c h a p te r

3 Metals and
Non-Metals
Syllabus
Properties of metals and non-metals; Reactivity series; Formation and properties of ionic
compounds; Basic metallurgical processes; Corrosion and its prevention.

Trend Analysis
List of Concept names 2018 2019 2020
OD/D OD D OD D
Properties of metals and Non-metals; 1 Q (2 M) 1 Q (5 M) 1 Q (5 M) 1 Q (5 M)
Reactivity series, amphoteric oxides 1 Q (3 M)

Formation and properties of ionic 1 Q (5 M) Or

compounds; Basic metallurgical processes; 1 Q (2 M)
Corrosion and its prevention

TOPIC - 1
Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

Revision Notes

TOPIC - 1
Introduction
 Metals are mostly solids, possessing high density. They have high melting and
Properties of Metals and
boiling points. They are lustrous and sonorous. They are good conductors of heat Non-Metals
and electricity. 
 Most of the metals are hard. However, some of the metals like sodium, potassium
are soft metals and can be easily cut with knife. TOPIC - 2
 All metals are solids except Mercury, Caesium, Francium, Germanium and Gallium
Ionic compounds,
which are solids with low melting point. Gallium becomes liquid if kept on palm Metallurgy and Corrosion
but Gallium has very high boiling point which makes it useful for high temperature
thermometers.
 Physical Properties:
Property Metals Non-Metals
1. Lustre Metals have shining surface. They do not have shining surface.
l Except Iodine.
2. Hardness They are generally hard. Generally soft.
l Except Sodium, Lithium and l Except Diamond, a form of carbon
Potassium which are soft and can which is the hardest natural
be easily cut with knife. substance.
3. State Exist as solids. Exist as solids or gases
l Except Mercury that exists in l Except Bromine that exists in liquid.
liquid.
4. Malleability Metals can be beaten into thin sheets. Non-metals are non-malleable.
l Gold, Silver and Aluminium are l They are brittle.
the most malleable metals.
5. Ductility Metals can be drawn into thin wires. They are non-ductile.
6. Conductor of heat & Metals are good conductors of heat Non-metals are poor conductors of heat
electricity and electricity. and electricity.
l Except Graphite.
7. Density and Melting Generally metals have high density Non metals have low density and low
point and high melting point. melting point.
l Except Sodium and Potassium
8. Sonorous Metals produce a sound on striking a They are not sonorous.
hard surface.
9. Oxides Metallic oxides are basic in nature. Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
 Chemical Properties:
(A) Reaction with Air:
Metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxide.
Metals + O2 → Metal oxide
Examples:
(i) 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Copper (II) oxide (black)
(ii) 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
Aluminium oxide
(iii) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Magnesium oxide
 Different metals show different reactivity towards O2.
l Na and K react so vigorously with oxygen that they catch fire if kept in open. So they are kept immersed in
kerosene.
l Surfaces of Mg, Al, Zn and Pb are covered with a thin layer of oxide which prevent them from further oxidation.
l Fe does not burn on heating but iron fillings burn vigorously.
l Cu does not burn but is coated with black copper (II) oxide.
l Au and Ag do not react with oxygen.
 Amphoteric Oxides: Metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water are called
amphoteric oxides.
Examples: Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Aluminium
chloride
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Sodium
aluminate
(B) Reaction of Metals with Water:
Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen
Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide
Examples: 2Mg + 2H2O → 2MgO + 2H2
Magnesium
oxide
 MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2
  Magnesium
hydroxide
(C) Reaction of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts:
Metal A + Salt solution B → Salt solution A + Metal B
 Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds in solution form.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
 All the metals do not react with the same rate. Some react very fast, some react moderately whereas others react
very slowly. The series of metals in decreasing order of reactivity is called reactivity or activity series of metals. The
metals at the top (K at the top most) are most reactive whereas metals at the bottom (Pt at the extreme bottom) least
reactive.
K > Na>Ca>Mg,> Al > Zn > Fe>Sn> Pb,>H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au > Pt.
 Metals react with dilute acids to form salt and hydrogen gas. The metal replaces hydrogen of the acid to form salt.
 Aqua Regia is a mixture of conc. HCl and conc. HNO3 in the ratio of 3: 1. It can dissolve gold and platinum. Aqua
Regia is a strong oxidizing agent due to the formation of NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and chlorine produced by
reaction of two acids.
 Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals. One of them can be non-metal also, e.g., Brass is an alloy
of copper and zinc. When a metal is alloyed with mercury, it is called an amalgam.
 Metals in reactivity series, if placed above hydrogen, can displace hydrogen from dilute acids (HCl and H2SO4).

Mnemonics

Concept: Activity series of metals

Mnemonics:
Popular Scientists Can Make A Zoo InThe Low Humid Country More Satisfactorily
Interpretation:
P - Potassium S – Sodium
C – Calcium M – Magnesium
A - Aluminium Z – Zinc
I - Iron T - Tin
L - Lead H – Hydrogen
C - Copper M - Mercury
S - Silver

