This is How We Brew It: The Benefits of Burnt Rice Grains

as Compared to Commercialized Coffee

________________________________

An Investigatory Project Presented To

Mr. Jerby Salazar, LPT
Quezon City Academy Foundation, Inc.
________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements In
Investigatory Project

By:
Sean Adrian B. Morales
Etienne V. Banquil
Buena Jamaela B. Vergara
Emmanuel L. Trillana
Jhon Andrew Herrero
Juan Miguel Escano

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

June 2022
 Chapter 1: Introduction

Background of the Study

Coffee is regarded as a beverage made from the roasted seeds of the
coffee plant, often known as coffee beans. It originated in Abyssinia, the
previous name of Ethiopia. The term "coffee" is thought to have originated
from the Arabic word "qahweh", from which the Turkish word "kahveh", the
Italian "caffe", and the Duthch "koffie" all derive. Coffee spread through
Arabia in the 13th century and became popular in Europe in the 16th and
17th centuries. In the Philippines, coffee was introduced by Spanish friars in
1740, and Filipinos had become coffee drinkers by that time. Caffeine is
a drug found naturally in the leaves and seeds of many plants. It's also
made artificially and added to some foods and drinks. Caffeine is a drug that
stimulates your brain and nervous system. Caffeine is found in many drinks
such as coffee, tea, soft drinks and energy drinks., more often than not side
effects are seen. Those side effects linked to excess intake of caffeine
include anxiety, restlessness, tremors, irregular heartbeat, and trouble
sleeping.
According to Porciúncula, L. O., Sallaberry, C., Mioranzza, S., Botton,
P. H. S., & Rosemberg, D. B. (2013) the caffeine's central nervous system
stimulant effects have been recognized for ages. Honoré De Balzac was a
well-known consumer in the nineteenth century. It's not enough to say he
enjoyed the coffee. He was fully reliant on it, and at the time he was writing
"The Human Comedy," he drank up to 50 cups each day. "Coffee seeps into
the stomach and you instantly feel a general disturbance," he wrote in a
French journal in 1830. "Ideas begin to march like battalions of the Grand
Army on the field of war and the combat takes place. Memories come at a
gallop, borne by the wind."
 According to a study titled “Effects of caffeine on mood and
performance: A study of realistic consumption. Psychopharmacology” by
Brice, Carolyn & Smith, Andrew, There is a vast literature on the behavioral
effects of caffeine. Many of the studies have involved single administration of
a large dose of caffeine that is not representative of the way in which
caffeine is usually ingested. Further information is required, therefore, on
the behavioral effects of realistic patterns of consumption.
A grain is a grass crop that produces small seeds that can be
harvested and consumed by humans or animals. These small edible seeds
are really the fruits of grass plants, which are among the most utilized plants
on Earth. Rice is the world's most produced grain, feeding billions of people
every day. Since the year 2000, global production of rice has increased by
25%. In 2016, they approximately produced 756 million tonnes of 1.6 trillion
pounds of rice. Rice is deficient in many vitamins, minerals and
phytonutrients. These phytonutrients are nutrients produced by plants that
help prevent disease and improve overall health. It is better to note that the
profile of rice can differ based on how refined it is and whether it has been
enriched with vitamins and minerals. Rice begins as a whole grain but to
lengthen the self-live it puts in through a process of milling that removes the
outer germ of the grain, leaving only the endosperm. This is known as
refined, or white rice. Many refined rice varieties are enriched with additional
nutrients after the milling process, which improves their overall nutritional
profile.
Toasted Rice Grains are known to be an alternative to commercialized
coffee, these alternatives are usually for those who are acidic as Rice Coffee
doesn't cause Acid Reflux. Nutritionally, brown rice is recommended for a
healthy diet because it contains extra nutrients. Brown rice tends to be a bit
more caloric, but it also contains extra protein and fiber that offer these
health benefits: Helps you feel full faster. Brown rice coffee is one of the
best coffee substitutes you will ever find. It is healthy, natural, sugar-free,
and most importantly, caffeine-free.
Thus, it is important that a product will be made to substitute caffeine
and its harmful effects to the human body. This study seeks to compare
Toasted Rice Grains to commercialized coffee while simultaneously
identifying its health benefits to humans.

