Morning Alpha-2024

Atomic Structure

Remaining Class

By BIGHNARAJ MISHRA
 Principle
Heisenberg
's
Uncertainty
to
It is
impossible
simultaneously
measure the

momentum of
position and a
very
small microscopic particle
moving
with absolute If we
accuracy
.

will do it , we will make an error

of that .

on =

uncertainty
in
position
momentum
op =

Uncertainty in

mathematically ,
on ✗
op ≥ ¥ ,

onxmxov ≥ ¥
 on ✗ or ≥ ¥×m
girly electron can't
the nucleus
exist inside

? using Heisenberg
's
prove

Uncertainty priciple ( Radius of

nucleus =1515m)

AM : on ✗ m ✗ or ≥ ¥1
-

or
≥
HUTT ✗ MXOU

=u;%%.¥×ñ 's

"
OV = 5.8×10 m / Sec .
 than
velocity
This is more

not possible
that of light ,
so it is

Hence ,
electrons can't exist inside

nucleus .

9 If
uncertainty in position is

equal to momentum
uncertainty
in ,

will be
then
uncertainty velocity in -

- \

Amt on =
op

: on ✗
op ≥ ¥
÷
'
≥
,

op ≥ Fi
 mxov ≥ Fha
or
-1m¥
weighing log moving
Ball
A is

with
velocity of If 90msec
a .

the
velocity
is
uncertainty
in

in
5. 1. ,
then
uncertainty position
is _ ✗ 1533m .

( Round off to nearest

Integer)
(h = 6 .
63 ✗ 1534J . Sec .

)
 90
7¥
Am :
-
OV = ✗ = 4.5msec .

i. ON ✗ or =

¥1m
on
;;:¥¥!→u .

= 1. 17×10-33
So ,
Answer is 1 .
Quantum mechanical model of
Atom -

Failure of Bohr 's model -

→fve
-4
was not considered
of
.
electron

He considered well defined

circular orbit .

As the position and

velocity of
an electron cannot be determined

will talk
simultaneously ,
we

about
probability .

→ 3 D model of atom came

into picture ( e- is considered

as waves
)
3-D around nucleus
→
region
finding
electrons
where
probability of
is maximum ( 90 %) → (orbital )

→ orbit → 2D -
circular

orbital → 3D - Can be of
any shape
Quantum mechanical model
→ Erwin
Schrodinger
→ Based de
on
Broglie hypothesis
-

Heisenberg uncertainty
and

principle
→ Electron was considered as wave

I
wavefunction
(4)
psi
→ An electron in an atom is

described mathematical
by a

function called 4 ( wavefunction)

→ All the information about
electron is stored in V1 .

Quantum mechanics
helps to
get
information fromm 4 .
4¥ +

0¥ +
4%+8%7-4=-44
= 0

ÑY = EY

Ñ = Hamiltonian operator
( a mathematical operator

Y = wave function

F- Total
energy
=

d-%Éar
 amplitude y

t
=

t
+
/ o
/ - ve

electron
density
= 0

( node)

y2= probability density of finding

electron
→ on
solving Schrodinger wave

equation we
got different
solutions
-1
Quantum numbers ( n .
lin)

1
electron
Address
of
→ Electrons → orbitals → Subshell
]
shell

orbital (4) defined

→ An is
by
3- Quantum numbers -

(a) n
( principal Quantum Number)→ shell

(b) l ( Azimuthal Quantum Number) → sub

-
-

Shell

(c) m (
magnetic onantum Number) →

orbitals
electron defined
by
→ An is 4- Quantum

numbers (n ,
l, m, s
)
I
on autism
spin
No .
 Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers explain

complete address
of an electron

atom
in an .

They
are
of 4-
types
① Principal Quantum Number ( )n -

② Azimuthal ouantum Number (e) -

③ Quantum
Magnetic Number (m) -

④ spin Quantum Number ( s) -

Principal Quantum Number -

→ It explains the size and

which
energy of an orbit in

electron is present .
 different values
' '
→ The of n

are 1 ,
2 , 3,4 - - - - - - - - - -

L E 'm ki
' '
→ An n increases ,
Radius increases .

'
'
increases
As n
,

Energy of
shell increases .