Objective Type Questions 1 mark each

(iv) Bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the

A Multiple Choice Questions surface of calcium.
Q. 1. Which one of the following metals does not react (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
with cold as well as hot water? (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
(a) Na (b) Ca  [NCERT Exemp.]
(c) Mg (d) Fe [NCERT Exemp.] Ans. Correct option : (d)
Ans. Correct option : (d) Explanation: Calcium reacts slowly with water.
Explanation: Metals like aluminium, zinc, iron The reaction forms calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
do not react with hot/cold water. They react with and hydrogen gas (H2). The calcium metal sinks in
water only when water is in the form of steam. water and after an hour or so bubbles of hydrogen
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2. 1 are observed, stuck to the surface of the metal. 1
Q. 2. What happens when calcium is treated with water? Q. 3. Generally, non-metals are not lustrous. Which of
(i) It does not react with water. the following non-metal is lustrous?
(ii) It reacts violently with water. (a) Sulphur (b) Oxygen
(iii) It reacts less violently with water. (c) Nitrogen (d) Iodine
 [NCERT Exemp.]
 Ans. Correct option : (d) Ans. Correct option :(c)
Explanation: Iodine is a non-metal but it is lustrous. Explanation: Metals are sonorous, malleable and
1 ductile while non-metals are brittle.  1
Q. 4. An element A is soft and can be cut with a knife. Q. 3. Assertion (A): Gas bubbles are observed when
This is very reactive to air and cannot be kept open sodium carbonate is added to dilute hydrochloric
in air. It reacts vigorously with water. Identify the acid.
element from the following: Reason (R): Carbon dioxide is given off in the
(a) Mg (b) Na reaction.
(c) P (d) Ca [NCERT Exemp.] Ans. Correct option : (a)
Ans. Correct option : (b) Explanation: Gas bubbles are observed when
Explanation: Sodium is so soft that can be cut using sodium carbonate is added to dilute hydrochloric
a knife. It reacts with oxygen or moisture present acid as CO2 gas is released. 1
in air readily and reacts with water vigorously.
Because of this sodium is stored in kerosene oil to C Very Short Answer Type Questions
prevent any reaction or accident. 1
Q. 1. The compound obtained on reaction of iron with
B Assertions and Reasons Type Questions steam is/are: R [CBSE Delhi 2020]
Ans. Fe3O4
Directions: In the following questions, a statement 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ® Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2(g) 1
of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Q. 2. An element ‘X’ reacts with O2 to give a compound
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: with a high melting point. This compound is also
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and soluble in water. The element ‘X’ is likely to be:
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion U [Delhi 2020]
(A). Ans. Calcium reacts with oxygen and form CaO which
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but has high melting point and is water soluble. 1
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Q. 3. Name a non-metal which is lustrous and a metal
assertion (A). which is non-lustrous. AE [DDE 2017]
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. Ans. Non-metal (lustrous) = Iodine (I)
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. Metal (non-lustrous) = Sodium (Na) ½+½
Q. 1. Assertion (A): When a piece of copper metal is Q. 4. Why is gold a preferred metal for making jwellery?
added to dilute sulphuric acid, the solution turns (Any two reasons) R
blue. Ans. Due to the property of malleability, ductility and it
Reason (R): Copper reacts with dilute sulphuric is lustrous (Any two) ½+½
acid to form blue copper (II) sulphate solution. Q. 5. Which of the two, metal or non metal will form an
Ans. Correct option : (a) oxide which is basic in nature? U
Explanation: When a piece of copper metal is added Ans. Metal, because metal oxides are basic in nature. 1
to dilute sulphuric acid, the solution turns blue. It is Q. 6. How are oxides of metal different from oxides
because, copper reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to of non metals in terms of their nature? U
form blue copper (II) sulphate solution. 1 Ans. Metallic oxides are basic, few are amphoteric.
Q. 2. Assertion (A): Metals are sonorous. Non-metallic oxides are acidic, few are neutral.
Reason (R): They are generally brittle in the solid ½+½
state; they break into pieces when hammered.

Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 marks each

Q. 1. The following observations were made by a R No Reaction No No

student on treating four metals P, Q, R and S with reaction occurs reaction reaction
the given salt solutions: C [CBSE 2020] S No No No No
Sample MgSO4 Zn(NO3)2 CaSO4 Na2SO4 reaction reaction reaction reaction
(aq) (aq) (aq) (aq) Based on the above observations:
P No Reaction Reaction No (a) Arrange the given samples in the increasing order
reaction occurs occurs reaction of reactivity
(b) Write the chemical formulae of products formed
Q Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction
when Q reacts with CuSO4 solution.
occurs occurs occurs occurs
Ans. (a) S>R>P>Q
(b) Cu and QSO4 2
 Q. 2. Give reasons: Q. 4. Give reasons:
(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make (a) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted
jewellery. into oxides during the process of extraction.
(b) Metals like sodium and potassium are stored (b) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal; still it is
under oil. AE [CBSE Outside delhi 2019] widely used in making cooking utensils.
Ans. (a) Lustre, ductile, malleable, least reactive U [Outside Delhi 2019]
(Any two) ½ + ½ Ans. (a) It is easier to obtain a metal from its oxide as
(b) Na & K are highly reactive (in air & moisture). compared to sulphide and carbonate ore.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 2 (b) Aluminium forms a thicker protective oxide layer.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 2
Q. 3. Silver articles become black when kept in open for
some time, whereas copper vessels lose their shiny Q. 5. Give reasons for the following:
brown surfaces and gain a green coat when kept (i) Most metals conduct electricity well.
in open. Name the substances present in air with (ii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide [Fe2O3] with heated
which these metals react and write the name of the aluminium is used to join cracked machine parts.
products formed. A [Outside Delhi 2019]
AE [CBSE Delhi 2019]
Ans.
Ans. (i) Metals have loosely bound electrons / Loose
Silver Sulphur in air Silver sulphide electrons easily / free electrons.
½+½ (ii) Molten iron produced during reaction joins the
Copper Moisture an Copper cracked machine parts.
carbon dioxide carbonate [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 2
½×4½=2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 2

Short Answer Type Questions-II 3 marks each

Q
. 1. What are amphoteric oxides? Give an example. ZnO(S ) + 2 NaOH( aq ) → Na2 ZnO2 ( aq ) + H 2O( l )
Zinc Sodium hydroxide Sodium zincate Water
Write balanced chemical equations to justify your oxide ( Base ) ( Salt )
answer.
 R [CBSE Board Outside Delhi, Set-I, 2019]  1+1+1
Q. 2. You are given samples of three metals: Sodium,
Ans. Amphoteric oxides: Metal oxides showing both magnesium and copper. Suggest any two activities
acidic and basic nature. to arrange them in order to their decreasing
Example: Al2O3 / ZnO (or any other) reactivity. U [Board Term-I, 2016]
Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O Ans. Different metals react with oxygen at different rates.
e.g., Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) catch fire, if left
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
in open. Hence, these are the most reactive metals.
 ½+½+1+1 To prevent accidental fires, these metals are kept
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] immersed in kerosene oil. Magnesium burns in air
only by heating. So, it is less reactive than sodium
Detailed Answer:
and potassium. Copper (Cu) does not burn on
Oxides of metals which have both acidic as well as
heating but blister copper burns. Hence the order
basic behaviour are known as amphoteric oxides.
of reactivity of these metals with oxygen is:
Examples are aluminium oxide and zinc oxide.
Na > Mg > Cu.
Amphoteric oxides react with acids as well as base to
Metals react with water to produce a metal oxide
form salt and water. ZnO reacts with hydrochloric
and hydrogen gas. Sodium (Na) and potassium
acid (acid) to form zinc chloride (salt) and water
(K) react violently with cold water. So the reaction
thus acting as basic oxide.
is violent and exothermic. Magnesium (Mg) does
ZnO( s) + 2 HCl( aq ) → ZnCl 2 ( aq ) + H 2O( l ) not react with cold water. It reacts with hot water.
Zinc Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride Water
oxide
Metals like lead, copper, silver do not react with
( Acid ) ( Salt )
water at all. The reactivity series of metals towards
ZnO reacts with sodium hydroxide (base) to form water is:
sodium zincate (salt) and water thus, acting as acidic Na > Mg > Cu. 1½ + 1½
oxide.
 (i) Non-metals cannot displace hydrogen from the
COMMONLY MADE ERROR acids.
(ii) Hydrogen is not a metal, yet it is placed in the
 Students usually get confused with the activity series of metals.
order of reactivity of metals. (iii) Aluminium is more reactive than iron, yet its
corrosion is less than that of iron.
U [Board Term-I, 2015]
ANSWERING TIP Ans. (i) Non-metals are electron acceptors, they cannot
supply electrons so as to convert H+ ion to H2(g).
 Understand the concept of reactivity (ii) Like metals, hydrogen can lose an electron to form
of metals and how to arrange them in positive H+ ion.
increasing or decreasing order. (iii) Aluminium reacts with oxygen in atmosphere and
forms a strong protective layer of oxide which
Q. 3. State reason for the following: protects the metal from further corrosion. 1+1 + 1