Statement of the Problem

By basing on a coffee brand whose sachet contains 28g of coffee, this
study seeks to compare burnt rice grains to commercialized coffee, the
researchers aim to know the quantity of rice grain, the time, and the price
needed in order to make the said coffee, the researchers will attain this goal
by answering the following questions:

1. How many 10 tablespoons worth of toasted rice grain can be scooped

from a half kilogram amount of rice in order to make a 230 mL cup of
coffee?
2. How long does it take (in minutes) to prepare a cup of coffee using rice
grains?
3. How much money is needed on a weekly basis?
3.1 How much money is needed for a week's worth of coffee?
4. What are the Rice Grain Coffee's health advantages as compared to
Commercialized Coffee?
4.1 How much sugar (grams) is in the Rice Grain Coffee?
4.2 How much caffeine (grams) in the Rice Grain Coffee?
Hypothesis
With 28 grams being needed by commercialized coffee in order to
make a 230 mL cup of coffee and 10 tablespoons being assumed by the
researchers to make a 230 mL cup of coffee, the estimated answer to the
question of how many 10 tablespoon filled cups can a 500 g of Rice can be
produced is approximately 4 cups of 230 mL coffee can be produced. 43.245
tbsp of rice can be scooped from a half kilogram of rice, dividing it by 10,
since we need 10 tbsp of rice grains of coffee to make a 230 mL cup of
coffee, we are left with approximately 4.3 or 4 cups of coffee. The next
problem the researchers want to know is: How long does it take (in minutes)
to prepare a cup of coffee using rice grains? The estimated time is 20
minutes. How much money is needed on a weekly basis? The Researchers
estimated that 300 pesos for 5kilos of rice will be enough for a weekly basis.
How much sugar (grams) is in the Rice Grain Coffee? Rice coffee does not
necessarily need sugar, Sugar is optional and depends on the drinker’s
choice of taste if he/she wants it sweeter.

Significance of the Study

This study will redound to the benefit of society, given the fact that
caffeine has negative effects on the human body. With this being said, the
following sectors will benefit from the said study:

Psychiatrists
Psychiatrists are one of the main beneficiaries of this study as they, as
doctors of those who aren’t allowed caffeine, will have an alternate beverage
to prescribe instead of coffee which is high in caffeine.
Gastroenterologists
Gastroenterologists, the doctors who are in charge of treating those
people who are acidic, will also have an alternative beverage with no
caffeine for their patients who aren’t necessarily allowed to intake too much
coffee.

People Diagnosed with Mental Illness

People with Mental Illnesses, such as Anxiety and Bipolar Disorder, are
not allowed to intake too much coffee, with this being said the results of the
said study will give them an alternative beverage to drink, which helps them
avoid agitation, tremors, nervousness, and sleeplessness.

Anemic People
With caffeine being a factor in iron absorption, too much caffeine
intake is not allowed for those people who were diagnosed with anemia. The
study benefits the anemic people as they will be able to receive a substitute
for caffeine.

Business Owners
This research can benefit business owners as this can provide them
with a new source of revenue while also providing customers with a nice cup
of coffee.

Rice Farmers
The research is made to also benefit rice farmers, who can be the
source of rice grains in the making of this coffee, this will give them an
additional source of income as they will be able to sell their grains of rice.
Department of Health
This research can benefit the Department of Health as this will provide
them with enough evidence to prove that rice grains can be used as a
substitute. They can use that evidence and promote rice coffee as an
alternative caffeine free product.

Schools
This research can benefit schools who ban caffeine in their premises.
This can be an alternative caffeine free coffee for the students and staff.

Future Researchers
This research can benefit Future Researchers as this study can serve
as a reference for their own research, if they decide to take on a topic that is
similar to this study. This would make their research flow much more easier.

Scope and Limitations

This study aims to identify the comparison of burnt rice coffee to
commercialized or granulated coffee. The study primarily focuses on
developing a less caffeine coffee product made from burnt rice that might
benefit anyone, especially those who are forbidden from drinking coffee with
caffeine. The researchers could gather reliable data or information through
conducting a study and making experiments. The data needed considers the
advantages and disadvantages that could be beneficial to the study.
 Chapter 2: Review of Related Literatures

RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

According to Cigaral, I. (2021) Each Filipino is bound to drink 3.78

kilograms of coffee every year by 2025, up from an estimated 3.05 kg per
capita last year, Fitch Solutions, a unit of the Fitch Group more popularly
associated with the debt watcher, said in a report last Monday. That
consumption means it’s more than just a coffee break, even for Filipino
workers now stuck at home because of the pandemic. That doesn’t mean
however that the health crisis did not make a material impact, when last
year’s local coffee consumption was down from 3.40 kg per capita in 2019.
That said, Fitch Solutions is projecting a quick recovery for coffee lovers, not
only in the Philippines, but for most emerging markets. While the Philippines
will lead in Southeast Asia as forecast, Brazil will stay as the leading coffee
market with consumption set to peak to 7.2 kg per capita by 2025, followed
by the US with 5.06 kg.