→ It is used to calculate the

number
of orbitals
given by
m2 . Thus ,
the maximum no .

electrons shell → ai
of in a

since one orbital can contain

maximum 2- electrons .
 Azimuthal Quantum Number (e)

→ It is also known as orbital

momentum
angular ouantnm

Ohantnm
subsidiary
Number or

Number .

→ It
gives information about
subshell and shape .

→ sub shells are sub

energy
-

level inside level

energy
an

→ No of sub shells in shell

any
.

= n

→ The values of e' will be

'

0 , 1,2 ,
- - - - -

Cn 1)-
→ 1=0 → s -
subshell

1=1 subshell
→
p -

1=2 → d- subshell
1=3 → f- subshell
values No .
of possible Name of
subshell Valles of 't subshell
'

of n

n =L 1 1=0 → Is

N=2 1=0 → 2s
2
e- 1 →
2p
3s
3 1=0 →
n =3
1=1 → 3 p
f- 2 → 3d
1=0 Us
4
→
n= 4 b- I → Up
he:} hudf
Note -

Azimuthal o.nl also

helps
determining
in

momentum angular orbital

→
=
recent hay or recent
,

If 1=0 , L = O

l =L L F
IT
=
,

9 For a d- electron the orbital

(b)
angular momentum is -

th irzh (c) h- (d) 2k

Am :
¥2
-

,
L =
fÉh- = TGK
01 calculate the orbital
angular
momentum in terms
of hzy ,
of an

electron in a 3d orbital .

Am
:-[ = teeth =
Ttt
 Quantum
Magnetic Number ( me)

It explains the orientation

→
of
an orbital with respect to the

coordinate axes .

values
' '
→ The total of me

will be (21+1) which is the

total orbitals present

number
of
in a subshell .

total
→ The no .

of orbitals in

subshell total
a =
no .

of
possible orientations of an

orbital
→
possible values of me
= -
l to +l

→
If 1=0 , me = 0 ( 1- orbital)

i. (21+1) =
1
d

'
I →
spherically symmetrical
orbital
spherically symmetrical
S -
is

in
shape .
So ,
it is directional
non -
.
→ 1=1 ,
me = -1
,
0 ,
+ I G- orbitals
i.
(21+1) =
3

orbitals me

the II
Dum bell

Pistol Py 1=1 shell

Pz 0

# 0 ±

( Pre)
( Py )
 É ( Pz)
✗

If 1--2 ,
No .

of orbitals -_ 21+1

I =
5

(d- subshell)
values
of me are -2 , -1,0 , -11 ,
-12

orbitals me

:÷:¥÷ :|
dry 1=2

contains 42 .ua
dzn 1=1 dnmbell
dn2_y2 1=2

.
 my

☒ i >y

Cdmp Cdyz)
+2 doe
dry , dyz ,

⑦ I
Globes
inbetween
are

the
present
axes .

(dzn) *

Along
(
axes
the

cloverleaf
model)
§ ( dairy)
>
✗
 ⑧ →
✗y plane

shape)
(doughnut
Cdi)
If l =3 No .

of orbitals = 21+1
,

µÉb shell) =
7

→ Complex structure

→
furs
figs , ,
fz }

fzcriryz) fy ( 22ND tufty

/ '

fnyz
 Spin Quantum Number -

→ This omentum number accounts

about its
for the spin of electron

axis similar to Earth 's motion about

the sun as well as about its own

axis .

→ An orbital has maximum two

electrons in
opposite
direction
spinningto
leading a
spin angular
momentum .

→ Thus for two electrons in an

orbital , S =
(+1-2) anticlockwise
= T

S =
(-1-2) clockwise = I
→ s =
tzfw any electron .
In an

orbital has
,
S =

+1-2 been taken

to electrons it
distinguish the 2 in

has elarsieal
→
spin o.nl no
analogue
→
magnitude of spin angular
momentum is
given by
-

FED h
IT
=

¥ h_ ( s tzfw
=

an
electron
Note -

subshell shell →
* No .

of in a n

* No .

of orbitals in a shell → m2
 shell
* No .

of electrons in a →

2h2
* No .

of orbitals in a subshell →

(21+1)
* No .