Long Answer Type Questions 5 marks each

Q. 1. A metal ‘M’ is stored under kerosene. It vigorously (b) State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.
catches fire, if a small piece of this metal is kept  R + U [Compartment Set 1, 2,3 , 2018]
open in air. Dissolution of this metal in water
Ans. (a)
releases great amount of energy and the metal
S. No. Metals Non-Metals
catches fire. The solution so formed turns red
litmus blue. C [CBSE Outside Delhi 2020] 1. Lose electrons to form Gain electrons to
(a) Name the metal ‘M’. positive ions/ are elec- form negative ions/
(b) Write formula of the compound formed when this tropositive in nature. are electronegative
metal is exposed to air. in nature.
(c) Why is metal ‘M’ stored under kerosene ? 2. React with dilute acids Do not react with
(d) If oxide of this metal in treated with hydrochloric to liberate hydrogen gas. dilute acids .
acid, what would be the products? 3. Generally metal oxides Generally non-
(e) Write balanced equations for: are basic in nature. metal oxides are
(i) Reaction of ‘M’ with air. acidic in nature.
(ii) Reaction of ’M’ with water.
(b) (i) Painting
(iii) Reaction of metal oxide with hydrochloric
acid. (ii) Oiling
Ans. (a) Metal M is sodium (Na). (iii) Galvanization
(b) Formula of the compound formed is Na2O. (vi) Alloying (or any other)
(c) Metals like sodium and potassium react with  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 5
oxygen so fast that they can catch fire if kept open.
Since, they are most reactive metals; they are always
kept immersed in kerosene oil to prevent accidental COMMONLY MADE ERROR
fire.
(d) Sodium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to  Students get confused and interchange
produce sodium chloride and water. the properties of metals and non metals.
(e) (i) Reaction with air:
4Na + O2 ® 2Na2O
(ii) Reaction with water: ANSWERING TIP
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat
energy  Don’t get confused between acceptor and
(iii) Reaction of sodium oxide with HCl:
gainer of electron concept.
Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq) ® 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
1×5=5  Learn and understand the properties
Q. 2. (a) List in tabular form any three chemical of both metals and non metals with
properties on the basis of which metals and non- examples.
metals are differentiated.
 TOPIC - 2
Ionic compounds, Metallurgy and Corrosion

Revision Notes

 Ionic Compounds
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal are called ionic compounds or
electrovalent compounds.
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
(i) Physical nature: They are solid and hard, generally brittle.
(ii) Melting and Boiling Point: They have high melting and boiling points.
(iii) Solubility: Generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents such as kerosene, petrol etc.
(iv) Conduction of electricity: Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten and solution form but not in solid
state.
 Occurrence of Metals
l Minerals: The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the earth’s crust are called minerals.
l Ores: Minerals that contain very high percentage of particular metal and the metal can be profitably extracted
from it, such minerals are called ores.
 Extraction of metals
l It is the process of obtaining pure metal from its ore.
l Extraction of metal can be classified into three steps:
1. Enrichment of ores or concentration of ores
2. Extraction of metal from the concentrated ores.
3. Refining of metal

Fig: Steps involved in the extraction of metals from ores.
 Alloys
l An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non-metal. It
is prepared by mixing the molten metals in definite proportions and then cooling the mixture at the room
temperature.
 l Examples include:
Alloys Constituents
Stainless steel Iron, carbon, nickel, chromium
Brass Copper and zinc
Bronze Copper and tin
Solder Lead and tin
 Amalgam: An alloy in which mercury is present as one of the constituents is known as amalgam. e.g. Sodium
amalgam and Silver amalgam

Mnemonics

Concept: Concept:
Mnemonics: Long Route, Short Route, Mnemonics : Cold Coffee Should Rearranged
Medium Route
Interpretation: Interpretation:
Low Reactivity Carbonate Ores Calcination
Sulphide Ores Roasting Sulphide ores Roasting
Metal Refining

How is it done on the GREENBOARD?

Q. Describe electrolytic refining of Step III: In electrolytic refining of
copper with chemical equations. copper, the impurities left behind at
Draw a well labelled diagram for anode called anode mud contains
it. valuable metals such as gold and
Ans. Step I: Electrolytic Refining: silver which can be recovered in the
This method is widely used as purifi- native state.
cation of metals like zinc (Zn), copper
(Cu), aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr),
tin (Sn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and gold
(Au).
Step II: In this process, impure metal
is used as anode, a strip of pure metal
is used as cathode and soluble salt of
metal is used as electrolyte. On pass-
ing electric current through the elec-
trolyte, cations move towards cath-

ode, gain electrons and pure metal
gets deposited on cathode. 3
 Objective Type Questions 1 mark each

