
practitioners with no clarification: intradisciplinary, crossdisciplinary, multidisciplinary,
transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary”.
lwpuk foKku ds dbZ fo’k;ksa ds lkFk vUrZfo’k;d lEcU/k gaS] tks fuEufyf[kr gS& lax.kd
foKku] euksfoKku] xf.kr] Hkk’kk foKku bR;kfnA bu fo’k;ksa ds lkFk lwpuk foKku ds vUrZfo’k;d
lEcU/k d¨ fuEufyf[kr Ádkj ls n’kkZ;k tk ldrk gS&
( 44 )
 lpwuk foKku% ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj

f'k{kk lax.kd foKku lapkj

çca/k lwpuk foKku xf.kr

Hkk"kk laKkukRed foKku Ñf=e cqf)

5.6 lwpuk foKku dk lax.kd foKku ls lEcU/k (Relation of Information Science

with Computer Science)

lax.kd foKku ,oa lwpuk foKku ds e/; egRoiw.kZ lEcU/k gSA lwpuk foKku eq[;r% lwpuk
ds Hk.Mkj.k vkSj mldh iquZizkfIr ls tqM+k gqvk fo"k; gS rFkk lax.kd foKku izfØ;kxr [kkst ,oa
fo”kky Hk.Mkj.k ds vk/kj fo"k; ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj] lwpuk ds vf/kxe dks yxkrkj
,oa vusd rjhdksa ls lqfuf'pr djkrk gSA blds }kjk ge lwpukvksa dk fo”kky laxzg dk Hk.Mkj.k dj
mudks vko”;d dk;ksZa esa mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
xzUFkky; ds izfrfnu ds dk;Z tSls& vf/kxzg.k] lwphdj.k] lkj.kh fu;a=.k] lapj.k bR;kfn ls
ysdj vusd lwpuk lsok,a tSls& lh0 ,0 ,l0] ,l0 Mh0 vkbZ0] jsVªksLisfDVo [kkst] vkuykbu MsVkcsl
vkfn ;s lHkh dEI;wVj ls tqM+h gq;h lsok,a gSaA

5.7 lwpuk foKku dk euksfoKk ls lEcU/k (Relation of Information Science with

Psychology)

euksfoKku eu dk v/;;u gS tSlk fd ge lksprs gaS] djrs gSa ,oa vuqHko djrs gSaA euksfoKku
,d ,slk foKku gS] tks oSKkfud fof/k;ksa ds }kjk fopkj vkSj O;ogkj dh ifjHkk’kk] O;k[;k ,oa
Hkfo’;ok.kh ls tqM+k gSA euksfoKku n”kZu vkSj “kkjhfjd foKku dk la;qDr ifj.kke gSA ;g vk/kqfud
vUrZfo’k;d {ks=¨a ds e/; loZJs’B vUrZfo’k;d lEcU/k dks Ánf’kZr djrk gSA euksfoKku vusd {ks=ksa
ls lEc) fofHkUu mikxe¨a dks ,d lkFk ykrk gSA ;g fofHkUu laKkRed izfØ;kv¨a dks le>us ds fy,
ewyHkwr fopkj¨a d¨ ÁLrqr djrk gS ,oa fnekx dh lajpuk vkSj mldh fofHkUu ÁfØ;v¨a tSls cqf) ls
tqM+k gSA
laKkukRed foKku dk egRp vusd tfVy leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, fofHkUu mikxeksa
ds iz;ksx ls tqM+k gqvk gSA euksfoKku lwpuk lsokvksa dks iznku djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
lwpuk lsok;sa eq[;r% miHkksDrkv¨a dh vko”;drkv¨a] leL;kv¨a ,oa muds fujkdj.k¨a ij vk/kkfjr

