Republic of the Philippines

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

LEVEL OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN POLICING OF SILANG CAVITE:

BASIS FOR AN ACTION PLAN

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
Philippine National Police Academy

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Public Safety

Cdt 1C STEPHEN JAYNARD L POLINAR

Cdt 1C ADRIEL JOHN I FRANCISCO
Cdt 1C AL-GRAHAMMAD B POMPONG
Cdt 1C JOTHOM EARL ACE O RIVAS
Cdt 1C JOHN ANTHONY N SAGSAGO

January 2022\

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, “LEVEL OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN

POLICING IN SILANG CAVITE; BASIS FOR AN ACTION PLAN”, prepared and
submitted by Cdt 1C Stephen Jaynard L Polinar, Cdt 1C Ardel John I
Francisco, Cdt 1C Al-grahammad B Pompong, Cdt 1C Jothom Earl Ace O
Rivas and Cdt John Anthony N Sagsago in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Public Safety, is hereby
recommended for oral examination.

Dr Jezamine De Leon
Adviser

Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Public Safety, with a grade of ______.

________________________
Chairman

_______________________ _______________________
Member Member

Accepted as partial fulfillment for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN PUBLIC SAFETY.

PBGEN ANGELES GEÑORGA

Acting Dean of Academics

January 2022

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

ii
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers wish to express their sincerest and whole hearted thanks

to those who have extended their support and make this paper possible.

To the PNPA Command Group headed by the Director, PMGEN

ALEXANDER JADOC SAMPAGA, for the leadership that is conducive and fit for

the development of public safety officers;

To the Dean of Academics, PBGEN ANGELES BALANE GENORGA

JR., for supporting our thesis and in making things possible;

To all PNPA Lakans who are inspiration in giving the best that we can

offer for the love and glory of the academy;

To their adviser, Professor Jezamine De Leon PhD, for her patience and

continuous assistance, guidance, and whole heartedly support despite the

struggles and challenges brought about by the pandemic.

To the RESEARCHERS’ FAMILY, for their understanding, trust, support

and love given through the appreciation to the efforts of the researchers.

Above all, the ALMIGHTY GOD, who continuously gave us the strength

and the wisdom to accomplish this work.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

iii
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Title Page i
Approval Sheet
ii
Acknowledgement
iii
Table of Contents
iv
List of Tables
vi
List of Figures
vii

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1

Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework
3
Conceptual Framework
4
Statement of the Problem
7
Significance of the Study
7
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
8
Definition of Terms
9

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

iv
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

11

Partnership for Crime Detection, Prevention and Solution 11

The Future of Community Engagement in Policing 17
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Related Studies
18

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
19

Research Design
19
Sources of Data
19
Population and Sampling Procedure
20
Instrumentation
20
Data Gathering Procedure
22
Analysis of Data
24

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA 25

Level of Effectiveness of Police Community Relations 25

Improvement of Police Community Relations 29
Action Plan 33

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 39

Summary 39
Conclusions 40
Recommendation 41

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

v
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

REFERENCES
42

Letter of Request to the Director

44
Letter of Request to the Dean of Academics
45
Letter of Request to the Participants of the Study
46

CURRICULUM VITAE
47

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

vi
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

LIST OF TABLES

Table TITLE Page

1 Respondents’ Profile as to Gender 20

2 Respondents’ Profile as to Age 21

3 Respondents’ Profile as to Occupation 21

4 Likert Scale Used in the Study 22

5 Level of Community Engagement in Terms of Crime 26

Detection/Reporting

6 Level of Community Engagement in Terms of Crime 27

Prevention

7 Level of Community Engagement in Terms of Crime 28

Solution

8 Action Plan 35

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

vii
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure TITLE Page

1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 6

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

viii
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

State capacity to provide public goods and services is hampered by a lack

of legitimacy and trust. This issue is especially relevant in police, as officers

require knowledge on what is going on in the community in order to perform

services effectively and efficiently, problem that are characterized by low

community participation, trust rate of community in PCR, communication gap

between community and the police. Low community involvement and community

policing strategy. Citizens provide police with information on the most important

issues, crime hotspot locations, concerns about suspicious people or activities,

and reports of crimes that have occurred. This information is used by the police

to distribute their limited resources in order to prevent crime and protect public

safety. When residents lose faith in the police, the entire system collapses.

Collaboration between the police and the community (also known as community

policing) has the potential to boost citizen trust and improve police ability to

enforce the law, especially in situations where the state's legitimacy is questioned

(Haim et al., 2018).

In the Philippines' Sorsogon Province, which is still regarded a "hotspot"

for activity in the New People's Army's long-running communist conflict (NPA).

While this is now a low-level insurgency with few violent incidents, the NPA is

deeply embedded in the fabric of many Sorsogon villages and competes with the

government for many services, including public safety (Ravanilla, 2018). Tanods

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
2

perform policing services in Sorsogon, as well as the remainder of rural areas

and urban communities. Tanods and the national police are in charge, but there

is almost little control. During the program and at the conclusion of the

intervention, data on citizen trust, perceived state legitimacy, victimization, and

crime rates were collected (Nanes et al., 2018).

Moreover, in United States poor community relations is regarded as high

percentage as being viewed by the community, this is evident as shown in the

statistics of US police department with the factors of policing strategy and

communication gap between police and community, community participation

involves members of the community taking an active role in trying to genuinely

help the police. “It is the widely used social work concept of community

organization, with particular attention to the pivotal responsibility of the police and

other criminal justice agencies” (Radalet and Carter, 1994). In the end police–

community relations are a process where the entire police department. In

addition, effects of these poor observance of Police community relation results in;

hostility between the police and residents can stymie productive partnerships;

increased decision-making autonomy among officers can lead to more

opportunities for police corruption; and resistance within the police organization

can stymie community policing's implementation (Rosenbaum et al., n.d.).

In summary, the problem under consideration is, determining the level of

community engagement in policing. The question is proposed on the premise

that identifying the level and impact associated with policing provides essential

information to guide appropriate policies and procedures that can solve and cope

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
3

with crime detection, prevention and solution and eventually come up with an

action plan.

Theoretical Framework

Goals–plan–action theory explains that individuals construct messages

based on cognitive templates that are activated by desires, according to

communication theories. Although early versions of the theory focused on the

creation of interpersonal influence signals, more recent versions aim to explain a

wide range of communicative activities. The research's unified diversity reveals a

family of hypotheses with a shared set of assumptions (Dillard, 2015).

GPA theory is one approach to this problem. Scientific realism and social

construction are both present in the theory. GPA theory, like particular realism,

assumes that most of the world is patterned, knowable, and objective. Certain

aspects of social contact and the cognitive processes that support it are

objectively true. For example, long-term memory, which is a tangible electrical

record of activity, stores information on influence methods. However, many parts

of interaction are socially perceived, according to GPA theory. "Hey, I missed the

last class," one student would say to another. Is it okay if I borrow your notes"?

This could be interpreted as a self-serving attempt to obtain information.