following alloys contain non-metal as one of its

A Multiple Choice Questions constituents?
Q. 1. Which of the following metals exist in their native (a) Brass (b) Bronze
state in nature? (c) Amalgam (d) Steel
(i) Cu (ii) Au  [NCERT Exemp.]
(iii) Zn (iv) Ag Ans. Correct option: (d)
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) Explanation: Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
Mixing of carbon gives strength to iron.
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
 [NCERT Exemp.] B Assertions and Reasons Type Questions
Ans. Correct option : (c)
Directions: In the following questions, a statement
Explanation: Metals such as gold and silver are of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
found as native metals.
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. 2. Galvanization is a method of protecting iron from
rusting by coating with a thin layer of (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(a) Gallium (b) Aluminium reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A).
(c) Zinc (d) Silver
 [NCERT Exemp.] (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but rea-
Ans. Correct option : (c) son (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion
Explanation: In the process of galvanization, iron (A).
is covered by a coat of zinc. This layer of zinc pre- (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
vents iron from getting rusted. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Q. 3. Which of the following metals are obtained by Q. 1. Assertion (A): A mineral is called ore, when metal
electrolysis of their chlorides in molten state? is extracted from it conveniently and economically.
(i) Na (ii) Ca
Reason (R): All ores are minerals but all minerals
(iii) Fe (iv) Cu are not ores.
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (iii) and (iv)
Ans. Correct option : (b)
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i) and (ii)
Explanation: Minerals are naturally occurring
 [NCERT Exemp.]
chemical substances in the earth’s crust obtained
Ans. Correct option : (d) by mining. But a mineral is called an ore only when
Explanation: Sodium and calcium fall towards the the metal can be extracted from it conveniently
top of reactivity series. Since, sodium and calcium and economically. Thus, all ores are minerals but
are very reactive these metals cannot be reduced to all minerals are not ores.
pure form from their oxides or carbonates.
Thus, sodium and calcium are obtained by the Q. 2. Assertion (A): In the metallurgy of Al, purified
Al2O3 is mixed with Na3AlF6 or CaF2.
process of electrolysis of their chlorides.
Reason (R): It lowers the melting point of the
Q. 4. An electrolytic cell consists of
mixture and brings conductivity.
(i) positively charged cathode
(ii) negatively charged anode Ans. Correct option: (a)
(iii) positively charged anode Explanation: In the metallurgy of aluminium,
(iv) negatively charged cathode purified Al2O3 is mixed with Na3AlF6 or CaF2 which
lowers the melting point of the mixture and brings
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
conductivity.
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
Q. 3. Assertion (A): Usually the sulphide ore is convert-
 [NCERT Exemp.]
ed to oxide before reduction.
Ans. Correct option: (b)
Reason (R): Reduction of oxides occurs easier.
Explanation: Positively charged ions are called
Ans. Correct option: (a)
cations as they are deposited at negatively charged
pole. Negatively charged ions are called anions as Explanation: Usually the sulphide ore is converted
these are deposited at positively charged pole. That’s to oxide before reduction as oxides are easier to
why the negatively charged pole is called cathode reduce.
and positively charged pole is called anode. Q. 4. Assertion (A): While the extraction of copper, one
Q. 5. Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of a metal of the steps involved is
with a metal or non-metal. Which among the Cu2S + 2Cu2 O ¾® 6Cu + SO2
 Reason (R): In this reaction Cu2S is the reducing Q. 2. State thermite reaction giving the reaction
agent whereas Cu2O is the oxidising agent. involved. R [Board Term-1] [Set (B1), 2010]
Ans. Correct option : (c) Ans. Reduction of iron oxide to iron by aluminium is
called thermite reaction. 1
Explanation: The Cu2+ ion in both the compounds
gets reduced while sulphur gets oxidised. Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3 + Heat.

Q. 5. Assertion (A): In alumino thermite process, the Q. 3. Why is painting on iron articles necessary?
metals like iron melts due to the heat evolved in AE
the reaction. Ans. Paint forms a protective coating on the surface
Reason (R): The reaction is: of iron. So, oxygen and moisture present in the
air cannot have a direct contact with the metal.
Fe2O3 + 2Al ¾® Al2O3 + 2Fe
Therefore, surface gets protected against rusting. 1
Ans. Correct option: (a)
Q. 4. Why carbon is not considered as a good reducing
Explanation: Large amount of heat is evolved
agent while reducing alumina? U
which melts iron and can be used for welding.
Ans. Because aluminium has greater affinity for oxygen
C Very Short Answer Type Questions than for carbon, therefore carbon cannot reduce
alumina (Al2O3) to aluminium. 1
Q. 1. Why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity
in solid state but conduct electricity in molten and Q. 5. Show by equation, the product formed when zinc
aqueous state? U [CBSE SQP-2020] carbonate is heated in absence of oxygen. U
Ans. Ionic compound do not conduct electricity in solid Ans. ZnO(s) and CO2(g) are formed.
state due to absence of free ions but they conduct ZnCO3 ∆ 1
→ ZnO + CO2
electricity in molten and aqueous state due to
presence of free ions. 1

Short Answer Type Questions-I Z2 E.C.

marks each
Ca 20 2, 8, 8, 1
Cl 17 2, 8, 7,
Q. 1. Name a metal of medium reactivity and write three ××
main steps in the extraction of this metal from its Cl××
×

×
×
sulphide ore. [CBSE Outside Delhi 2019] ××
Ca : + ×× Ca+2 2[ × Cl ×
×]

×
×
Ans. (i) Iron / Zinc / Lead (any one) ½
××

Cl
×

(ii) Concentration of ore Enrichment of ore ½ ××

(iii) Roasting / conversion of sulphide into oxide on Ca+2 2Cl–
heating in air ½ CaCl2
(iv) Reduction of metallic oxide to metal ½ Q. 3. (a) Where does the metal aluminium, used in the
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] process, occurs in the reactivity series of metals?
Q. 2. Explain the formation of Calcium Chloride with (b) Name the substances that are getting oxidised and
the help of electron dot structure. (At numbers: Ca reduced in the process. [CBSE Delhi 2020]
= 20; Cl = 17) [CBSE SQP-2020]
Ans. (a) As aluminium is more reactive than iron, so it is
Ans. Z E.C.
2, 8, 8, 1 placed above iron in the reactivity series.
Ca 20
(b) Aluminium is getting oxidised to aluminium oxide
Cl 17 2, 8, 7, and iron oxide is getting reduced to iron.
××
××

Cl
×

×
×

××
Ca : + × × Ca+2 2[ × Cl ×× ] Questions-II
Short Answer Type 3 marks each
×
×
××

Cl
×

××
Ca+2 Where
Q. 1. What is thermit process? 2Cl– is this process The thermite reaction is used to join railway tracks
used? Write balancedCaCl
chemical
2 equation for the or cracked machine parts.
reaction involved. [CBSE Delhi 2020] This process is called thermite welding.
Ans. Thermite reaction: Reaction in which iron oxide It is an exothermic process.
reacts with aluminium to produce molten iron. Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) ® 2Fe(l) + Al 2O3(s) + Heat
 Q. 2. An ore on treatment with dil. HCl gives the smell of rotten egg. Name the type of this ore. How can the metal
be obtained from its concentrated ore? [CBSE OD 2019]

Topper Answer, 2019

Ans.

