GCSE Chemistry Homework Booklet

Topic 1a/b – Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

Name: ________________________________
Don Exam Questions Review p14 Done
Lots of practice Mark
e p8
Atoms p1 Q1 Atomic Structure Acid Reactions
Modern Structure of Q2 Periodic Table
State Symbols
the Atom p1
Protons, Neutrons and Q3 Periodic Table
Gas Tests
Electrons p2
Atomic number and Q4 Periodic Table
Balancing Equations
mass number p3
Isotopes p4 Q5 Atomic Structure
Ionic Equations
including RAM
Relative Atomic Mass Q6 All topics
Calculations RFM
p5
Electronic structure p7 Calculations moles
Periodic Table p7

General Tasks
 Make a mind map of the topic
 Make flashcards of key ideas and questions for this topic.
 Practice the retrieval questions (at the back) using quizlet or copy, cover, test.
 Complete the SENECA assignment on this topic
 Complete extra Exam Questions from Physics and Maths Tutors

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Lots of Practice

Atoms
Chemistry is the study of atoms and how they interact. Atoms are too small to see with a microscope and
throughout history scientists have had different opinions of what atoms are and what they are made of. Those
opinions were based on experimental evidence.
All particles have c_____________. This is a property that can be p_______________, n______________e or

n________________. P_______________ charges attract n________________e ones and repel

p__________________ ones. N______________ charges are not attracted or repelled.

The discovery of c______________ allowed scientists to develop their model of the a_______________. A

m________________ is a theory that scientists use to describe things which cannot be observed directly.

Modern Structure of the Atom

The current model has atoms being made of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
1. Here is a diagram of an atom. Use the notes from the board to fill in the labels
2. What is smaller, an atom or a proton?
3. What is between the electrons?
4. What is the charge on an electron?
5. A student draws an atom and labels the centre “nucleus with electrons.” Explain why the student is wrong.
6. What label should the student use?
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 7. What is the charge on a proton?
8. What leads scientists to change their scientific models?
Challenge: how do you think that atoms could be different from each other?

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

As well as having different charges, the subatomic particles have different masses. These masses are incredibly
tiny, so we use relative mass to represent their masses.

Subatomic particle Relative mass Relative charge

Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0 -1
Different atoms
9. Fill in the blanks

There are about 100 different types of a_____. They differ in their numbers of p_______, n______ and

e______. If a s_________ is made of one type of atom, it is called an e__________. The different atoms and the

name of the elements they make up are found in the p_______ t______ of e______ and are represented by a

symbol (e.g. Na = _____________).

10. If an atom has 7 protons, what would its relative mass be?
Each proton has a relative mass of 1, so this atom’s relative mass must be 7x1=7
11. If an atom has 9 protons and no neutrons, what would its relative mass be?
12. Give two differences between the plum pudding and the nuclear model of the atom
13. If an atom has 12 neutrons only, what would its relative mass be?
14. An atom has 14 neutrons and 8 protons. What would its relative mass be?
15. An atom has 21 neutrons, 20 protons and 20 electrons. What is its relative mass?

Challenge: an atom has a relative mass of 39. It has twice as many neutrons as protons, but the same number
of electrons as protons. It has a prime number of electrons. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does it
have?

Atomic number and mass number

On the periodic table, each element has two numbers:
Atomic number: the small number
This tells you the total number of protons in an atom
It also tells you the number of electrons. This is because an atom must have the same number of positive
charges and negative charges so it does not have an overall charge – the protons and electrons cancel each
other out.
Mass number: the big number
This tells you the total number of protons + neutrons in an atom

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To work out number of neutrons: mass number – atomic number
16. Complete the table:
Element Symbo Atomic number Neutrons Mass number
l

Hydrogen H 1 0 1
Nitrogen 7 7 14
Carbon C 6
Fe 26
Gold 118 197
Ge 41
Tellurium 128
Copper 29 35 64
Co
161
17. An atom has 6 protons. How many electrons will it have? (hint – read the paragraphs at the beginning of
this section again)
18. How can you tell from the periodic table how many electrons an atom has?