of electrons in a subshell →

2 (21+1)
values of values of
' ' '
Name
of Total
'
n l subshell orbitals

N=1 O s - subshell 1
-

n=2 O s -
subshell I

1 subshell 3
p -

n=3 £
I p subshell
-
3

2 d- subshell 5

O s -
subshell 1
-

n=y I p subshell
-

2 d- subshell 5

3 f- Subshell 7
 swbshdls
Magnetic
a.nl/II#rbiM
FEI
Max
0 IS →
, , 2- electrons

¥¥É*}→sMTaums
0 '
-

no , -11 ÷ 2pm
2Py2Pz

É#→ÑÉ
0 3s EH
-1,0 , -11 3. p É
-2 ' -
" "+11+2 3d

^
Us 1T¥ "

-110 , -11 Up tf 32 és

-2 , -1101+4-12 4d tÉ
-3 , -2 , -110
+ 1/+21+3
Uf ¥ÉÉ
 Atomic orbital
Degeneracy of
-

↳ orbitals have
No .

of Atomic

same
energy
subshell
p → 3 →
pre py pz→ same
-

, ,

energy
d- subshell
dwyidyz dzn
→ 5 →
, ,

dnt dat
-

ya ,

for subshell Same

energy
→

notte -

+ e) Rule helps in

multi electron
comparing Energy of
species
Cnt e) value
→
Higher the
,
higher
will be the
energy .
 If value of
→ Cn + e) is same ,
higher
the value
higher
'

of
'
n will be the

energy
:

Name
of subshell 3d
→ IS ,
2s ,
2p ,
3s , 3p , , 4141 ,

Cnte value→ it { ↳ § tu ¥ Its

Energy of is { 2s < zp < 3s <3 plus (

3d < 4 pl - - - - -

( For multi electron species )

( H)
For
Hydrogen i
F- Ln

IS 425--213435--310=3 d < US =
Up =
4d=4f

f
-
-
- -
- -
- -
 Multi electron species ( F- ✗ Cn+eD
Is < 25421043s <3 plus < 3dL - - - - - -

t I ☒ #
2nd5th 6th
1st 4th
ground Excited
3rd
state excited
state state

9 level of 2nd excited

Degeneracy
state of Li-ion .

Am : -

3
1pm Pa
Py
Degeneracy
level
of multi electron

species -

level
Degeneracy
Ground State ( is) -

1st excited state ( as) -

I
2nd excited state cap) -

3rd I '
Ii
( 3s) -
I

4th " m
( sp ) -

5th 11 u
Cus ) -
1

6th 11 "
( 3d ) -

5
 ( Ean)
Hydrogen
of
shell
Degenerate
No

Degeneracy
-

orbitals
Cny
n=1 → 1 → 1
( K shell)
-

2s
n= 2
4 → → y
( L shell)→
-

↳
2Pa ,2Pyi2Pz

n=3 9 q
shell )→
→

( M
-

n=4 → 16 → 16
( N shell)
-

(
✓
→ us I

f)
-

up -3
→ hd -
5

→
Uf -7
OF
following
which of the set of
not
O - N is
possible -

I 1 I
- -

(a) 2 ✓
1 o

☒ 2 ✓ 2 × 1 ✓

☒ 3
✓
1 ✓ 2 ✗

✓
# 2 ✓ -

Ix o

Am :
BCD
-
 Electronic
configuration
filling
electrons
order of
in an atom or ion can be

following
rules
explained by
the -

(a) Aufbau principle

(b) Hund 's rule of maximum

multiplicity
(C) Pauli 's exclusion
principle
Aufbau priciple
Electrons are filled in the

orbitals order of
increasing
in

their ie lower
energy energy
,

orbitals are filled first .

 ✗ Ate
If value
Energy @
of + e) is same ,
F- Ln

of
Energy
zsczpcsscsplus.cn
1s <

+¥ I ↳ ! tu tu
e) =

orbits É

÷
¥
n = 2 ⑧ 2④
. ④

④④µ
n -

-
u ④

n -5
-

⑤ ④ ⑤ ④
n = 6 ④ ④ ④ ④
Note spin multiplicity
-
-

spin
multiplicity =
2151+1

✓ t
'
T T T T

¥ ¥ ¥+42 ¥ 151=5-2
i.
multiplicity
6
spin
=

✗ T T T t t

¥ ¥ ¥¥ ¥
IS 1=1-2
✗ spin
multiplicity 2
=
 rule
Hund 's
of maximum

multiplicity
-

electrons
No
pairing of
the orbitals
having
in same

energy
takes
place unless each

singly
orbital is filled .