Q. 3. Explain the following: Ans. (a) In molten state, due to heat the electrostatic
(a) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound which does forces of attraction between the oppositely
not conduct electricity in solid state, whereas it charged ions are overcome. So ions move freely
conducts electricity in molten state as well as in its and conduct electricity. In aqueous solutions ions
aqueous solution. are free and conduct electricity.
(b) Reactivity of aluminium decreases if it is dipped (b) Due to the formation of a coating of aluminium
in nitric acid. oxide / Al2O3.
(c) Metals like calcium and magnesium are never (c) Reactive metals like calcium and magnesium react
found in their free state in nature. easily with different elements and occur in the
form of ores. 1+1+1
A [CBSE Board Delhi, Set- III, 2019]
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
Detailed Answer: (ii) Reduction of copper (I) oxide from copper (I)
(a) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound formed by sulphide:
ions of sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl–). In solid Heat
2Cu 2O ( s ) + Cu 2S ( s ) → 6Cu ( s ) + SO2 ( g )
state, ions are fixed in position so no free electrons
Copper oxide Copper sulphide
are available to conduct electricity. Whereas in
molten state and aqueous solution of sodium (iii) Electrolytic refining:
chloride, free electrons are available to conduct At anode: Cu(s) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2e−
electricity. At cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) 1+1+1
(b) On dipping aluminium in nitric acid, a layer of Q. 5. What is Cinnabar ? How is a metal extracted from
aluminium oxide is formed as nitric acid is a strong cinnabar ? Explain briefly.
oxidizing agent. The layer of aluminium oxide
R [CBSE Board Term-I, 2016]
prevents further reaction of aluminium due to
which the reactivity of aluminium decreases. Ans. Cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of mercury.
(c) Because these metals are highly reactive and read- When Cinnabar, HgS is heated in air, it is first
ily react with atmospheric oxygen and other gas. converted into HgO, HgO is then reduced to Hg
1+1+1 on further heating.
Q. 4. Given below are the steps for the extraction of ∆
copper from its ore. Write the chemical equation of 2HgS + 3O2 
→ 2HgO + 2SO2
the reactions involved in each case. ∆
(i) Roasting of copper (I) sulphide 2HgO 
→ 2Hg + O2
(ii) Reduction of copper (I) oxide with copper (I) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
sulphide
(iii) Electrolytic refining etailed Answer:
D
 R [CBSE Board Outside Delhi, Set- III, 2019] l Cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of Mercury.
l The metals being less reactive can be obtained by
Heat
Ans. (i) 2 Cu2S + 3O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2SO2 reducing their oxides to metals by heating alone.
Heat
So, when Cinnabar is heated in air, it first changes
(ii) 2Cu2O + Cu2S → 6 Cu + SO2 into its oxide and then into mercury metal.
(iii) At anode: Cu → Cu2+ + 2e– 2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) 
Heat
→ 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
At Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (Cinnabar) (Air) Mercury Sulphur
 (1 + 1+ (½ + ½)) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] oxide dioxide
Detailed Answer: ∆
2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
(i) Roasting of copper (I) sulphide:
mercuric (II) oxide mercury metal oxygen
Heat
2Cu 2S ( s ) + 3O2 ( g ) → 2Cu 2O ( s ) + 2SO2 ( g )
Copper sulphide Copper oxide

Long Answer Type Questions 5 marks each

Q. 1. Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, Al3++ 3e– ® Al (aluminium metal at the (–) cathode)
magnesium and aluminium to their respective 2O2– – 4e– ® O2 (oxygen gas at the (+)anode)
metals. Why? Where are these metals placed in the
1+1+1+2
reactivity series? How are these metals obtained
from their ores? Take an example to explain
the process of extraction along with chemical
equations. U [CBSE Delhi 2020]
Ans. Metals which are placed high in the reactivity series
such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium
etc. are very reactive. These metals have high affinity
for oxygen than carbon. Therefore, these metals
cannot be obtained by reduction with carbon. For
such metals, electrolytic reduction process is used
for obtaining metal.
Electrolytic reduction of aluminium: Molten
aluminium oxide is electrolysed to produce pure Electrolytic reduction of aluminium
aluminium at the cathode while oxygen gas is
Q. 2. Write balanced chemical equations to explain what
produced at the anode. happens, when
 (i) Mercuric oxide is heated. (iii) When aluminium powder is heated with manganese
(ii) Mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous sulphide is dioxide, the following reaction takes place:
heated. 3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s) ® 3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3(s) + heat
(iii) Aluminium is reacted with manganese dioxide. (iv) Reaction of ferric oxide with aluminium: In this
(iv) Ferric oxide is reduced with aluminium. reaction, a lot of heat is produced along with molten
(v) Zinc carbonate undergoes calcination. iron. This process of metal oxide to form metal by
AE [CBSE Outside Delhi 2020] using aluminium powder as a reducing agent is
Ans. (i) When mercury oxide is heated strongly, it known as thermite reaction.
reduces to mercury metal. Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) ® 2Fe(l) + Al2O3 (s) + Heat:
2HgO 
heat
→ 2Hg + O2 (v) Heating of carbonate ores in the limited supply
of air is known as calcination. During the process,
(ii) When a mixture of copper oxide and copper
carbon dioxide gas is released and metal oxide is
sulphide is heated, pure copper is obtained.
obtained.
2Cu2O + Cu2S ® 6Cu + SO2
ZnCO3 heat
 → ZnO + CO2 1×5=5

Q. 3. (i) By the transfer of electrons, illustrate the formation of bond in magnesium chloride and identify the ions
present in this compound.
(ii) Ionic compounds are solids. Give reasons.
(iii) With the help of a labelled diagram show the experimental set up of action of steam on a metal.
U [Outside Delhi 2020]
Ans. (i) Formation of magnesium chloride:
Here, magnesium is a metal and chlorine is a non-metal. Magnesium atom loses two electrons to attain noble gas
configuration and results in the formation of magnesium cation Mg2+. Similarly, chlorine atom gains electron to
complete its octet and results in the formation of chloride anion Cl–. When magnesium reacts with chlorine, two
electrons lost by magnesium atom are gained by two chlorine atoms. Mg2+ and Cl– being oppositely charged,
attract each other and held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction to exist as MgCl2.

(ii) Due to the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions, ionic compounds are solid.
(iii) Reaction with steam: Metals like iron, zinc and aluminium react with steam to form corresponding oxide and
hydrogen gas.