However, it could also be an opportunity to assist someone. And, in most cases,

asking for assistance suggests that the person seeking assistance is eager to

reciprocate in the future. As a result, the request could be the first step in

establishing a long-term friendship. It's difficult to say which interpretation is

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
4

correct. And it's possible that one is correct right now, but that another

interpretation can emerge when the two people learn more about one other.

People don't only argue the meaning of a communication in the heat of the

moment. They frequently participate in revisionist social reality building (Dillard,

2015).

On-the-other-hand, it appears that informal social control mechanisms are

more important than formal social control mechanisms based on traditional,

reactive, enforcement-oriented policing. Greater community involvement in

policing is likely to boost both police-community relations and crime and

disturbance levels. The review looks at the evidence to see if it supports the

following potential benefits: decreased crime, reduced disorder, increased

feelings of safety, improved police-community relations and perceptions,

increased community capacity, and changing officer attitudes and behavior. The

evaluation also assesses the consistency of evidence on the quality of

community participation in policing, as well as a separate assessment of

‘problem-solving (Myhill, 2012).

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study is designed using the Input-

Process-Output model. The variables and concepts related to this study are

presented in Figure 1. This was about the effectiveness of the Police Community

Relation of Silang Police Station in preventing crimes.

The first box is the input of the study. It contains the specific strategy

applied by the PCR section in preventing crimes to the community, such as the

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
5

Community-Oriented Policing System (COPS). The COPS is a revolutionized

concept in modem policing designed to improve the efficient delivery of essential

police services. It adheres to the basic idea that the police and community are

co-producers of the police services; hence, peace and order are both shared and

joint responsibilities. Organizational Transformation, community partnerships

mean relationships are created between police and community groups; share

Problem Solving means focusing on creative and active problem-solving in the

community and with the help of community members rather than react to crime or

disorder.

On the other hand, the second box represents the process which includes

the descriptive research design, quantitative research method, survey

questionnaire and documentary analysis, collection and tabulation of data, and

the statistical treatment of gathered data. The third box is the output of the

research which presented the outcome of the study that contains the trust rate of

the police community related to the community in preventing crimes if there is a

communication gap between the police and the community, and the impacts of

their community policing strategy in the prevention of crimes in the community.

This study was created to know also the effectiveness of the Police Community

Relation in preventing crimes in their locality.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
6

Input Process Output

Level of Use of
community questionnaire,
engagement in data collection, Action Plan to
policing analysis and Improve
organization Community
Strategies to Engagement
improve Data Analysis in Policing
community
engagement in
policing

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
7

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to identify the level of community engagement in policing

of Silang Cavite and use it as a basis for an action plan. Specifically, the study

aimed to:

1. What is the respondents’ level of community engagement in policing in

terms of?

a. Crime detection/reporting

b. Crime prevention

c. Crime solution?

2. How can level of community engagement be improved considering the

aforementioned variables?

3. Based on the findings of the study, what action plan can be given to

improved the level of community engagement in policing.

Significance of the Study

The study is deemed beneficial to the following:

Police Community Relations Officers. The study may aid PCR officers

in determining the problems in the society concerning PCR and to determine the

measures that are effective and relevant to the society.

Community. The study may aid the community with proper information on

the importance of PCR and its role in the prevention of crimes.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
8

PNP Organization. The study may provide ideas and additional plan in

improving the engagement of police and community.

Local Government Unit. The study may use as a guide for LGU to

formulate new policy to further the relation of police officers and community

through action plan.

Researchers. The study may aid the researchers in evaluating the

effectiveness of Community Policing most specially Police Community Relations

and to determine the possible measures that may further help the police force in

the performance of their duties.

Philippine National Police Academy. The findings of the study can help

for the improvement of the curriculum as it also taught subjects related to

community policing and community engagement. Further, it can also be used as

reference by cadets in their studies.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focused on the determination of the level of community

engagement in policing of Silang, Cavite. Specifically, it measured the level of

community engagement in policing in terms of crime detection/reporting, crime

prevention and crime solution. It aimed to improved the level of community

engagement and propose courses of action that can further strengthen the level

of community engagement. The study was conducted in Silang Cavite, wherein

the respondents were selected by selective sampling method in which there are

65 males and 88 females a total of 153 respondents. Interviews with the Police

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
9

Community Relations officers were used to determine the practices applied by

them and to access the effectiveness of current activities in the prevention of

crimes.

During the conduct of the research, the researchers had difficulties in data

gathering since the researchers is PNPA cadets which is observing the

regimented way of living and the threat of the COVID-19 virus limited the ability

of the researchers to contact the respondents of the study.

Definition of Terms

The following is the operational definitions of terms used in the study:

Community Polici ng. This refers to philosophy that promotes

organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and

problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that

give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.

Comprising three components namely; Community Partnership, Organizational

Transformation and Problem Solving. (PNP Manual, 2012)

Police Community Relation. This refers to the basic principle that the

police are the public and the public are the police.

Community Oriented Policing System. This refers to the primary

strategy of Community Oriented Policing. The community and police work

together analyzing community problems and developing customized responses

to them.

Crime Detection. This refers to the process of uncovering criminal and

acquiring evidence in order to identify and prosecute its perpetrators.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
10

Crime Reporting. This refers to the communication of information

arranged in an accurate, concise, clear and complete manner, which then

becomes a record of a given incidents to an interested party for decision to be

made.

Crime Prevention. This refers to any activity by an individual or group,

public or private, which attempts to eliminate crime prior to it occurring or before

any additional activity results.

Crime Solution. This refers to possible crime-prevention interventions.

Community Engagement. This refers to the process of enabling the

participation of citizens and communities in policing at their chosen level, ranging

from providing information and reassurance, to empowering them to identify and

implement solutions to local problems and influence strategic priorities and

decisions.

Policing. This refers to the maintenance of law and order by a police

force.

Acronyms

BPAT - Barangay Patrol Action Team

BSPS - Bachelor of Science in Public Safety

COP - Chief of Police

COPS - Community Oriented Policing System

PNPA - Philippine National Police Academy

LGU - Local Government Unit

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
11

PNP - Phlippine National Police

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter comprises related studies and literatures on the level of

community engagement in policing: on the basis of action plan coming from

different reference materials sourced from journals, theses and dissertations to

act as a basis for the conduct of the study.

Police Community Partnership for Crime Detection, Prevention and

Solution

One of the primary tenets of modern community policing is that residents

and police work together to control and prevent crime and disorder. Resident

participation is an essential element to successful community policing wherein

they can provide valuable information on neighborhood problems and solutions.

Resident involvement can also invoke sentiments that the police are responsive

to their concerns and result in heightened feelings of safety, better community-

police relations, and decreases in crime. Considering the importance of the role

of citizen involvement in community policing, a major challenge for most police

departments is getting residents to actively participate in crime control efforts

(Grinc, 2012).

Repeated instances of police violence against unarmed civilians have

drawn worldwide attention to the contemporary crisis of police legitimacy.