Challenge: the periodic table has the elements organised by their atomic number not their atomic mass. Use
the periodic table to explain why.

Isotopes
If two atoms have the same number of protons, they are the same element. If they have a different number of
protons, they are different elements.
However, two atoms can have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. These atoms
are called isotopes. Their atomic number will be the same but their mass number will be different.

19. Fill out the table

Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of
Atom
Number Number Protons neutrons electrons

H 2

2 1

C 14

Mg 12 24

Mg 13

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 20. Look at the rows for magnesium.
a What is the same in the isotopes of magnesium?
b What is different in the isotopes of magnesium?
c Explain what an isotope of an element is.

21. Look at these two atoms.

a. Fill the table in for each of them.

Number of Number of Number of

Atom
Protons neutrons electrons
A

B
b. What is the difference between these two atoms?
c. How do you know that the diagram shows two different elements?

22. Look at the following diagrams. Which are isotopes. Explain your answer.

C D E

Relative Atomic Mass

Look at chlorine on the periodic table. Its mass number is 35.5 and its atomic number is 17. How many neutrons
does it have?
Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
Number of neutrons = 35.5 -17 = 18.5

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This cannot be correct as you cannot have half a neutron. Instead, it represents the average mass of all the
atoms of chlorine in the universe.

Scientists have discovered that 75% of the atoms of chlorine in the universe have a mass of 35 (so 18 neutrons)
25% have a mass of 37 (so 20 neutrons)
The percentage is called the abundance
When we work out the mean mass we call it the relative atomic mass
( abundance of isotope 1 ×mass of isotope 1 ) +(abundance of isotope 2 ×mass of isotope 2)
100
So for chlorine:
( 75× 35 ) +(25 × 37)
Relative atomic mass = = 35.5
100
Worked example – copper:
Copper has two isotopes. 69% is Cu-63 and 31% is Cu-65. What is the relative atomic mass?
We know that the equation for relative atomic mass is:
( abundance of isotope 1 ×mass of isotope 1 ) +(abundance of isotope 2 ×mass of isotope 2)
100
Here, isotope 1 has an abundance of 69 and a mass of 63. Isotope 2 has an abundance of 31 and a mass of 65.
(69 ×63)+(31× 65)
=63.62
100

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the following mixtures of isotopes. Give your answers to 1 decimal place.

23. 90.5% Ne and 9.5% Ne (remember that the mass number is the larger number

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 24. 7.6% Li and 92.4% Li

25. 5.9% Fe, 91.8% Fe and 2.3% Fe

26. 92.2% Si, 4.7% Si and 3.1% Si

27. The table shows the natural relative abundance of the main isotopes of mercury, Hg.
Mass number 198 199 200 201 202 204
% Abundance 10.0 16.9 23.1 13.2 29.9 6.9

a. Calculate the relative atomic mass of mercury. Give your answer to 1 decimal place.

b. Explain why the relative atomic mass of mercury is shown as 201 in the periodic table.

Electronic structure
The electrons that an atom has determines how it reacts. We have seen already that the number of electrons is
the same as the atomic number of an atom.
28. How many electrons are in atoms of:
a. Iron
b. Molybdenum
c. Technetium
d. Platinum
e. Potassium
f. Chlorine
g. Helium
h. Xenon
29. How are electrons arranged in an atom?
30. In terms of electrons, what is the difference between the plum pudding and the nuclear model?

Electrons orbit atoms in fixed energy levels (often called shells). Two electrons can fit on the first shell. 8
electrons can fit on the next shells. The first shell needs to be filled before the second and the second before
the third.
31. In your exercise book, draw diagrams for the first 20 atoms. Include the number notation.
32. Challenge: in the periodic table, the columns are labelled groups and the rows labelled periods. What
does the group and period of an element tell you about its electronic structure?

Periodic Table
Label a group and a period on this periodic table.