Reaction of metal with steam 2+1+2

 Q. 4. (a) Write electron dot structures of Ca (Atomic no. Ans. Metal X is Zinc
20) and O (Atomic no. 8).
The sulphide ore is first heated strongly in supply
(b) Show the formation of calcium oxide by transfer of of oxygen and changed into its oxide. This process
electrons.
is called roasting.
(c) Name the ions present in this compound.
2ZnS+3O2 heat→ 2ZnO+2SO2
(d) List four important characteristics of this
compound. AE [Outside Delhi 2020] Zinc oxide is then reduced to zinc metal by heating
Ans. (a) Ca = 2, 8, 8, 2 O = 2, 6 it with carbon. This process is called reduction.
(b) 2ZnO+C → 2Zn+CO2

(c) Calcium ions (Ca2+) and oxygen ions (O2–) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020] 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(d) Characteristics of calcium oxide (CaO): Q. 7. State the reason for the following:
(i) Quick lime is an amorphous white solid with a high (i) Aluminium oxide is called an amphoteric oxide.
melting point of about. (ii) An iron strip dipped in a blue copper sulphate
(ii) It is a very stable compound and withstands high solution turns blue pale green solution.
temperatures. (iii) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when most metals
(iii) In the presence of water, it forms slaked lime. This react with nitric acid.
process is called the slaking of lime.
(iv) Calcium does not occur in free state in nature.
CaO+H2O ® Ca (OH)2
(iv) It is an oxide that is basic in nature and forms salts (v) Sodium and potassium metals are kept immersed
when it comes in contact with an acid. under kerosene. A [Board SQP, 2020]
CaO+H2SO4 ® CaSO4 + H2O Ans. (i) As it reacts with both acids as well as bases to
Q. 5. (a) Define the terms ‘alloy’ and ‘amalgam’. form salts. 
Name the alloy used for welding electric wires (ii)  Iron being more reactive than copper displaces
together. What are its constituents ? copper from copper sulphate to form green ferrous
(b) Name the constituents of the following alloys: sulphate solution.
(i) Brass (ii) Stainless steel (iii) Bronze,
(iii) Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. Hydrogen gas
State one property in each of these alloys, which is
produced gets oxidised to H2O.
different from its main constituents.
(iv) Calcium is a very reactive metal. It reacts with the
R [DDE 2017]
Ans. (a) An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or chemicals in surroundings and occurs in combined
more metals or a metal and a non-metal, mixed in state. 
the molten state. Amalgam is an alloy of a metal (v) Sodium and potassium are highly reactive metals
with mercury. and react vigorously with oxygen in air and may
Solder is the alloy used for the welding of electric even catch fire. They do not react with kerosene.
wires. tin and Lead are its constituents. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020] 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(b) (i) Brass – copper and zinc
(ii) Stainless steel – Iron, carbon, nickel, chromium Q. 8. (a) Write chemical equations for the following
(iii) Bronze – copper and tin. reactions:
Brass and bronze have lower electrical conductivity (i) Calcium metal reacts with water.
than their constituents. Stainless steel does not (ii) Cinnabar is heated in the presence of air.
corrode easily as iron does. 1+3+1 (iii) Manganese dioxide is heated with aluminium
powder.
COMMONLY MADE ERROR
(b) What are alloys ? List two properties of alloys.
 R [CBSE Board Delhi, Set- II, 2019]
 Students get confused with metals
involved in forming alloys and their name. Ans. (a) (i) Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

(ii) 2HgS + 3O2 Heat

 → 2HgO + 2SO2
ANSWERING TIP
(iii) 3MnO2 + 4Al → 2Al2O3 + 3Mn
(b) Alloys are homogeneous mixture of two or more
 Make a list and learn the mixture of metals
of alloys with their names. metals or a metal and a non metal.
Properties:
Q. 6. Metal X is found in nature as its sulphide XS. It is Alloys are stronger / harder / have low melting
used in the galvanisation of iron articles. Identify point / more resistant to corrosion / some are
the metal X. How will you convert this sulphide
magnetic in nature. (Any two)
ore into the metal? Explain with equations.
A [CBSE SQP, 2020]  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 + 2

 Q. 9. (i) How will you show experimentally that metals
are good conductors of heat. ANSWERING TIP
(ii) Describe the extraction of Mercury metal from its
ore Cinnabar (HgS). R + U [SQP, 2018]  Practise the diagrams thoroughly and
learn the extraction methods of mercury,
Ans. (i) Diagrams (consider from detailed answer)
copper and aluminium properly.
Procedure
Observation: Heat is transferred from one end of Q. 10. (i) Write the steps involved in the extraction

metal wire to the free end of wire which melts the of pure metals in the middle of the activity series
wax and pin falls shows metals conduct heat. from their carbonate ores.
(ii) Ore: HgS – cinnabar (ii) How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore ?
Roasting: 2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g) Explain the various steps supported by chemical
∆ equations. Draw labelled diagram for the
Reduction: 2HgO(s) 
→ 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
electrolytic refining of copper.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 5
 R + U [Delhi/Outside Delhi, 2018]
Detailed Answer:
(i) Ans. (i) (a) Calcination, (b) Reduction, (c) Purification
(in the given sequence only)
(ii) Sulphide ore of copper is heated in air.
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S → 6Cu + SO2
(Note: Full marks to be awarded even when only
equations are written).
Labelled diagram of electrolytic refining of copper:

Procedure: Take an aluminium or copper wire

and fix this wire on a stand as shown in the figure
above. Attach pin to the free end of the wire with
the help of wax. Heat the wire with the help of
burner, candle or spirit lamp whatever available
near the place where it is fixed.
Observation: Heat is transferred from one end of Electrolytic refining of copper
the metal wire to the free end of the wire, which  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 5
melts the wax and the pin falls. COMMONLY MADE ERROR
Inference: This experiment shows that metals are
good conductors of heat and have high melting
 Students usually write vague answers.
points. It seems they are confused about the
(ii) Refer SAQ, Q5 Short Answer Type-II. extraction methods involved.

COMMONLY MADE ERROR

ANSWERING TIP
 Students often give incorrect experimental
procedure and set-up.  Understand the concept of ore extraction
Students also get confused with the and the order of the steps involved in the
techniques and equations involved in the extraction and the equation separately
extraction of mercury metal. for sulphide and oxide ores. Diagrams are
equally important.
 Topper Answer, 2018

Ans.