According to Orge, N. (2019) in a study that aimed to determine

awareness on the health risk of drinking caffeinated energy drinks among
students of Polytechnic College of Botolan, SY 2018-2019. Descriptive
method of research is used. The findings conclude that respondents
preferred drinking caffeinated energy drink with coffee flavor, preferably in
the morning, once a day for stress relief which only lasted for a couple of
hours; “moderately agree” on perceptions towards health risk of drinking
caffeinated energy drinks; “moderately agree” on the perception towards
adverse effects on health risk in drinking caffeinated energy drinks. There is
significant difference towards health risk when grouped according to course;
and little or weak relationship between adverse effect on drinking caffeinated
drinks and the preferred time of drinking.

According to Reamor, M. et al. Coffee has different side effects to the

human body; it’s either classified as positive or negative. According to some
studies, some benefits of coffee are the following; (1) coffee affects the
human brain since coffee has been known to increase cognitive function and
improve concentration of an individual. Caffeine is believed to help ward off
some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, and
it also decreases the risk of depression and suicide; (2) Coffee can be used
as a successful way to lose weight; and (3) Coffee can greatly reduce the
risk of liver cancer according to some studies along with the WHO.

According to Petre, A (2020), Natural caffeine is caffeine that

originates naturally in foods such as coffee, tea, and chocolate. It functions
by inhibiting adenosine receptors in the brain. Adenosine is a
neurotransmitter that relaxes your brain and causes fatigue. Caffeine stops
adenosine from attaching to adenosine receptors by inhibiting them. This
prevents your brain from recognizing that it is weary, which is why caffeine
is so good in combating tiredness and keeping you attentive. Consuming
small amounts of caffeine about an hour before exercise is likely to improve
exercise performance. If you’re sensitive to the effects of caffeine, consider
sticking to teas lower in caffeine like white or herbal teas. You may also
brew high-caffeine teas for a shorter time, such as 1 minute instead of 3.
Opting for decaffeinated tea, coffee, and espresso is also a good way to
enjoy these drinks without much caffeine. On the contrary, if you’re a fan of
high-caffeine drinks, you may enjoy espresso, cold-brew coffee, and teas
with higher caffeine contents, including green and black varieties.

According to Ludden, A. (2017) Caffeinated goods are extensively

available to teenagers, and use of caffeine products, particularly energy
drinks and coffee, is increasing in this age range (Branum, Rossen, &
Schoendorf, 2014). However, nothing is known about caffeine's psychosocial
environment. Previous research on teenage caffeine consumption has
concentrated on the acute physiological effects of caffeine rather than the
psychosocial settings and views about various types of caffeinated beverages
(e.g., coffee, energy drinks, soda).

RELATED THEORIES

The Rice Theory of Culture

The rice theory of culture proposes that rice farming civilizations
evolved into more interdependent, compact cultures in response to plant
needs. Cultivation is an interdependent subsistence practice in general, but
traditional paddy rice farming was markedly different from other key crops
such as wheat, corn, and potatoes. Rice growing needed double the work per
hectare as wheat farming. Farmers responded by developing labor-sharing
norms. Irrigation systems were also used to flood and drain paddy rice
fields. Farmers now had to organize how much water each farmer received,
when to flood their fields, and how to split the labor for mending the canals.
This resulted in a close community in which individuals relied on one another
and individual farmers had less freedom of movement. This article provides
an outline of the hypothesis, presents recent evidence of cultural distinctions
between rice and wheat nations, and then poses outstanding research topics
for the future.

Paradise Lost Theory of Addiction

PLT hypothesizes that nicotine directly influences smokers' brain
reward circuits and induces both hyperresponsivity to tobacco-related cues
and hyporeactivity to non tobacco-related ones (such as food and money).
The combination of nicotine-induced neural alterations and smokers'
cognitive fallacies, caused by a lack of awareness regarding nicotine's
influence on neural functioning, allows smokers to continue smoking, which
leads to addiction. Additionally, self-reproductive rewards provided by
smoking and high upward quantitative endurability of cigarette smoking are
important factors in the development of addiction. These elements are
influenced by trait variables; however, even individuals without any typical
risk factors can acquire a nicotine addiction.
 Chapter 3: Experimentation

Materials Needed:
1. Tablespoon
2. Rice grains
3. Water
4. Frying pan
5. Cup
6. Kettle
7. Sugar (optional)

Variables
Independent Variable
- Amount of Rice Grains
Dependent Variable
- Amount of Sugar
- Amount of Caffeine
Controlled Variable
- Type of Rice Grains Used
- Amount of Coffee to be made

Procedure

Procedure for Product Making

The researchers will first preheat the pan over medium heat (around
177°C to 180°C), add rice, and continuously stir until rice is a deep brown
color, almost black. Immediately turn off the stove and move the pan off the
stove so the rice doesn’t burn. After that, pour water in the pan, and allow
the rice to boil with the water. Once the coffee comes to a boil, filter the
toasted rice grains as you pour the coffee into the cup. Add sugar to taste.
This process won’t develop nor create artificial caffeine, as artificial caffeine
can only be made in laboratories with certain elements, and caffeine is found
naturally in plants.