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 lpwuk foKku% ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj

gksrh gSaA euksfoKku fo’k; dk Kku miHkksDrkv¨a dks le>us] mldh leL;k ,oa vko”;drkvksa dk
fo'ys’k.k djus ,oa mls mi;qZDr oSKkfud lwpuk iznku djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
nwljh rjQ ekuo euksfoKku dk Kku lwpuk iquZizkfIr ra= dk izk:i cukus ,oa mlds fodkl
esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrh gSA tSls fd lwphdkj ,d fo"k; 'kh"kZd dk p;u djrk gS ftls vf/kla[;d
miHkksDrk mi;ksx djrs gaS rFkk blls tqM+s gq, lHkh fo”k; ‘kh”kZdksa ds fy, vUrZlUnHkZ lwph iznku
djrk gS] tks miHkksDrk }kjk [kkstus esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA
euksfoKku ls tqM+s gq, vusd {ks= lwpuk foKku ds }kjk izHkkfor gksrs gSa] muesa ls dqN
fuEufyf[kr gSa&
 rdZ (Logic)
 lwpuk vko”;drk (Information need)
 laKkukRed foKku (Cognitive Science)
 rduhdh ncko (Techno-stress)
 xzUFkky; iz;qDr v/;;u& ykbZdVZ Ldsy (Library use studies- Likert scale)
 ladsr foKku (Semiotics)

5.8 lwpuk foKku dk xf.kr ls lEcU/k (Relation of Information Science with

Maths)

Xkf.kr ,d ,slk foKku gS] tks ekiu vkSj Øec)rk ds fy;s fofHkUu fopkj¨a vkSj izfrn”k¨aZ ij
vk/kkfjr vuqla/kku dh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dk ifjek.kkRed v/;;u ÁLrqr djrk gSA lwpuk Á©|¨fxdh
ds lg;¨x ls xf.krh; izn”kZu gsrq vusd lwpuk izfrn”k¨Za dk fodkl gqvk gSA
lwpuk foKku dh fofHkUu “kk[kk,a gSa tgk¡ xf.kr vkSj mlds fl)kUr¨a dk iz;ksx mPp Lrj ij
gksrk gSA buesa ls fuEufyf[kr Áeq[k gSa&Bibliometrics, Scientometrics, Webometrics vkSj
Informetrics.
xf.kr dk mi;ksx lwpuk ra=ksa ,oa lwpuk lsokvksa ds ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu esa Hkh gksrk gSA fofHkUu
vkSlr fo”ys’k.k izfØ;kv¨a tSls& fjdkWy ,oa iszlh’ku dk izn”kZu vkSlr fo”ys’k.k }kjk gksrk gS]
tks fd xf.kr ls gh fy;k x;k gSA

5.9 lwpuk foKku dk Hkk"kk foKku ls lEcU/k (Relation of Information Science with
Linguistics)

Hkk’kk foKku Hkk’kk dk v/;;u gSA lwpuk izlaLdj.k esa Hkk’kk foKku dk vR;f/kd egRo gSA
,d vuqØe.khdkjd vuqØef.kdk fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa dk p;u izkÑfrd Hkk’kk ls gh
djrk gSA ;s lHkh fo"k; 'kh"kZd “kCndks’k¨a ds lkekU; “kCn vkSj miHkksDrkv¨a ds [kkst fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa
ls feyus okys gksus pkfg,A
( 46 )
 lpwuk foKku% ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj

Hkk’kk lwpuk dks vklkuh ls izLrqr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gS ,oa lwpuk dks ,d O;k[;k ;ksX;
:i esa ifjofrZr djrh gSA nwljs {ks=¨a esa Hkh Hkk’kk foKku dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS] tSls& xzUFk lwfp;ksa
dk laxzg] vuqokn ¼ekuohd‘r vkSj e”khuhd‘r½] lkjka”k bR;kfn ds fuekZ.k esAa bl izdkj ls Hkk’kk
foKku izy[s ku vkSj lwpuk dk;¨Za esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fuHkkrh gSA lwpuk oSKkfudksa ds fy, Hkk’kk ges”kk
ls ykHkizn jgh gS] tSls&
 Hkk’kk lwpuk ?kVdksa ds izLrqrhdj.k] oxhZdj.k vkSj lwphdj.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
midj.k gSA
 Hkk’kk dk vFkZ okrkZyki ls gS] tks fd lwpuk vkSj Kku dk vk/kkj gSA
Hkk’kk ds fodkl esa lwpuk ,oa lwpuk foKku vk/kkfjr Á;kl¨a dk fuEu Ádkj ls izHkko Li"Vr%
n`f"Vx¨pj g¨rk gS&
1. GIST Cards
2. UTF (Universal True Font)
3. Unicode
4. Internet Linguistics