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 33. Name the Russian chemist who developed a periodic table in 1869.
34. In what year did Mendeleev first develop a periodic table?
35. Where are the metals placed in the modern periodic table?
36. Where are the non-metals placed in the modern periodic table?
37. What is a period in the modern periodic table?
38. What is a vertical column in the modern periodic table called?
39. Which element’s position was swapped with tellurium by Mendeleev?
40. What did Mendeleev use to put elements into groups?
41. What property did Mendeleev use to order the elements?
42. Where are elements with similar properties placed in the periodic table?
43. Where are the shells found in an atom?
44. Why might a modern periodic table have gaps in it?
45. What did Mendeleev arrange his periodic table in order of?
46. What is our modern periodic table arranged in order of?

The electrons that an atom has determines its place in the periodic table. The number of electrons in the outer
shell give the group number. The number of shells give the period.
Example: Aluminium has the configuration 2,8,3
It has 13 electrons, there are 3 in the outer shell so it is in group 3. There are 3 shells so it is in period 3.
47. For each element. Given the configuration, give the group and the period it is in.
a. Potassium, K 2,8,8,1
b. Beryllium, Be 2,2
c. Carbon, C 2,4
d. Sulfur, S 2,8,6
e. Chlorine 2,8,7
f. Neon 2,8
g. Helium 2
48. For each element. Given the periodic table position, give the configuration of it.
a. Calcium, Ca period 4, Group 2
b. Magnesium, Mg Period 3, Group 2
c. Silicon, Si Period 3, Group 4
d. Oxygen, O Period 2, Group 6
e. Fluorine, F Period 2, Group 7
f. Argon, Ar Period 3, Group 0
g. Hydrogen, H Period 1, Group 1

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Exam Questions
Q1. The diagram shows the particles in an atom of an element.

(a)  Name the particles labelled P, Q and R. (3)

P .........................................................................................................................................
Q .........................................................................................................................................
R .........................................................................................................................................
(b)  Name the part of the atom labelled S. (1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(c)  (i)  What is the atomic number of this atom? (1)
   A    5    B    7    C    12    D    17

(ii)  What is the mass number of this atom? (1)

   A    5    B    7    C    12    D    17

(iii)  Identify this element. (1)

.............................................................................................................................................  
(Total for question = 7 marks)
 
Q2. The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table, with elements represented by the letters L, M, Q, R and T.
The letters in the diagram represent elements but are not their chemical symbols.

(a)  Give the letter from the diagram that represents a noble gas. (1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b)  Elements L and M are in the same group.
State why they have similar chemical reactions. (1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c)  An atom of element Q has 31 protons.
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 Use this information to explain how you can determine the number of protons in an atom of element R.(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................  
(Total for question = 4 marks)
 
Q3.(a) The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table, with elements represented by the letters L, M, Q, R and T.
The letters in the diagram represent elements but are not their chemical symbols.
Use the Periodic Table to help you answer this question.

(i)  Give the letter that represents the element that is a non-metal.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Give the letter that represents the element with the greatest number of protons.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  Give the formula of the compound that forms when element L reacts with element M.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv)  Give a reason why elements L and Q react in a similar way.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Q4. This question is about chemical elements. Use the Periodic Table to help you answer this question.
(a)  (i)  Identify the element with atomic number 5
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Give the symbol of a metallic element in Period 3
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  Identify the element whose atoms contain 14 protons.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv)  Identify the element whose atoms have the electronic configuration 2.5
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(v)  Give the name of the compound formed between oxygen and the element with atomic number 13 (1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 5 marks)
 Q5. The diagram shows the electronic configuration of an atom of an element.
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(a)  Complete the table by giving the missing information about this atom.
(5)

(b)  This element has three isotopes.

The table shows the mass number and percentage abundance of each isotope in a sample of this element.

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this element.

Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ...........................................................  

(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q6. (a)  Table 1 gives some information about three subatomic particles.
(i)  Complete Table 1 by giving the missing information.
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 (3)

(ii)  Give the name of the part of the atom containing protons and neutrons.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b)  Table 2 shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the species U, V, W, X, Y and Z.