Community-oriented policing (COP), which encourages positive, nonenforcement

contact between police officers and the public, has been widely promoted as a

policy intervention for building public trust and enhancing police legitimacy. To

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
13

date, however, there is little evidence that COP actually leads to changes in

attitudes toward the police. A randomized trial with a large urban police

department found that positive contact with police substantially improved

residents’ attitudes toward police, including legitimacy and willingness to

cooperate. These effects remained large in a 21-d follow-up and were largest

among nonwhite respondents (Peyton, 2019).

The perception of the community in Zamboanga City towards their police

on certain practices such as assistance, support, cooperation and participation in

the conduct of crime detection, prevention and solution activity is low and

interpreted as negative. Conversely, the PNP members of Zamboanga city police

command on the same practices perceive or think otherwise with a weight

average of 1.12 as indicated in the community factors. To reconcile the two

varied results, resort to other research techniques such as observation, interview

and document content analysis had been undertaken. The perception of the

police, however is not without merit. A careful perusal of the records of the

survey revealed that two sectors of the community, namely, Government and

Youth corroborated their perception. It cannot be gainsaid that the community is

not concerned of their inherent rights and duties as articulated by the doctrine of

self-preservation and as citizen of the state respectively. There were assistance,

support, cooperation and participation extended by the community residents but

same are not enough to sustain an effective and efficient police-community

partnership for crime detection, prevention and solution. The findings revealed

that the level of effectiveness of community policing in patrol operations was

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
14

generally effective and when grouped as sex and old respondents. The young

respondents on the other hand rated very effective. The level of effectiveness of

community policing in traffic investigation was effective when grouped as to

various categories (Nunez, 1997).

A study on PNP members in Sampaloc, Quezon perceived that the

problems in the implementation of Police Community Relations Program are due

to the following reasons: policemen like to exercise their authority too much,

police are overbearing and conceited to their relationship with the people, police

secretly enjoy giving criminals a hard time, the people cannot be expected to

work with the police and ties between political entities and the police is perceived

by the public as too close and results to suspicions of favoritism or unequal

treatment (Obmerga, 2013).

There is urgent need for impression-change is about marital honesty and

humility. The former is on assuring the public that a policeman/policewoman

household is never a dysfunctional household. While the latter is on the brazen

display of wealth and power in the neighborhood. Police must maintain modest

life consistent with pay grade. The most trusting individuals are the older and

educated males; while the suspicious are females, the moneyed ones, and those

belonging to bigger households (Tamayo, 2018).

It was concluded that the police in the community is a gesture of PNP's

commitment to pursue a productive community partnership in support of

sustained village-based anti-crime strategy in collaboration with the BPAT by

intensifying public safety information campaign through regular police bulletins on

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
15

criminal modus operandi (Etcuban, 2018). The BPAT was moderately effective in

the conduct of patrol in their respective villages. They must be involved in giving

the community the best possible policing system particularly in the deterrence of

crime such as checkpoint. Because through this, it helps promotes an

environment of mutual trust and confidence while maintaining tranquility and

order and providing safety services. Also, the police in the community are a

gesture of PNP's commitment to pursue an effective community partnership in

support of sustained village-based anti-crime strategy in collaboration with the

BPAT by intensifying public safety information campaign through regular police

bulletins on criminal modus operandi. The strength and weaknesses of BPATs

help guide the community in controlling the drug demand and supply reduction in

the villages in Cebu City (Batiles et al., 2018).

Crime management concepts such as decision support system, mapping,

analysis, management and geographic information of crimes to amend

community-based Philippine policing the proponents were able to identify some

of the major problems that were visible in the Philippine National Police. These

problems focused mainly on the blottering and investigation part. These

problems trigger the community not to report crimes happening since they find it

useless and waste of time since they believe that the police are not capable of

solving such crimes. The new system developed was able to help in making the

organization’s process become connected to each and every police station in the

city for reference and monitoring purposes. Also, it makes use of the information

that received in order to maintain peace and order throughout the city. The

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
16

system was used to support in the decisions of policemen for crime prevention.

The system automates some of the processes that the organization is doing but

there are still more processes that needs to be automated. This will eliminate the

use of paper forms to lessen the expenses in supplies. The government should

invest in upgrading and improving these types of process since it will be very

helpful not only to the government but to all of us (Ledesma et al., 2013).

Understanding the effects of the interventions implemented by the PNP to

reduce crime will provide useful information on improving the system and policy

strategies of the PNP, one of the efforts exerted by the PNP in improving the

crime situation in the country is by enacting different interventions which this

paper has described. Some of these interventions are effective in reducing

certain crimes, while some are not. Moreover, the relationship between the

crimes and interventions differs across the police districts. This paper has

identified the interventions which bring down the level of crime in the different

police districts in NCR. The district-level results show that there is always at least

one intervention which significantly decreases at least one of the index crimes

considered: robbery, carnapping and motornapping. In the NPD, results show

that increasing beat patrols is effective in crime reduction, particularly the crimes

of robbery and motornapping. Increases in the number of mobile patrols and

Oplan Bulabog operations produce significant decreases in the respective levels

of motornapping and robbery in the EPD (Michael et al., n.d.).

Police officers and civilians are aware of COPS. They are also willing to

participate and get involved in the system. However, the number of those who

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
17

indicated willingness to participate is minimal. The respondents were also asked

to rank the importance of several listed factors in ensuring the success of COPS.

A substantial number of responses pointed to interaction between the police and

community as the most important factor. This was followed by adequate

resources, community participation, manpower and location. The study

discussed the implications to the national security of the COPS. It stresses that

peace and order are indispensable in the political stability and national security of

any country. Economic growth and development can only ensure once peace

and order exist in the country. As a vehicle toward this end, the COPS can be

very instrumental (Lukban et al., 2002).

A study showed that the barangay tanod are moderately effective in

preventing crime because of improper routine of duties and functions like conduct

patrol or ronda, conduct surveillance to surreptitious person, and detection of

hazard in different establishments and to include lack of sufficient orientation.

Both group of respondents, Barangay Officials and Barangay Tanods agreed that

Barangay Tanods are moderately effective in crime prevention. There is no

significant relationship between the effectiveness of Barangay Tanods in crime

prevention when grouped according to educational attainment, years of

experience and age but significantly related when it comes to gender and civil

status. There is no significant difference between the assessment of the

Barangay Officials and the Barangay Tanods themselves relative to the

effectiveness of Barangay Tanod in Crime Prevention. The Barangay Tanods

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
18

encountered serious problems in crime prevention in the following aspects: lack

of vehicle when conducting patrol, insufficient training (Donald, 2020).