5.10 lkjka'k (Summing-Up)

bl ikB esa geus lwpuk foKku ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu fcUnqvksa dks Li’V djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
blesa lwpuk foKku fo’k; ds mn~Hko dks n”kkZrs gq, fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds }kjk nh x;h lwpuk foKku
dh ifjHkk’kkvksa dks izLrqr fd;kA geus lwpuk foKku dh fofHkUu fo”ks’krkvksa ij izdk”k MkykA
lwpuk foKku ds vUrZfo’k;h; ifjizs{; dks Hkh le>us ds fy, geus ,sls fofHkUu fo’k; {ks=ksa dks
fpfUgr djus dk iz;kl fd;k ftuesa lwpuk foKku us fdlh u fdlh rjg ls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h
gSA blds fy;s geus eq[; :i ls lax.kd foKku] Hkk’kk] xf.kr] euksfoKku] bR;kfn fo’k; {ks=ksa esa
lwpuk foKku dh egrh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ dhsA ,oa bu lHkh fo’k; {ks=ksa ij lwpuk foKku ds iMus okys
ÁHkko ij vyx&vyx izdk”k Mkyrs gq, fooj.k izLrqr fd;kA

5.11 ekWMy ç'u (Model Questions)

1- lwpuk foKku dks ikfjHkkf’kr dhft,A lwpuk foKku dk fofHkUu fo"k;¨a ds lnHkZ esa
mlds vUrZfo’k;h; ifjizs{; ij foLr`r fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
Define Information Science. Write a descriptive note on the Interdisciplinary
perspective of Information Science in the context of various disciplines.
2- euksfoKku ds {ks= esa lwpuk foKku dh Hkwfedk dks Li’V dhft,A
Discuss the role of Information Science in the field of Psychology.

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 lpwuk foKku% ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj

3- lwpuk foKku dh fofHkUu fo”ks’krkvksa ij izdk”k Mkfy,A

Through light on various characteristics of Information Science.
4- Hkk’kk foKku ds lUnHkZ esa lwpuk foKku ds egRo dks Li’V dhft,A
Discuss the importance of Information Science in the context of Linguistics.

5.12 lUnHkZ lwph (References)

1. Brookes (BC). The Foundation of Information Science. J.ISc, Vol 2, Nos. 3-4,
1980, pp. 125-133.
2. Burton (P). Information Technology and Society: Implications for the information
professions. London, LA publishing, 1992.
3. Chizm (RM). The Theory of Knowledge. New Delhi, Prentics-Hall, 1977.
4. Feather (J). The Information Society: A study of continuity and change. London,
LA publishing, 2000.
5. Machulp (F) and Mansfield (U). Study of Information, Inter-disciplinary
messages. New York, Wiley, 1983.
6. Madden (AD A). Definition of Information. J.Doc., Vol 6, No 1, 2004, pp. 9-23.
7. McGarry (K). The changing context of Information: An introductory analysis.
London, LA, 1993.
8. Prasher (RG). Information and its Communication. New Delhi, Medallion Press,
1991.
9. Rowley (JE) and Turner (CMD). Dissemination of Information. London, Andra,
1976.
10. Rubin (RE). Foundations of Library and Information Science. New York, Neal-
Schuman, 2004.
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