Use the information in Table 2 to answer these questions.

Each species may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i)  Give the letter of the species that has six electrons in its outer shell.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii)  Give the mass number of Z.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii)  Give the letter of the species that is a positive ion.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv)  Give the letters of the two species that are isotopes of the same element.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

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(c)  A sample of neon contains two isotopes, 20Ne and 22Ne
The relative abundances of the two isotopes in the sample are
20
Ne   91.2%              22Ne   8.80%
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of neon.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ...........................................................  

(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Review Topics
1. ACID REACTIONS
What are the products of these reactions;
1. Iron + Hydrochloric acid 
2. Magnesium + Sulfuric acid 
3. Zinc + Nitric acid 
4. Magnesium oxide + Hydrochloric acid 
5. Potassium oxide + Sulfuric acid 
6. Magnesium oxide + Nitric acid 
7. Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide 
8. Sulfuric acid + sodium hydroxide 
9. Nitric acid + lithium hydroxide 
10. Hydrochloric acid + sodium carbonate 
11. Sulfuric acid + Magnesium carbonate 
12. Nitric acid + lithium carbonate 

Challenge – Can your write the formula for all of these substances?
- Can you write balanced equations for all of these reactions?

2. STATE SYMBOLS
What is the state of each substance?
1) HCl (aq) 5) AgNO3 (aq) 9) BaCl2 (aq)

2) NaOH (aq) 6) MgCl2 (s) 10) K2SO4 (aq)

3) NaCl (l) 7) AgCl (s) 11) KCl (aq)

4) H2O2 (l) 8) Mg(NO3)2 (aq) 12) BaSO4 (s)

3. GAS TESTS
How do you test for each of these gases?

Chlorine

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Which gas is each of these tests for?

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 When bubbled through
limewater turns the
limewater cloudy.

Re-lights a glowing splint

Turns damp blue litmus

paper red then bleaches it
white
With a lit splint gives a
squeaky pop

4. EQUATIONS
Balance the following equations

1) ____ N2 + ____ Br2  ____ NBr3

2) ____ LiBrO3  ____ LiBr + ____ O2

3) ____ LiI + ____ Br2  ____ LiBr + ____ I2

4) ____ H2 + ___ O2  ____ H2O2

5) ____ AgNO3 + ____ CaI2  ____ AgI + ____ Ca(NO3)2

6) ____ AlBr3 + ____ NA2SO4  ____ NABr + ____ Al2(SO4)3

7) ____ CH4 + ____ O2  ____ CO + ____ H2O

8) ____ C4H8+ ____ O2  ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

9) ____ C7H16 + ____ O2  ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

10) ____ CuI2 + ____ LiOH  ____ Cu(OH)2 + ____ LiI

5. IONIC EQUATIONS Write ionic equations for each of these

1) HCl (aq) + KOH (aq)  KCl (aq) + H2O (l)

2) 2AgNO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq)  2AgCl (s) + Ca(NO3)2 (aq)

3) BaCl2 (aq) + Li2SO4 (aq)  2LiCl (aq) + BaSO4 (s)

4) HNO3 (aq) + LiOH (aq)  LiNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

5) H2SO4 (aq) + Sr(OH)2 (aq)  SrSO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

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6. CALCULATIONS
Relative Formula Mass
Calculate the relative formula mass of each of these
1) KBr 5) CaSO3 9) BaCl2

2) LIOH 6) MgBr2 10) K2SO4

3) NaF 7) FeCl2 11) NaI

4) H2O2 8) SrCO3 12) Ge2(SO4)3

Moles
Calculate the number of moles in this mass of each of these
1) 25 g KBr 5) 170 g CaSO3 9) 44.4 g BaCl2