Procedure for Product Testing

Before making the coffee, half a kilogram of the rice grains will be
toasted, in order to answer the question “How many 10 tablespoons worth of
toasted rice grain can be scooped from a half kilogram amount of rice in
order to make a 230 mL cup coffee?” 10 tbsp of the toasted rice grains will
be scooped in order to obtain the answer, it is expected that 4 cups of coffee
will be scooped from the toasted half kilogram used, however this is a
subject to change since the rice grains will be toasted. 1 cup filled with 10
tbsp of toasted rice grains will then be made into a toasted rice grain coffee
to determine whether or not it is possible to make a cup of coffee just from
10 tbsp of toasted rice grains.

Timetable

List of Tasks Target Date Amount of

Time
Needed

Purchase of all Materials Needed April 29, 2022 1 Day

Collecting/Gathering all the materials April 30, 2022 5 Days

Making the product May 12, 2022 15-20 Minutes

Setting the product for testing May 12, 2022 20 Minutes

 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
In this chapter, the results of the experiment of the researchers are
carefully analyzed, and presented in a graphical and/or in a tabular form.

4.1 Presentation of Results

As it was mentioned in the hypothesis, it is assumed that 10
tablespoons is needed in order to make a 230 mL cup of toasted rice grains.
The results show a 230 mL cup that holds 10 tablespoons of toasted rice
grains. In a 500 gram amount of white rice, three 230 mL cups were filled
with 10 tbsp of toasted rice grains. This answers the Statement of the
Problem Question #1: How many 10 tablespoons worth of toasted rice grain
can be scooped from a half kilogram amount of rice in order to make a 230
mL cup of coffee? As shown in figure 4.1, the actual results aren't that far
fetched. 43 tablespoons worth of white rice can be scooped from half a
kilogram of rice. The researchers were able to scoop 30 tablespoons of white
rice from the toasted rice grains amounting to 500 grams. This is equivalent
to 3 cups of toasted rice grains amounting to 10 tablespoons of the rice
grains.

Figure 4.1
 It took approximately 10-15 minutes to achieve the preferred rice
grain color, however, it is still up to the person whether or not they will toast
it for more than 10 minutes, after this part of the experimentation, the
researchers then proceeded to pour the boiling water into a 230 mL cup
which is filled with 10 tbsp of the toasted rice grains, and this answers the
second question in the statement of the problem with regards to how long it
takes to make a cup of coffee, and the answer is approximately 10-15
minutes. As compared to the hypothesis, seen on figure 4.2, the time it took
to make toasted rice coffee is 5 minutes less than the estimated time. While
the commercialized coffee, as expected, in terms of time taken in
preparation, has the advantage over the toasted rice grain coffee.

Figure 4.2
 From the experiment, the results also showed how much a drinker can
spend on a weekly basis based on the number of cups consumed. As shown
in table 4.1, if the researchers were to brew 12 cups of coffee in a week, it
will cost them a total of 2kg of rice, and a total of PHP 84.00, however, if the
researchers were to make 12 cups of commercialized coffee, which costs
around PHP 9-12 for a 28g sachet, it would cost them around PHP 108 to
PHP 144. Meanwhile, looking at figure 4.3, shows that the price differential
increases as the number of cups consumed also increases. This goes to show
that basing on the price differential of the rice grain coffee and
commercialized coffee, the rice grain coffee is much more inexpensive
compared to the commercialized coffee.

