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Math22 Lecture1 f19

- The document summarizes key concepts from the first lecture of a linear algebra course, including systems of linear equations, matrix notation, solving systems using elementary row operations, and determining existence and uniqueness of solutions. - It provides examples of representing a system of equations using a matrix and using elementary row operations to solve a system. - The document explains that elementary row operations preserve equivalence between systems and can be used to determine if a system has a unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions.

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Lilia Xa
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44 views28 pages

Math22 Lecture1 f19

- The document summarizes key concepts from the first lecture of a linear algebra course, including systems of linear equations, matrix notation, solving systems using elementary row operations, and determining existence and uniqueness of solutions. - It provides examples of representing a system of equations using a matrix and using elementary row operations to solve a system. - The document explains that elementary row operations preserve equivalence between systems and can be used to determine if a system has a unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions.

Uploaded by

Lilia Xa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 22 –

Linear Algebra and its


applications

- Lecture 1 -

Instructor: Bjoern Muetzel


GENERAL INFORMATION

▪ Office hours: Tue 1-3 pm, Th, Sun 2-4 pm in KH 229

▪ Tutorial: Tue, Th, Sun 7-9 pm in KH 105

▪ Workload: Demanding course 10 -15 h / week is normal

▪ Conclusion: Engage yourself! Come to the class/tutorial, read


the book, do homework and suggested practice problems until
you feel confident with the topic.

▪ No class this Wednesday!


1 Linear Equations
in Linear Algebra
1.1
SYSTEMS OF
LINEAR EQUATIONS
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION

▪ Example:

Slide 1.1- 4
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION
LINEAR EQUATION

Aim: Learn an algorithm that can solve any


system of linear equations or state that it has no
solution.

Slide 1.1- 9
LINEAR EQUATION

▪ A linear equation in the variables x1 , , xn is an equation that


can be written in the form

a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn = b ,

where b and the coefficients a1 , , anare real or complex


numbers that are usually known in advance.

▪ A system of linear equations (or a linear system) is a


collection of one or more linear equations involving the same
variables — say, x1,…., xn.
Slide 1.1- 10
LINEAR EQUATION
▪ A solution of the system is a list (s1, s2,…, sn) of numbers that
makes each equation a true statement when the values s1,…, sn
are substituted for x1,…, xn, respectively.

▪ The set of all possible solutions is called the solution set of the
linear system.

▪ Two linear systems are called equivalent if they have the same
solution set.

Slide 1.1- 11
LINEAR EQUATION

▪ In the next lecture will see: A system of linear equations has

1. no solution, or
2. exactly one solution, or
3. infinitely many solutions.

▪ A system of linear equation is said to be inconsistent if it


has no solution.

▪ A system of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has


either one solution or infinitely many solutions.
Slide 1.1- 12
MATRIX NOTATION
▪ The essential information of a linear system can be recorded in
a table or matrix.
▪ For the following system of equations,
x1 − 2 x2 + x3 = 0
2 x2 − 8 x3 = 8
−4 x1 + 5 x2 + 9 x3 = −9,

the matrix  1 −2 1
 0 2 −8 
 
 −4 5 9 

is called the coefficient matrix of the system.


Slide 1.1- 13
MATRIX NOTATION

▪ An augmented matrix of a system consists of the coefficient


matrix with an added column containing the constants from the
right sides of the equations.

▪ For the given system of equations,

 1 −2 1 0
 0 2 −8 8
 
 −4 5 9 −9 

is called the augmented matrix.


MATRIX SIZE

▪ The size of a matrix tells how many rows and columns it


has. If m and n are positive numbers, an m n matrix is a
matrix or table with m rows and n columns. (The number of
rows always comes first.)

▪ The basic strategy for solving a linear system is to replace


one system with an equivalent system (i.e., one with the
same solution set) that is easier to solve.

Slide 1.1- 15
SOLVING SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS

▪ Example 1: Solve the given system of equations.


x1 − 2 x2 + x3 = 0 ----(1)
2 x2 − 8 x3 = 8 ----(2)
−4 x + 5 x + 9 x = −9 ----(3)
1 2 3

▪ Solution: Elimination algorithm using elementary row


transformations.

Slide 1.1- 16
SOLVING SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
SOLVING SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
Slide 1.1- 20
SOLVING SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS

▪ Thus, the only solution of the original system is (29,16,3). To


verify that (29,16,3) is a solution, substitute these values into
the left side of the original system, and compute.

(29) − 2(16) + (3) = 29 − 32 + 3 = 0


2(16) − 8(3) = 32 − 24 = 8
−4(29) + 5(16) + 9(3) = −116 + 80 + 27 = −9

▪ The results agree with the right side of the original system, so
(29,16,3) is a solution of the system.

Slide 1.1- 21
ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS

▪ Elementary row operations include the following:

1. (Replacement) Replace one row by the sum of itself


and a multiple of another row.
2. (Interchange) Interchange two rows.
3. (Scaling) Multiply all entries in a row by a nonzero
constant.

▪ Two matrices are called row equivalent if there is a


sequence of elementary row operations that transforms one
matrix into the other.

Slide 1.1- 22
ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS

▪ It is important to note that row operations are reversible.

▪ If the augmented matrices of two linear systems are row


equivalent, then the two systems have the same solution
set.

▪ As already mentioned, a central question is whether the


linear system has a solution and if the solution is unique.

Slide 1.1- 23
EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SYSTEM OF
EQUATIONS

▪ Example 2: Determine if the following system is consistent.

x2 − 4 x3 = 8
----(4)
2 x1 − 3 x2 + 2 x3 = 1
5 x1 − 8 x2 + 7 x3 = 1

▪ Solution: The augmented matrix is

0 1 −4 8
 2 −3 2 1
 
 5 −8 7 1
Slide 1.1- 24
EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SYSTEM OF
EQUATIONS
EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SYSTEM OF
EQUATIONS

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