The Future of Community Engagement in Policing

The Government is committed to the principle of community engagement

in policing, and to delivering ‘neighborhood policing’. The interface between

these two concepts is crucial. In the UK context, ‘citizen focus’ is the broad

philosophy for policing; neighborhood policing is a programme, focused

specifically on crime, disorder, feelings of safety, and service delivery in local

areas. The two together are akin to community policing in the US. Community

engagement needs to be effectively implemented to ensure community

participation at all levels of policing: in neighborhood focused problem-solving

initiatives, and at a more strategic level. It is a wider concept than neighborhood

policing – delivering a successful programme of neighborhood policing will not

automatically deliver community engagement. (Myhill, 2012)

The level of effectiveness of community policing in patrol operations was

generally effective and when grouped as sex and old respondents. The young

respondents on the other hand rated very effective. The level of effectiveness of

community policing in traffic investigation was effective when grouped as to

various categories (Laru-an and Beup, 2015).

The crime prevention strategies in four (4) municipalities were “much

effective” to include Integrated Patrol System, Barangay Peace Keeping

Operations, Anti Criminality Operations, Integrated Area Community Public

Safety Services, Bantay Turista and School Safety Project in connection to the

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
19

responses of 158 participants, assessment by the PNP, School Head, Barangay

Officials, leader of private and public sector organization of the four municipalities

in Salug Valley, Zamboanga del Sur revealed that crime prevention strategies

have no significant difference in the level of effectiveness when grouped by

municipalities, as a result the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in

crime prevention strategies have been accepted in five areas of crime prevention

strategies but in Anti-criminality operations the computed result revealed that

there is a difference in crime prevention. Furthermore, the hypothesis which

states that crime prevention and crime rate have no significant relationship was

rejected (Patalinghug, 2017).

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Related Studies

The related literature justified and support the primary goal of study which

is to know the level of community engagement in policing: on the basis of action

plan, in which it shows that in the local setting the engagement tends to be

positive in a way that several studies being conducted concludes that police are

highly effective and efficient in maintaining law and order in the community this is

evident as police structure of field of work is added by a unit called Police

Community Relation created to work for gathering information through building

good relationship to community characterized by programs and plan to make the

police more closer to the community (Laru-an and Beup, 2015). Crime

intelligence system is being widely used to enhance the interaction between the

police and the community. This system collects and interprets information about

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
20

crimes anonymously. Through the various programs and activities of the FBI, the

community can be more informed about the activities of the police.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented and enumerated the specific procedures involved

in order to perform this study. It included the discussion of research design,

sources of data, population and sampling procedure, instrumentation, data

gathering procedure, analysis of data in the study and the application of statistical

treatment of data.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive design employing mixed-method approach

as it provides a detailed summary of research methodology employed in an aim

to determine the level of community engagement in policing in terms of crime

detection/reporting, crime prevention and crime solution. This was then used to

assess the level of community engagement in policing for the improvement of the

level of community engagement and as a basis to strengthen the level of

community engagement. This can also show the summated rating scales that

measures community activities and the interactions or relations of the community

with police officers.

Sources of Data

The sources of data that were used in the study were composed of two

sources of data, namely the primary and secondary. The primary sources of data

include the results of the survey instruments administered to the respondents,

and interviews conducted in the conduct of the study. Secondary data include

gathered references from materials such as books, internet websites and online

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
22

resources. In addition, information derived from these references and studies

were used as guide for the completion of the study. These are used to

complement and verify the primary data used in the study and to guide in the

creation of an action plan to improve the effectiveness of the police in the

community.

Population and Sampling Procedure

The population that took part in the study were limited to one hundred fifty

(150) respondents from Silang, Cavite which were selected randomly regardless

of their social status, chosen profession and/or agency or work designation. The

respondents were taken from all sectors of society in order to produce a

generalized view of the entire situation and avoid biased perspectives due to

different conditions. The respondents were selected through stratified random

sampling, which enabled the researchers to obtain a fair distribution of the

respondents across the sectors of community in Silang, Cavite.

Table 1

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 65 42.5%
Female 88 57.5%
Total 153 100%
Respondents’ Profile as to Gender

Table 1 shows and presents the demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of gender which it shows that largest number of respondents is female

comprising a percentage of 57.5%. The least number of respondents is male with

a percentage of 42.5% for a total of 153 respondents.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
23

Table 2

Respondents’ Profile as to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

18-25 55 35.9%
26-35 56 36.6%
36-45 42 27.5%
Total 153 100%

Table 2 shows and presents the demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of age in which it shows that highest number of respondents are age 26 to

35 years old with 56 respondents and a percentage of 36.6%. The least number

of respondents are aged 35 to 45 years old with 42 respondents and a

percentage of 27.5%.

Table 3

Respondents’ Profile as to Occupation

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Philippine National Police 13 8.5%
Local Government Official 16 10.5%
Community Members 123 80.4%
Government Employee 1 0.7%
Total 153 100%

Table 3 shows and presents the demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of occupation in which shows that majority of the respondents are

community members with a frequency of 123 respondents with a percentage of

80.4% while the government employee has a frequency of one (1) respondent

with a percentage of 0.7%.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
24

Instrumentation

The primary data were collected by means of survey questionnaires. The

questionnaires were presented in English language and consisted of three (3)

parts: to describe the socio demographic profile of the respondents in terms of

age, sex, civil status and educational status; to determine the level of

engagement of the community in crime detection, crime prevention, and crime

solution to describe the strategies to improve level of community engagement in

Silang Cavite.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers sought for the approval of the proposed study, afterwards

letters of request were sent to the Director of the Philippine National Police

Academy and Dean of Academics requesting to conduct a survey in Silang

Cavite police station. Additional letters were given to the respondents of the

study. The survey and interview methods were used as main data collection

methods. The questionnaires were distributed to selected residents from Silang,

Cavite in order to get the data needed for the completion of the study.

There were instructions given to the respondents to understand or how to

answer the survey questionnaires. Then, the researchers collected the survey

questionnaires and tallied them for the purpose of documentation. Interviews

were utilized as a supplement to the survey instrument in order to identify some

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
25

inputs that were not included in the survey. In addition, this improves the quality

of the study by revealing the additional inputs critical for the study.

The gathered data were interpreted according to its subproblems and

correlated with its corresponding related literature. Conclusions were drawn

based on the result of the data gathered and recommendations based on the

findings were rendered. Once all these are done, report writing and presentation

to the final oral defense followed.

Analysis of Data

The data that were gathered in the conduct of the study were finalized and

compiled using the percentage formula. The stat plus of Microsoft Excel

Worksheet were used as a tool in statistics to explain the result of the statistical

analysis.

It is important to record the gathered data and were noted in line to the

indicated subproblems. The research used both descriptive statistics and

thematic analysis. The subproblems were answered using frequency,

percentage, weighted mean and consolidation of findings respectively.

Hence, the demographic profile was described using frequency and

percentage, Moreover the level of community engagement in policing in terms of

crime detection/reporting, crime prevention and crime solution are measured

using weighted mean with verbal interpretation, while the proposed

improvements on the level of community engagement according to the

respondents was analyzed using thematic analysis as it consists of large

qualitative data sets. This is a method of examining data to gain a meaningful

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
26

comprehension of participant perspectives in relation to the study. It was done by

first becoming familiar with the data, generating codes from the data, creating

initial themes based on the codes, reviewing the initial themes, defining and

naming themes and lastly producing the report from which interpretations were

made for use in the study. This is useful as flexibility it allows the researchers to

apply multiple theories across a variety of fields, lastly is the consolidation of all

the findings were used to answer sub-problem number 3, focusing on the

recommended action plan to improve community engagement.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
27

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation of data, analysis and

interpretation of the study. The data were collected through questionnaire

technique. These were tabulated and interpreted in response to the problems of

the study.