⑧ pairing of electrons takes

place when all the orbitals of a

subshell
have
are
singly occupied ( to

'
maximum
multiplicity )
P → t →
degenerate orbitals

P2 → IT ✓ 1 I ✓

Tt ✗ T t ✗
 ✓ ✓

if →
-
T T or I 1 I

" ✓
t t ti
'

P → Ttt T ✓or

③ Pauli 's exclusion principle -

No two electrons in an

orbital can have same set of

four Quantum numbers .

have
' '
They may same value

of
' ' '
but must
'

n
,
l and m
they
the values
'
's
differ in
of
1525218354 ploys
2
F- ✗ →
zfa →

→ it Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt TI Tt Tt
 452
④①
← →

n= 4 4

l = O O

m = O O

s =

+12
-

tz
Stable Electronic
Configuration
Half filled filled
fully
and

orbitals are more stable due to

symmetry
and
Exchange Energy
.

Exchange Energy
-

In orbitals electrons
degenerate
*
,

of spin
same can
interchange
their position and is
energy
released . It is known as
Exchange
Energy
.

of
Exchanges
* As no .
increases ,

stability
increases .

Ex -

write the electronic

configuration of the
following
-

1¥Épus↳d
'
use →

'
→ [ Ar ] , gut 3d

22
Ti →
[As ] , gust 3dL

2¥ →
Ctr ) ,g4sZ3d3
 ÷.*÷÷÷.**
*
Er

45
-

[Ar ] , gus 3ds

'

3d4 4s
'

do
exchanges ) (15 exchanges)
(leis stable)
(more stable
Mn
25
→ CAR ] ,gus23d5
Fe
26
→
(As) ,g4s23d6
zfo → far] ,g4s23d7
☒i →
Ctr ) ,g4S23d8
 *
' "

zqcu → [ ] ,g
Ar Us 3d

/ °

302m → [As ] ,gus2 3d

Electronic
configuration of Ions -

Cation -

M⑦→ Electron is lost

from outermost shell

Fe+2→ [As] ,g4Ñ°3d6

→ [As] ,g3d6

) Be
± ) ) n=2
n
=3 n = y

n=l

Fe+3→[Ar ] ,g3d5
'

,g4¥3¥
'
"
Mnt → Ctr]
→
far] ,g3d3
Anion → Add electrons to the

outermost shell .

iii.
-

→
?
N → 152 zs2zp3
13 e- added

ni _→ 152 25 zpb
spin only magnetic moment

spin only magnetic moment

→
=

Bohr
=
¥2T B. M magneton
n = no .

of unpaired electrons
If the atom has unpaired electrons
→
paramagnetic
the electrons
If the atom has all

in paired condition →

diamagnetic
1s2zs2zp3
Ex
paramagnetic → N
- →

T TT

ls2zs2zp63s}p6
Ex -

Diamagnetic → Ar →

the moment
01 calculate
magnetic
of Fet?
b
Am ! -
Fett → ( Ar ) 3d
,g

Tt TT TT

aired
 moment
magnetic =
FED B. m

= V24 B. M

Nodes

Region where
probability of
finding electrons is zero .

Nodes are
of types
two -

(a) Radial nodes ( spherical nodes)

(b)
Angular nodes ( planar nodes)

Radial nodes
spherical region around the

nucleus where
probability of finding
electron is zero .

i. No ,

of radial nodes = n - l -

l
Ex -

Is No of radial nodes 1 o I
-
-
→ . =

= 0

radial nodes
2s → No .

of = 2-0-1
= 1

3s radial nodes
→ No .

of =3 -0-1

= 2
F- ✗ →

radial nodes
21ps ,
=
2-1-1=0

l
3p =
3 l = I
-

it 11 -

4 P ,
I ' Ii = 4 -
I -

1=2

3d ,
11 " =
3-2-1=0
 Angular nodes

planar Nodes Comical Nodes

to

plane where probability

of finding és is zero .