2) 4.0 g LIOH 6) 47.5 g MgBr2 10) 1.74 g K2SO4

3) 50 g NaF 7) 216 g FeCl2 11) 149 g NaI

4) 3.4 g H2O2 8) 21 g SrCO3 12) 114 g Ge2(SO4)3

Mass
Calculate the number of mass of this number of moles for each of these

1) 7 moles KBr 5) 10 moles CaSO3 9) 4 moles BaCl2

2) 4.0 moles LIOH 6) 4.5 moles MgBr2 10) 1.5 moles K2SO4

3) 5 moles NaF 7) 200 moles FeCl2 11) 19 moles NaI

4) 7 moles H2O2 8) 2.1 moles SrCO3 12) 11 moles Ge2(SO4)3

RETRIEVAL QUESTIONS

Topic 1a Atomic Structure https://quizlet.com/_6qoss8?x=1jqt&i=241v2t

Question Answer
State the three subatomic particles Protons, neutrons, electrons
State the masses of the subatomic particles Protons: 1, neutrons: 1, electrons: 0
State the relative charges of the subatomic particles Protons: +1, neutrons: 0, electrons: -1
How are the subatomic particles arranged in an Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons
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atom? orbiting in shells
The number of protons + the number of neutrons in
What is the mass number of an atom?
an atom
How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an
Mass number - atomic number
atom?
What is the mass and charge of a neutron? Mass = 1 Charge =0
Because they have the same number of electrons as
Why do atoms have no overall charge? protons so the charges cancels each other out.
How does the size of the nucleus compare to the size
of the atom? Nucleus is very small
How can you calculate relative atomic mass given
isotopes masses and abundances? (mass 1 x abundance) + (mass2 x abundance) / 100
Atoms of the same element with different mass
What are isotopes?
numbers
What are the similarities and differences between Same number of electrons and protons but a
isotopes? different number of neutrons.
Sodium has a mass number of 23, and an atomic
number of 11. How many electrons, protons and
neutrons? 11 protons, 11 electrons, 12 neutrons
Aluminium has a mass number of 27, and an atomic
number of 13. How many electrons, protons and
neutrons? 13 protons, 13 electrons, 14 neutrons
Each type of atom has a number of protons, a
different number of protons would make something a
What makes an atom a particular type of atom? different type of atom.
They are the average mass of an atom of that
What are some of the values for relative atomic mass isotope, there are several kinds each present in a
not whole numbers? different amount. So the average is not a whole
number.

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Topic 1b Periodic Table https://quizlet.com/_6qosxk?x=1jqt&i=241v2t

Question Answer
What is the atomic number of an atom? The number of protons in an atom
What can the period tell you about the electrons in How many shells an atom has. E.g. carbon is in the
an atom? second period so has two shells
Because they had similar chemical properties (e.g.
Why did Mendeleev put some elements in groups?
they reacted violently with water)
What did Mendeleev put the elements in order of? Increasing atomic mass
How is the modern periodic table organised? In order of increasing atomic number
Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in his periodic table? For elements that had not been discovered yet
What are groups in the periodic table? The columns, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0
What can the group tell you about the electrons in an How many electrons in the outer shell. E.g. carbon is
atom? in group 4 so has 4 electrons in the outer shell
How are the electrons arranged in atoms? Orbiting the nucleus in shells
Where are the metals found on the periodic table? on the left hand side
How many electrons does calcium have? 20 (same as atomic number!)
How many electrons does silicon have? 14 (same as atomic number!)
How are the electrons in sulphur arranged? 2.8.6 (18 electrons total)
How are the electrons in magnesium arranged? 2.8.2 (12 electrons total)
How many electrons are in the outer shell of boron? 3 (it is in group 3!)
How many electrons are in the outer shell of
5 (it is in group 5!)
phosphorous?
How many electrons are in the outer shell of sodium? 1 (it is in group 1!)
An element has three shells and three electrons in
Aluminium (group 3, period 3
the outer shell. What element is it?
How many electrons are in the outer shell of Gallium? 3 (it is in group 3!)
How many electrons can go in the first shell? How
2 = 1st shell, 9 = second shell
many in the second shell?

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