Level of Community Engagement in Policing

To answer the sub- problem number one with regards to the respondent’s

level of community engagement in policing in terms of crime detection/reporting,

crime prevention, and crime solution, Quantitative method was used in the study

that emphasized the objective measurement and the statistical analysis through

the collected questionnaire as shown below, questionnaire that pertains to

findings of the study and recommendations for an action plan. Findings are

presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7.

Table 5

Level of Community Engagement in Terms of Crime Detection/Reporting

Indicators Mean Verbal

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
28

Score Interpretation
1. Community members report any suspicious
3.82 Often
activity.
2. Community members work together with the
3.92 Often
police in determining crime locations/hot spots.
3. Community attends to the complaints and
3.70 Often
reports of the people to the PNP.
4. Community Members reports suspicious
3.74 Often
activities in the community to the PNP.
5. Community is actively doing its job in
3.84 Often
promoting peace and order in the society.
Average Mean Score 3.80 Often

Table 5 shows the respondent’s assessments on the level of community

engagement in the policing in silang, cavite in terms of crime detection/reporting.

It presented in mean score and verbally interpret as always, often, sometimes,

rarely and never. The overall average mean score of 3.80 indicated that crime

detection/reporting “Often” takes place in the community of Silang, Cavite. The

indicator “Community members work together with the police in determining

crime locations/hot spots” received the highest mean score of 3.92 verbally

interpreted as “Often”. This indicates that community members often work

together with the police in determining crime locations/hot spots. On the other

hand, the indicator “Community attends to the complaints and reports of the

people to the PNP” received the lowest mean of 3.70 verbally interpreted as

“Often”. This shows that the community often attends to the complaints and

reports of the people to the PNP.

According to fifth International Report on Crime Prevention and

Community Safety published by ICPC initiated on 2008, states that working on

crime prevention entails dealing with two paradoxes: first, while prevention helps

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
29

address the factors that drive crime and violence, the link between preventive

interventions and these phenomena is always indirect. In relation to violence, for

example, although the aim of any prevention strategy is to eliminate violence or

at least reduce it, prevention, especially community and social crime prevention,

seek to achieve this through action which is often carried out far in advance of

any violence. This includes interventions such as social integration, education,

sensitization and cooperation, for example (ICPC, 2008).

Table 6

Level of Community Engagement in terms of Crime Prevention

Mean Verbal
Indicators
Score Interpretation
1. Community takes part in Crime Prevention
3.73 Often
Campaigns of the PNP.
2. Community members are knowledgeable about
3.70 Often
the Crime preventions’ plans and programs?
3. Actively participate in crime prevention related
3.60 Often
programs of the PNP in our community.
4. Encourage neighbors to report to the PNP all
3.60 Often
violations and suspicious activities.
5. Crime prevention programs in the community are
3.72 Often
highly effective.
6. Community is actively doing its job in promoting
3.80 Often
peace and order.
Average Mean Score 3.70 Often
Table 6 shows the respondent’s assessments on the Level of Community

Engagement in the Policing in Silang, Cavite in terms of Crime Prevention. It

presented in mean score and verbally interpret as always, often, sometimes,

rarely and never. The overall average mean score of 3.70 indicated that crime

prevention “Often” takes place in the community of Silang, Cavite. The indicator

“Community is actively doing its job in promoting peace and order.” received the

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
30

highest mean score of 3.80 verbally interpreted as “Often”. This indicates that the

community is actively doing its job in promoting peace and order. On the other

hand, the indicators “Actively participate in crime prevention related programs of

the PNP in our community” and “Encourage neighbors to report to the PNP all

violations and suspicious activities.” received the lowest mean of 3.70 verbally

interpreted as “Often”. This shows that the community often actively participate in

crime prevention related programs of the PNP in our community and often

encourage neighbors to report to the PNP all violations and suspicious activities.

Community crime prevention often involves the active participation of local

residents and organization in those communities and neighborhoods. They may

be involved in identifying local priorities as well as implementing responses. The

term “community’’ can refer to small neighborhoods, areas within a city, or small

villages or towns, or in some cases groups of citizens with particular concerns

(United Nations, 2010).

Table 7

Level of Community Engagement in Terms of Crime Solution

Mean Verbal
Indicators
Score Interpretation
1. Community is actively working together with law
3.94 Often
enforcement agency to solve and reduce crime.
2. Community is responsive in crime investigation. 3.80 Often
3. Community actively participates in the
3.81 Often
investigation of any crimes.
4. Community highly involves itself and works
3.81 Often
together in solving crimes.
5. Community actively doing its job in promoting
3.90 Often
peace and order in the society.
Average Mean Score 3.90 Often

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
31

Table 7 shows the respondent’s assessments on the level of community

engagement in the policing in silang, cavite in terms of crime solution. It

presented in mean score and verbally interpret as always, often, sometimes,

rarely and never. The overall average mean score of 3.90 indicated that crime

solution “often” takes place in the community of Silang, Cavite. The indicator

“Community is actively working together with law enforcement agency to solve

and reduce crime.” received the highest mean score of 3.94 verbally interpreted

as “Often”. This indicates that the community is often actively working together

with law enforcement agency to solve and reduce crime. On the other hand, the

indicator “Community is responsive in crime investigation”” received the lowest

mean of 3.80 verbally interpreted as “Often”. This shows that the community is

often responsive in crime investigation.

An outgrowth of problem-oriented policing was community-oriented

policing, or community policing for short. This practice involves a cooperative

effort between police and the communities they serve where both work together

to solve crime and crime related problems. It also includes a series of strategies

of strategies that bring the police closer to the community to reduce and solve

crime and crime-related problemsn (Skogan and Harnett, 1997).

Level of Community Engagement in Policing

To answer the sub- problem number two on Improving the Level of

Community Engagement, there was a conducted survey among community

members of Silang, Cavite, includes a qualitative type of questioning which the

respondents need to answers based on their opinion on the questions provided.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
32

The community of Silang, Cavite, stressed on the need of the Philippine

National Police to improve on their projects and engagement on highly populated

areas focusing on the “Urban”. A respondent said that “the PNP should pay more

attention to crowded and highly populated areas because many will be affected if

these areas will be gravelly affected by any crime activity”, which means people

in the Urban should be more aware of their roles in the society and how can they

help in the prevention and detection of crime. Communication, Coordination and

valuing relationship is also what the PNP should improve on, “Open

Communication so that everyone will not be afraid to report crimes”; “It is

important for the PNP to gain the trust of the community to reduce the fear of the

people especially in reporting crimes”; “involving and informing citizens more, so

that we can have an idea of what their plans are and what we can do as

citizens”.