¥10 l
.

of Angular nodes =

F- X
S
Angler
-

node -_ 0

"
Angler
A
nodes -
Nodal
P →
p yz
Planes >
✗

plane ↳
yz plane
-

py → I → U2 plane ( Nodal
Pz → I → my plane plane)
F- ✗ → No .

of Radial nodes and

angular nodes
in
up .

no .

ofradial nodes = n - l -
l = 4 -
I -
I =
2

no .

of angular nodes = l = 1

Angular nodes in d : 2

* Y

dry planes

⑨
2
> 1
✗
✗2 and yz

dyz → 2 planes ,
Zy
and V2

due → 2 planes ,
my
and
yz
duty 2
→ ✗Y

As Igor
planes
dz2→

☒
c-
2-
comical
nodes
 Notes →
No .

of Radial nodes
= n - l -
l

No .

of Angular nodes =L

Total nodes = n -1/-1 + t

= n -
I

Total number
of nodes present in

level
5p energy is -

(a) 6 (b) 5 4 (d) 3

AM:
-
n - I = 5- I =
4

01 which of
following
the orbitals

has / have zero

probability of
plane ?
finding
electrons in xy

pz dyz dzn (D) he

Am : Pz
My
- =

day
nz
2
my
= ,

dzu yz my
=
,

Radial probability curves

Radial
V1 =
a
wave function ( ref
+ - ve or
)
0

=
Amplitude of wave

42 =
five or 0
) →
probability
density of
finding
electrons

at a
point .
 it
e-
•

i r
!
i.
i >
:
y

-0 I
n

Radial part Cn e) ,

y →

↳
Angular part ( me )

Y Cr , O , )
0 = Rcr ) . 0 (o ) . (0)

+ →
Radial part Angular part
f
n
↳
e
time
 Rcn , e)
¥ "2 Zrlao
is → R ,o
=
2
(E) e-
"
K"
21> → Rai =

¥ ( Zao )%(z÷ ) e-
27290
2s →
Rao =
2
( Iao )%( , z÷ ) e-
-

"

R3z=ZY÷s ( ¥)% ( %-)

boo
"

3d → e-

PI
¥ ( ¥)% (E) G- E) e- 2%0
3

Ra =

3
Sf
(} %( 2%9
Rso = 2 1-
3¥ +
}£÷I) e-
S : (Comtat ) e- ¥0

Radial curves

② Rcr ) vs N → plot of Radial wave

function
④I
radiates

÷¥ ¥•
T n.tl
if
=
-0-1

for
=
,

=
1

⑤
→
r→

Nojofaaid#
modes
in r →
④
 f¥÷
yt
r→

T nodes
Radial

~÷
\
2-
Y =3
-

⑦
 ⑤ =3 I -
-

t
←
Y adialnode

r→

Note
' '
→
(a) For s , 15,2s ,
3s ,

Rts) → 0 at r = is

' ' ' '

(b) For Ip and d

,

Rcr) → 0 at ✗ =
0 and r= is

(c) For Is , zp , 3d
,
Rcr ) is
always
+ ve
( because
of absence
of
radial nodes )
 plot of Radial
probability density CRY

'
or v12

r→

*
1.
r→
"

.
plot of Radial function
probability
④ (4×4722)
uñiÑ
-

A.
i.
'

!
0.529M¥ Max ✗→

4×3722 rid ④

¥ ④a
r.E.fi I

Vmax r→

→
 T

unite ④ radial

~
No .
of nodes
= 0

r→

④
T

iii.A
4×7122

r→
 ""
u"

( hair )
'
Note → vs r

l
No
of peaks = n -
% Yas -_u¥a"( 2-
E) e- %

where ao is Bohr radius . If radial

nodes in 2s be at ro ,
then To

would be egret to

(A) ¥ ¥290 ⇐ rzao ④

¥2
Am :

µy
-

At node . 4=-0

2-
Iao = 0

=) 8=290
 Home work

Module - In -

chapter -
Ex -
C

work book All the

remaining
-

Questions