Table 4.1
Number of 230 Total Number Grams of Rice Amount of
mL filled cups of Tablespoons Toasted Pesos Used
Used for All
Cups
3 Cups 30 Tablespoons 500 grams PHP 21.00
(0.5kg)
6 Cups 60 Tablespoons 1000 grams PHP 42.00
(1.0kg)
9 Cups 90 Tablespoons 1500 grams PHP 63.00
(1.5kg)
12 Cups 120 Tablespoons 2000 grams PHP 84.00
(2kg)

Figure 4.3
 According to the website of the coffee brand that the researchers used
as basis, their caffeine content ranges around 50 mg to 100 mg per serve,
as for sugar content 0.63grams per 7g of instant coffee is the content
mentioned, however, if we were to multiply it by 4 to get the recommended
amount of 28g of instant coffee, we would get 2.52 grams of sugar. As for
the toasted rice grain coffee, it has 0g caffeine content and 0 grams AT
LEAST of sugar content, as it is optional by the drinker whether or not they
will add sugar to taste. As seen on Figures 4.4 and 4.5, the caffeine content
and sugar content of the rice grain coffee is 0 grams, the caffeine content,
on the other hand, isn’t affected by the burning of the rice grains because
caffeine can only be found naturally in plants, however, can also be created
artificially in laboratories. Synthetic caffeine or artificial caffeine is produced
by chemical synthesis of urea as a raw material, which is then combined
with different chemicals such as methyl chloride and ethyl acetate. Table 4.2
shows the tabular form of the data aforementioned.

Table 4.2
VARIABLE SUGAR CONTENT CAFFEINE CONTENT
COMMERCIALIZED 0.63 grams per 7 g of 50 mg to 100 mg per
COFFEE coffee or 2.52 grams serve
per 28g of coffee
TOASTED RICE GRAIN At least 0 grams 0 grams
COFFEE

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

4.2 Analyzation
From the data gathered from the experimentation, it was shown that
the rice grain coffee is advantageous in terms of price differential and
caffeine content. The experimentation also showed that the results are really
similar compared to the hypothesis. The hypothesis was used to temporarily
answer the research’s statement of the problem. To the researcher’s
surprise, the results were almost identical with each other. The only result
from the experiment that was way off was the price of rice coffee, which
turned out to be way less than the estimated price in the hypothesis. In the
hypothesis, it was assumed that the price is right around 300 pesos per
week, but in the experimentation, if in 1 week, a coffee drinker brews 12
cups of coffee, only 84 pesos is consumed. Just 28% of the estimated
expenses. Although it is important to note that the price is subject to change
because it relies on the consumers’ frequency of consumption, it is also
important to note that if it were to be compared to commercialized coffee, it
will still be cheaper as seen on the table. Since the researchers toasted the
rice, there were some concerns that were raised whether or not the product
somehow contains artificial caffeine, upon further researching, it is safe to
assume that there is no artificial caffeine that can be found on the product,
as caffeine can only be found naturally in plants. While on the other hand,
artificial caffeines are created in laboratories with various types of chemicals
not present in the ingredients used in creating the coffee.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion
 The data the researchers collected has been enough in order to
showcase the comparison between commercialized coffee and toasted rice
grain coffee. Therefore, the researchers can conclude that the results of the
said study have been successful thus far. It is evident that the rice grain
coffee has been advantageous in the aspects included in the researcher’s
study, those being: money factors and health benefits. It is important to
know that although the study has been deemed successful by the
researchers, it is far from being perfect. Recommendations are given to
further enhance the study and it can be seen below.

Recommendations

How can the study be improved?

It can be improved in many aspects, but it will improve the most if the
researchers use precise measuring tools when experimenting. This assures
the results to be more accurate than the results the researchers have
gathered. Another is by using a timetable to accurately compare the
appearance of the rice grains in a specific number of time (in minutes), this
will show the evident changes in the rice grains as time progresses. The
study can also be improved by means of spreading information about it, in
ways of recommending it to government sectors. It will also improve
because it will be able to help other people, such as our hard-working
farmers, the study will be well-known and will attract researchers who will
eventually give their time in enhancing the study conducted by the
researchers.

What were the difficulties you encountered?

Some of the difficulties encountered by the researchers are that it was
hard to measure the components accurately due to the lack of precise
measuring tools. Some of the difficulties that were also encountered was
that there are little to no related studies that are similar to the researchers’.
Another limitation the researchers faced was the fact that it was harder to
conduct this study while being away from each other, this is obviously due to
the pandemic that is currently happening. It limited the researchers in ways
of a harder process of the experimentation because only 1 of them were
doing the experiment while the others had to wait whether or not the person
experimenting needed any help.
What can be done to avoid these difficulties without sacrificing the
quality of the project?
First, invest in measuring tools that will precisely and accurately
measure the components needed. Although it was hard for the researchers,
it is advised by them to be persistent with the goal, that is how the
researchers eventually overcame that difficulty. Of course the pandemic is
something that is inevitable now, but then again, if the researchers are
persistent in achieving their goals, they will eventually overcome it. The
quality of the product and project also relies on the persistence and
perseverance of the researchers, without it, the quality of the project will not
be as good.

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