In order for an effective drive to fight against criminality is to have a strong

foundation, foundation that was built on trust and confidence not only with the

PNP but also to the community. The community has the willingness to participate

in the drive of the Law Enforcement sector in promoting peace and order, and the

PNP should build its relationship with the community. The community of Silang,

Cavite were able to identify that open communication is important in order for an

effective and efficient policing and also to maintain the peace and order in the

community. They were also able to identify that awareness, education and

discipline among the members of the community is an important area to work on.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
33

The effect of correct and timely information is very powerful as it provides

a greater understanding on the social issues, criminality in particular. A

respondent said “I think the community needs improvement in its involvement on

the programs of the PNP, and the PNP should inform the community about its

programs”. The participants of the study were able to point out important points

which the PNP and the Community should improve and work on.

The study revealed public perception of skewed policing that favored only

areas where the middle class live, which should not be the case since criminality

is a community problem and involves people also in the upper and lower class

(Panuel, 2019). It is identified that Community-oriented policing (COP), which

encourages positive, nonenforcement contact between police officers and the

public, has been widely promoted as a policy intervention for building public trust

and enhancing police legitimacy (Lukban, 2002).

Question Number 2: What are the measures that the community take in

helping the PNP on the detection and prevention of crimes?

Many measures were indicated by the respondents that the community

should take in helping the PNP in the detection and prevention of crimes.

Awareness is an important tool in which the community should put stress and

should improve. Information is power, people should have access to timely and

correct information and should be educated on how to use this information to

their advantage. The conduct of lectures, seminars, symposia and other activities

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
34

that will help empower the community, and will raise awareness to the community

to the effects, harms and dangers of criminality and the value of peace and order

in the community. A respondent said that, “the community should participate in

seminars, and trainings, so they can properly implement or apply the programs of

the PNP in detection and prevention of crimes.” Another measure that the

respondent indicate is the conduct of Proper Reporting. “Crimes must be

reported to the PNP”; and “reporting crimes to the barangay officials”,

respondents indicate that the suspicious act should be reported to the PNP and

the Barangay Officials.

There should be continuous monitoring and build a constant

communication in order for both the community and the police can properly work

on. The respondent said that “the Barangay official and the PNP should take

turns in taking rounds in the street and other public places to monitor the activity

and to ensure the peace and order”. The measures presented by respondents

will greatly help the community and the PNP in giving of the best public service

and to ensure that peace and order are safeguarded and protected.

A study states that understanding the effects of the interventions

implemented by the PNP to reduce crime will provide useful information on

improving the system and policy strategies of the PNP (Lucagbo et. al, 2018).

Community policing strategies should increase the visibility of police to improved

community trust and public support associated with crime, safety, transparency,

and accountability between officers and citizens (Square-Smith, 2017). In

addition, it is believed that barangay tanod are moderately effective in preventing

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
35

crime because of improper routine of duties and functions like conduct patrol or

ronda, conduct surveillance to surreptitious person, and detection of hazard in

different establishments and to include lack of sufficient orientation (Sumad-on,

2020).

Question Number 3: What Strategies of the community that you can

consider highly effective in reducing criminality?

The PNP with its many strategies and programs to fight criminality, the

community were able to identify several strategies that are highly effective. The

move of the PNP in increasing the police visibility in many public places, wherein

a respondent said, “the PNP Silang conducts patrolling both during nighttime and

daytime and facilitates in the different activities in the community in connection

with the local government programs specially in this time of pandemic”, The PNP

were able to realize the importance of police visibility during this point in time

wherein there is an ongoing threat against the pandemic of COVID-19. Police

visibility in the community does not only start and end during the pandemic. In

addition, the effort of the PNP to increase awareness among the people

contributes highly to willingness of the community to play its role in policing,

“giving of lectures or seminars on how to lessen criminalities and what to do in

case of crime” a respondent said.

In a statement released by PGEN Guillermo Lorenzo T Eleazar (Ret), he

stated that “Under GCQ, more establishments will be allowed to operate

because our economy will be partially opened. This means that more people

would be allowed to go out. So, our police visibility would be in these areas in

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
36

order to strictly implement the basic rules such as wearing of face masks and

physical distancing,”. On the one hand, certain aspects of police visibility have a

positive effect on the perception of safety; on the other hand, others are related

contrary to expectations. Data can be interpreted in favor of visibility of foot

patrols and police interventions having the most significant influence on the

sense of safety, while visibility of police car patrols has a negative influence on

citizens’ perception of safety (Barovec, 2018 et. al). Acknowledging the

importance of raising awareness is the first step in order to make the community

engage with the programs of the PNP, making them part of the solution. The

constant effort of the PNP to make crime reporting easy and within the reach of

the community through the development of the e-sumbong program.

Question Number 4: How would you like the community address the

problem of criminality?

Many of the community members are satisfied with the strategies and

programs of the PNP, they still think that the PNP still needs to make the

community more involve. The continuous conduct of seminars, trainings and

symposia on criminality, the effects, causes, and dangers that it brings to the

community, “the PNP should educate the people, giving emphasis on the

importance and effects”.

In a study, understanding the effects of the interventions implemented by

the PNP to reduce crime will provide useful information on improving the system

and policy strategies of the PNP (Lucagbo et. al, 2017). The PNP should needs

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
37

to revisit its policy, recalibrate its ways in order to provide programs that are

timely and relevant to the change of time.

Question Number 5: What do you think is the problem why the community

and the PNP is having a hard time in reducing criminality?

The PNP must increase the number of community members who are

willing to participate by giving of incentives, and additional trainings. In order for

the community and the PNP achieve their goal they should work hand in hand,

trust and confidence is a key element for this to work. A respondent said that “the

community doesn’t trust and help the community in solving and preventing

crimes”

There are a lot of things that contributes to the increasing gap between the

community and the police. There is the lack of coordination, poor relations, poor

cooperation. They are also willing to participate and get involved in the system.

However, the number of those who indicated willingness to participate is minimal

(Lukban, 2002). Reform policing along these lines, community engagement

needs to be effectively implemented to ensure community participation at all

levels of policing (MyHill, 2012). There is an urgent need for the PNP to reassess

its policies, and make it up to date and relevant to the situation of the community.

Action Plan

The community is in the frontline of the fight against criminality, they have

the biggest roles to play in order to achieve peace and order. As presented in

question number 1, the community needs to develop the involvement of the

people living in highly urbanized areas as this are the susceptible to criminal

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
38

acts. Open Communication should also be established in order for a transparent

relationship between the police and the community. Question Number 2, answers

the questions on the measures that the community take in helping the PNP in the

detection and prevention of crimes, which the respondents ponders on raising

Awareness thru the conduct of seminars and trainings. The community also

needs to learn the proper way of reporting crimes and to where to report. The

PNP has a lot of strategies that are highly effective and the respondents were

able to identify some which for them are highly effective such as the increasing

Police Visibility which hinders criminals to commit criminal acts as they were

deprived of the opportunity to do such and also proper awareness of the

community with the policies and the nature of the crime itself. On the question on

how the community can address the problem of criminality, the community once

again stressed on the need to properly raise awareness and revisiting the current

programs and policy of the PNP. And lastly, on the question of communication

gap between PNP and the community, the respondents stressed on lack of

coordination, poor relation and poor cooperation caused by lack of trust and poor

police image.