Visual Case-based Questions 4 marks each

Q. 1. Study the given table and answer any four questions from (a) to (e):
A student took the samples of four metals A, B, C and D and added following solutions one by one. The results
obtained have been tabulated as follows:
Metal Iron (II) Sulphate Copper (II) Sulphate Zinc Sulphate Silver Nitrate
A No reaction Displacement - -
B Displacement - No reaction -
C No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement
D No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
(a) Choose the most reactive metal: Ans. (a) (i) B is the most reactive metal as it displaces iron
(i) A (ii) B from its salt solution.
(iii) C (iv) D (b) (ii) B only
(b) Which of the following will displace Cu from its B will displace Cu from CuSO4 solution because B is
solution of sulphate: more reactive than copper.
(i) A only (ii) B only (c) (i) B > A > C > D
(iii) Both A and B (iv) None of the above (d) (iv) Hydrogen
(c) Which is the correct decreasing order of reactivity?
(e) (i) Most reactive: C; Least reactive: B 1+1+1+1
(i) B > A > C > D (ii) A > B > D > C
(iii) D > B > A > C (iv) B > A > D > C Q. 2. When a silvery grey powder of a solid (A) is
(d) The gas produced when dil. HCl is added to a mixed with a powder of solid (B) no reaction
reactive metal: occurs. But if the mixture is ignited and lighted
(i) Oxygen (ii) nitrogen using magnesium ribbon a reaction occurs with
(iii) hydrogen (iv) none of the above evolution of large amount of heat forming product
(e) On the basis of sequence of reactions, identify the (C) which settles down as liquid metal and the
most and least reactive elements. solid product (D) formed floats on the liquid (C).
A + BX ® AX + B (C) in solid form reacts with moisture to form rust.
C + AY ® CY + A The amount of heat generated during the reaction
(i) Most reactive: C; Least reactive: B is so high that the reaction is used in welding of
(ii) Most reactive: B; Least reactive: C electric conductors, joints in railway tracks. Based
(iii) Most reactive: A; Least reactive: B on this information, answer any four questions
(iv) Most reactive: B; Least reactive: A from (a) to (e).
 (a) Identify A and C? (d) Aqua regia dissolves:
(i) A – Al and C – Fe (ii) A – Fe and C – Al (i) Gold and platinum
(iii) A – Mg and C- Al (iv) A – Al and C - Cu (ii) Gold and silver
(b) Identify B and D which are oxides of: (iii) Platinum and silver
(i) B – Fe , D – Al (ii) B – Mg , D – Al (iv) Only gold
(iii) B – Al D - Cu (iv) B – Al D – Fe (e) Examples of Noble metals are:
(c) Amphoteric oxides are: (i) Gold (ii) Silver
(i) Metal oxides which do not react with acids but (iii) Platinum (iv) All of the above
reacts with bases. Ans. (a) Correct option: (d)
(ii) Metal oxides which reacts with both acids as
Explanation: Aqua Regia is a mixture of concen-
well as bases. trated HNO3 and concentrated HCl. It is used for
(iii) Metal oxides which reacts with acids but do dissolution of gold.
not react with bases.
(b) Correct option: (c)
(iv) Metal oxides which shows no reaction with
Explanation: Aqua regia is a mixture of nitric acid
either acids or bases.
and hydrochloric acid, that is 3 part conc. HCl and
(d) Which of the following is amphoteric in nature: one part conc. HNO3 (3: 1).
(i) Both aluminium oxide and zinc oxide
(c) (ii) Aqua regia is a strong reducing agent.
(ii) Only zinc oxide
(d) (i) gold and platinum
(iii) Only aluminium oxide
(iv) Neither of them. (e) (iv) all of the above 1+1+1+1
(e) The reaction in which heat is generated is called as: Q. 4. Read the passage and answer any four questions
(i) Exothermic reaction from (a) to (e).
(ii) Endothermic reaction During extraction of metals, electrolytic refining is
used to obtain pure metals. During the process, the
(iii) Decomposition reaction
impure metal is made the anode and a thin strip of
(iv) Precipitation reaction
pure metal is made the cathode. The solution of
Ans. (a) (i) A - Al and C - Fe the metal salt is used as an electrolyte. On passing
(b) (i) B = oxide of iron D – oxide of Al the current through the electrolyte, the pure metal
(c) (ii) Metal oxides which reacts with both acids as from the anode dissolves from the electrolyte. An
well as bases. equivalent of pure metal from the electrolyte is
(d) (i) Both aluminium oxide and zinc oxide deposited on the cathode.
(e) (i) Exothermic reaction 1+1+1+1 (a) The process of purification of the metal obtained
Q. 3. Read the following passage and answer any four after reduction, is called:
questions from (a) to (e). (i) Extraction (ii) Refining
Sohan went door to door posing as a goldsmith. (iii) Froth floatation (iv) Electrolysis
He promised to bring back the glitter of old and (b) Which of the metals are refined by electrolytic
dull gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave refining?
a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped in a I. Au II. Cu
particular solution. The bangles sparkled like new III. Na IV. K
but their weight was reduced drastically. The lady (i) I and II (ii) I and III
was sad but after a futile argument, the man beat a (iii) II and III (iv) II and IV
hasty retreat. (c) During electrolytic refining of zinc, it gets
(a) Which of the following is used for dissolution of (i) deposited on cathode.
gold? (ii) deposited on anode.
(i) Hydrochloric acid
(iii) deposited on cathode as well as anode.
(ii) Sulphuric acid
(iv) remains in the solution.
(iii) Nitric acid
(d) In electrolytic refining of copper, impure copper
(iv) Aqua regia act as __________and pure copper as __________:
(b) The composition of aqua-regia is (i) cathode , anode
(i) Dil. HCl: Conc. HNO3 3: 1 (ii)) cathode, electrolyte
(ii) Conc. HCl: Dil. HNO3 3: 1
(iii)) anode , cathode
(iii) Conc. HCl: Conc. HNO3 3: 1
(iv) electrolyte, cathode
(iv) Dil. HCl: Dil. HNO3 3: 1
(e) Anode is _______electrode while cathode is
(c) Which of the following is incorrect? ---------electrode:
(i) Aqua regia is a strong oxidising agent. (i) negative, positive
(ii) Aqua regia is a strong reducing agent.
(ii) reducing, oxidising
(iii) Aqua regia dissolves gold in it.
(iii) both a and b
(iv) Aqua regia is a mixture of hydrochloric acid
(iv) neither a nor b
and nitric acid.
 Ans. (a) (ii) Refining (d) Identify the reason for the gradual change in
(b) Correct option: (a) electronegativity in halogens down the group. C
Explanation: Metals like Cu, Zn, Ag and Au are (i) Electronegativity increases down the group due
refined by electrolytic refining. to decrease in atomic size.
(ii) Electronegativity decreases down the group
(c) Correct option: (a)
due to decrease in tendency to lose electrons.
Explanation: Ions of zinc are positively charged, (iii) Electronegativity decreases down the group
thus while electrolytic refining of zinc, zinc is due to increase in atomic radius/ tendency to
deposited at cathode (negatively charged pole). gain electron decreases.
(d) (iii) anode, cathode (iv) Electronegativity increases down the group
(e) (iii) both a and b1+1+1+1 due to increase in forces of attractions between
Q. 5. Read the given passage and answer any four nucleus & valence electrons.
questions from (a) to (e). (e) Which of the following reason correctly justifies
Metallic Character: that “Fluorine (72pm) has smaller atomic radius
than Lithium (152pm)”? R
The ability of an atom to donate electrons and form
(i) F and Li are in the same group. Atomic size
positive ion (cation) is known as electro-positivity
increases down the group
or metallic character. Down the group, metallic
(ii) F and Li are in the same period. Atomic size
character increases due to increase in atomic size
increases across the period due to increase in
and across the period, from left to right electro-
number of shells
positivity decreases due to decrease in atomic size.
(iii) F and Li are in the same group. Atomic size
Non-Metallic Character: decreases down the group
The ability of an atom to accept electrons to form (iv) F and Li are in the same period and across the
a negative ion (anion) is called non-metallic period atomic size/radius decreases from left
character or electronegativity. The elements having to right.
high electro-negativity have a higher tendency to Ans. (a) (iii) Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li
gain electrons and form anion. (b) (ii) as Hydrogen can easily lose one electron like
Down the group, electronegativity decreases due alkali metals to form positive ion
to increase in atomic size and across the period, (c) (i) F
from left to right electro -negativity increases due (d) (iii) Electronegativity decreases down the group
to decrease in atomic size. due to increase in atomic radius/ tendency to gain
electron decreases.
(e) (iv) F and Li are in the same period and across
the period atomic size/radius decreases from left to
right. 1+1+1+1
Q. 6. In a thermite reaction, a compound of iron reacts
with a metal.
(a) The metal used is: R
(i) Zinc (ii) Aluminium
(a) Which of the following correctly represents the (iii) Magnesium (iv) None of these.
decreasing order of metallic character of Alkali (b) After completion of this reaction, a metal is
metals plotted in the graph? U obtained in the molten state. Identify the metal:
(i) Cs>Rb>Li>Na>K (ii) K>Rb>Li>Na>Cs C
(iii) Cs>Rb>K>Na>Li (iv) Cs>K>Rb>Na>Li (i) Zinc (ii) Aluminium
(b) Hydrogen is placed along with Alkali metals in (iii) Iron (iv) Magnesium
the modern periodic table though it shows non- (c) The correct equation to justify thermite reaction is:
metallic character: U R
(i) as Hydrogen has one electron & readily loses (i) Fe2O3 + 2Al ® 2Fe + Al2O3 – Heat.
electron to form negative ion. (ii) Fe2O3 + 2Al ® 2Fe + Al2O3 + Heat.
(ii) as Hydrogen can easily lose one electron like (iii) Al2O3 + 2Fe ® 2Al + Fe2O3 + Heat.
alkali metals to form positive ion.
(iv) Fe2O3 + 2Al ® 2Fe + Al2O3.
(iii) as Hydrogen can gain one electron easily like
(d) The correct name for Fe2O3 is: C
Halogens to form negative ion.
(iv) as Hydrogen shows the properties of non- (i) Ferrous oxide (ii) Ferric oxide
metals. (iii) Ferrous hydroxide (iv) Ferric hydroxide
(c) Which of the following has highest Ans. (ii) Aluminium
electronegativity? C (b) (iii) Iron
(i) F (ii) Cl (c) (ii) Fe2O3 + 2Al ® 2Fe + Al2O3+ Heat.
(iii) Br (iv) I (d) (ii) Ferric oxide 1+1+1+1
 Know the Terms