The researchers were able to identify four (4) key results areas;

awareness, participation, monitoring, and coordination, which increases the level

of engagement of community in policing.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
39

Table 8

Action Plan

Key Results Objectives Strategies Persons Time Funds Success

Area Involved Frame Source Indicator

Awareness To increase Conduct of COP Year LGU, 90% of

the level of Seminars, round PNP community
community Symposia, Policemen Barangay actively
involvement by and participating
providing them Trainings LGUs and aware.
the skill set that will raise
they need awareness. NGO’s
such as the
knowledge Empowering Barangay
about crimes, the Officials
its elements community
and its thru real-life Community
penalties. simulation. Members

To inform To put the

community community in
about policies the front line
and programs of expanding
for them to their reach in
identify areas community.
where they
can help, like
crime
prevention,
detection and
solution.

To create
highly
knowledgeable
community.
Participation To increase Let COP Year LGU, 95%
participation of community round PNP, and increase in
the community take part in Policemen Barangay community
in the different community participation.
PNP policing LGUs
programs. programs.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
40

NGO’s
Make Empower
community Barangay Barangay
involved by programs on Officials
making them reduction of
in the front line criminality. Community
of community Members
policing. Launch crime
reporting
To create a hotline.
participative
community. Creation of
complaint
desk or post
with in areas
of the
community.
Monitoring To Conduct of COP Daily LGU 85%
continuously daily roving decrease on
conduct on streets. Policemen criminal
monitoring on activity within
the programs Submission LGUs community
made by the of After as constant
PNP and the Activity NGO’s monitoring
LGU. Reports on prevents
the programs Barangay criminals to
To ensure that made by Officials commit
the community Barangay crime.
is free from Officials and Community
criminals. community Members
members.

Conduct of
checkpoints
within
community

Increase
police
visibility.
Coordination To increase Conduct of LGU Year LGU, 90%
the level of information round PNP, increase in
involvement of drive. Barangays Barangay community
the community Officials coordination
in terms of Create a and
coordination in Barangay NGO’s involvement.
crime action Group
solutions. that will help Community
and aid in Members
To create a investigation.
sound
communicatio Designate
n line between focal person
PNP and the among the

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
41

community. community
that will help
To create a coordination
crime-free among and
community between
community
members.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

The study showed that the level of community engagement in policing in

terms of Crime Detection/Reporting is working effectively and efficiently.

Moreover, in terms of Crime Prevention, community members efficiently and

effectively promote peace and order that this also correlated in crime

detection/reporting that this program propose to keep crime rates low. Further, in

terms of Crime Solution, community helps to solve crime with the effort of police

to establish collaborative partnership with them.

The community also called on the PNP to improve its operations in areas

where there are high numbers of people living. This community also noted that

the presence of law enforcers in these areas could affect the safety of the

residents. Many measures were indicated by the respondents that the community

can play an important role in reducing crime, such as raising awareness and

making people feel safe. The Philippine National Police (PNP) has been making

crime reporting easy and within the reach of the community. The PNP were able

to realize the importance of police visibility during this point in time. There is an

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
42

ongoing threat against the pandemic of Covid-19. Many of the community

members are satisfied with the strategies and programs of the PNP. The

continuous conduct of seminars, trainings and symposia on criminality is not

enough. The PNP should need to revisit its policy, recalibrate its ways in order to

provide programs that are timely and relevant.

Conclusions

Bases on the findings of the study the researchers conclude that

community members work together with the police in determining crime

locations/hot spot in which it implies that police community relations are working

effective and efficiently in crime detection, hence in can be added in study.

Although the association between general social programs and specific programs

to fight crime is unclear, this type of social intervention is commonly associated

with a reduction in crime. Economic development generally refers to the

sustained, concerted actions of policymakers and communities that promote the

standard of living and economic health of a specific area Community is actively

working together with law enforcement agency to solve and reduce crime this

implies that people in Silang Cavite have strong partnership, in one study an

effort to reduce crime more effectively and efficiently, many law enforcement

agencies are establishing collaborative partnerships within their communities.

The Philippine National Police (PNP) has been making crime reporting

easy and within the reach of the community. The Police National Police (PNP)

must increase the number of community members who are willing to participate

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
43

by giving of incentives and additional trainings. For the community and the PNP

to achieve their goal they should work hand in hand, trust and confidence is a

key element for this to work.

Recommendation

Based on the study, the following recommendation are:

1. To reduce the gap between the community and the police there must be

coordination and cooperation. The police must be inclusive in their action

plan against criminality.

2. Provide the community with the correct and timely information by

facilitating symposium, seminars, and workshops.

3. The police need to develop the involvement of the people living in highly

urbanized areas as this are the susceptible to criminal acts. Open

Communication should also be established in order for a transparent

relationship between the police and the community.

4. Police must raise Awareness thru the conduct of seminars and trainings.

The community also needs to learn the proper way of reporting crimes and

to where to report.

5. On areas susceptible to crimes such as urban areas and crowded places,

there must be an increase in Police Visibility.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
44

REFERENCES

Abuyan, B.I. (2014). Police Community Relations in Sampaloc, Quezon.

Sampaloc, Quezon, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/POLICE
COMMUNITY-RELATIONS-IN-SAMPALOC%2CQUEZONAbuyan/52430
c603fe22c72262251fdc07f5d5496b9d421

Audu, A. M. (2016). Community Policing: Exploring the police/community

relationship for crime in Nigeria. Nigeria: University of Liverpool. Htt

Boye, N. S. (2019). Community-police relationship (community policing) in

Liberia (a case of Paynesville Elwa community).
http://dr.ur.ac.rw/bitstream/ handle/123456789/919/FULLTHESIS_BOYE
%20FINAL%20TOC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Chavez, T. G. G. (2012). Perspective on community policing: A social

constructivist and comparative analysis.
https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/3459/1/ GarciaChavez_12_PhD.pdf

Cuneyt Demir, B. (2002). Community Policing Training Programs and their Roles
in North Texas: University of North Texas. https://digital.
library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3257/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf

Etcuban, J. O., Batiles, L. T., Monte, M. C. B., Arpon, A. D., Dinauanao, A. M.,
Macugay, P. J. DR. (2018). Peacekeeping Action Team in Crime
Prevention of Selected Villages in Cebu City, Philippines. International
Journal of Advanced Research and Publications. Volume 2, Issue 6,
http://www.ijarp.org/published-research-papers/june2018/Peacekeeping-
Action-Team-In-Crime-Prevention-Of-Selected-Villages-In-Cebu-City-
Philippines.pdf

Imbody, S. (2019). Police-Community collaboration in an Upper Midwest City.