 Malleability: The ability of a metal due to which it can be beaten into large thin sheets is called malleability.
 Ductility: It is the ability of metal due to which it can be drawn into thin and long wires. Copper, aluminium and
iron can be drawn into wires. Silver, gold and platinum are highly ductile metals.
 Electrical conductance: It is the property due to which electric current can pass through the metal. It is due to
presence of free electrons or mobile electrons. Copper, silver, gold and aluminium are good conductors of electricity.
 Thermal conductivity: It is the property due to which metals can conduct heat. e.g., Copper, silver, aluminium,
gold and iron are good conductors of heat.
 Metallic lustre: Metals in their pure state have bright shining surfaces. This property is called metallic lustre.
 Sonorous: When metals are struck with a hard substance, they produce sound. This property is called sonority and
the metals are said to be sonorous.
 Neutral oxides: The oxides which are neither acidic nor basic in nature, are known as Neutral oxides. They neither
react with acids nor with bases. Some non-metals form neutral oxides. Example CO, NO, N2O etc.
 Metallurgy: All the processes involved in the extraction of metals from their ores and refining them for use, is
called metallurgy.
 Ore-dressing: It is a process of removing unwanted substances from the ore. This is also known as concentration
of the ore or enrichment of ore. It is usually done by hydraulic washing, magnetic separation or froth floatation
process.
 Froth floatation process: It is the process based on the principle that the mineral particles are more wetted by the
oil, whereas the gangue particles are wetted by water. Compressed air is bubbled through the mixture. As a result
of agitation, oil froth is formed which contains minerals which float on the top of water and can be separated easily.
 Gangue: The unwanted material present in the ores mined from earth is called Gangue. It needs to be removed
prior to the extraction process.
 Leaching: It makes use of difference in the chemical properties of minerals and gangue. The ore is treated with
suitable reagent which reacts with the ore, but not with the gangue. The purified ore is regenerated by sequence of
reactions. An example of leaching is Bayer’s method of obtaining pure aluminium oxide from Bauxite.
 Roasting: It is the process in which ore is heated in the presence of air so as to obtain metal oxides, which can be
reduced easily to get free metal. Sulphide ores are converted into oxides by roasting.
Heat
2 ZnS(s) + 3O2 (g ) → 2 ZnO(s) + 2SO2 (g )

 Calcination: It is the process of heating ore in absence of air so as to remove moisture, volatile impurities and to
convert carbonate ores into oxides.
Heat
ZnCO 3 ( s)  → ZnO(s) + CO2 ( g )

 Thermite process: It is a process in which molten metal oxides are treated with aluminium powder. It is highly
exothermic reaction. The molten metal obtained is used for welding of railway tracks or cracked machine parts.
2Al + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + Al2O3 + Heat
Aluminium Haematite Molten iron Aluminium oxide
 Refining: It is a process of converting impure metal into pure metal by different processes depending on the nature
of metals. It is a process of purification of metal.
 Flux: The substance which reacts with gangue to form a fusible mass which can easily be removed is known as flux.
e.g., CaO (Calcium oxide) is used as flux so as to remove SiO2 (Silica) as gangue.
 Slag: The fusible mass formed by the reaction of flux and gangue is known as slag. Slag is lighter than molten
metal, hence floats over molten metal and can be easily removed. It prevents metal from oxidation.

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