Heartland, United States: Western Michigan University. https://

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
45

scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=5355&context=masters_theses

Laru-an and Beup (2015). Level of Effectiveness of Community Policing.

http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0215.php?rp=P383692

Ledesma, B. G. T., Lim, C. R. G., Miranda, J. L. J., Marivic S.Tangkeko, M. S.,

(2013), Crime Intelligence System, De La Salle University Manila,
https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research-
congress-proceedings/2013/HCT/HCT-I-008.pdf
Lucagbo, M. D. C., Lianne, S., Narvasa, J. V., Paglicawan, M. J. A., & Pepito, J.
P. (n.d.). Incidence of Crimes and Effectiveness of Interventions in the
National Capital Region: Evidence from Panel Data.
https://www.psai.ph/docs/ publications/tps/tps_2015_64_2_6.pdf

Lukban, M. M. JR. (2002). Alternative Models to Enhance the Effectiveness of

Community-Oriented Policing Systems (COPS) in Urban Areas. National
Defence College of the Philippines. http://ndcp.edu.ph/index.php
/library/thesis-1611/

Mwaeke and Panuel, J. M. (2019). Public Perceptions of the Effectiveness of

Policing and the Social Costs of Crime in Nairobi Policing Region, Kenya.
https://irlibrary.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/19663/Public
%20pereption%20of%20the%20effectivenesspdf?
sequence=1&isAloowed=y

Myhill, A. (2006). Community engagement in policing. https://whatworks.college.

police.uk/Research/Documents/Community_engagement_lessons.pdf

Nunez, G. R. (1997). Police Community Partnership for Crime Detection,

Prevention and Solution.
http://www.ndcp.edu.ph/index.php/library/thesis-1194/

Patalinghug, M. E. (2017), Implemented Crime Prevention Strategies of PNP in

Salug Valley, Zamboanga Del Sur, Philippines, Asia Pacific Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, 143-150,
https://www
.researchgate.net/publication/318876166_Implemented_Crime_Preventi
on_Strategies_of_PNP_in_Salug_Valley_Zamboanga_Del_Sur_Philippin
es

Roberts, J. W. (2018). The Perception Of Community Oriented Policing From A

Law Enforcement Organization's
Perspective.https://firescholars.seu.edu /cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1026&context=coe

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
46

Sozer M. A. (2008). Assessing The Performance of Community Policing: The

Effect of Community Policing Practices on Crime Rates. http://
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.834.2503&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Square-Smith, D. R. (2017). Police and citizens' perceptions of community

policing in Richmond, Virginia. Richmond, Virginia: Walden University.
https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4023/

Tamayo, A., (2018). Police Trust Measure in Philippines.

http://grin.com/document /419694

Appendix A.Letter of Request to the PNPA Director for the Conduct of the Study

Republic of the Philippines

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

April 2021

PMGEN RHODERICK CUSTODIO ARMAMENTO

Director, Philippine National Police Academy
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite

Dear Sir:

Please be informed that the undersigned cadets are currently conducting

their undergraduate thesis entitled, “Level of Community Engagement in
Policing of Silang Cavite: Basis for an Action Plan”. This study aims to
determine the level of community engagement in policing of Silang, Cavite and to
create an action plan to improve the effectiveness of the police in the community.

In view of this, we would like to respectfully request for your approval with
regard to the conduct of the study. Rest assured that all information gathered will
be treated with utmost confidentiality.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
47

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

Cdt 1C STEPHEN JAYNARD L POLINAR

Cdt 1C ADRIEL JOHN I FRANCISCO
Cdt 1C AL-GRAHAMMAD B POMPONG
Cdt 1C JOTHOM EARL ACE O RIVAS
Cdt 1C JOHN ANTHONY N SAGSAGO

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
48

Appendix B. Letter of Request to the Dean of Academics for the Conduct of the
Study
Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

April 2021

PBGEN ANGELES BALANE GEÑORGA JR

Dean of Academics, Philippine National Police Academy
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite

Dear Sir:

Please be informed that the undersigned cadets are currently conducting

their undergraduate thesis entitled, “Level of Community Engagement in
Policing of Silang Cavite: Basis for an Action Plan”. This study aims to
determine the level of community engagement in policing of Silang, Cavite and to
create an action plan to improve the effectiveness of the police in the community.

In view of this, we would like to respectfully request for your approval with
regard to the conduct of the study. Rest assured that all information gathered will
be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

Cdt 1C STEPHEN JAYNARD L POLINAR

Cdt 1C ADRIEL JOHN I FRANCISCO
Cdt 1C AL-GRAHAMMAD B POMPONG
Cdt 1C JOTHOM EARL ACE O RIVAS

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
49

Cdt 1C JOHN ANTHONY N SAGSAGO

Appendix C. Letter of Request to the Participants of the Study

Republic of the Philippines

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

April 2021

_______________________
_______________________
_______________________

Dear Respondent:

Please be informed that the undersigned cadets are currently conducting

their undergraduate thesis entitled, “Level of Community Engagement in
Policing of Silang Cavite: Basis for an Action Plan”. This study aims to
determine the level of community engagement in policing of Silang, Cavite and to
create an action plan to improve the effectiveness of the police in the community.

In view of this, we would like to respectfully request for your approval with
regard to the conduct of the study. Rest assured that all information gathered will
be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

Cdt 1C STEPHEN JAYNARD L POLINAR

Cdt 1C ADRIEL JOHN I FRANCISCO
Cdt 1C AL-GRAHAMMAD B POMPONG

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
50

Cdt 1C JOTHOM EARL ACE O RIVAS

Cdt 1C JOHN ANTHONY N SAGSAGO

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Jothom Earl Ace Oribe Rivas

Birthdate : October 6, 1996

Address : Purok 3, Maglambing, Tagbina,

Surigao Del Sur
Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Maglambing Integrated School

Secondary : Tagbina National High School

Tertiary : Surigao Del Sur State University

Course : Bachelor Of Elementary Education

TRAINING AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

Training : Public Safety Intervention Course (PSIC)

Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

Air to Ground Operations Seminar (AGOS)

Jungle Environmental Survival Training (JEST)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
51

International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Al-Grahammad Balungay Pompong

Birthdate : December 10, 1999

Address : Brgy. Napok, Datu Paglas,

Magunidanao
Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : M.Adil Elementary School

Secondary : Datu Paglas National High School

Course : Science, Technology, Engineering And Mathematics (STEM)

TRAINING AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

Training : Public Safety Intervention Course (PSIC)

Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

Air to Ground Operations Seminar (AGOS)

Jungle Environmental Survival Training (JEST)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
52

International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Stephen Jaynard Limbaga Polinar

Birthdate : January 2, 1996

Address : Tanjay City, Negros Oriental

Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Isabela East Central Elementary School

Secondary : Villaflores College

Tertiary : Silliman University

Course : BS Business Administration Major in Management

TRAINING AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

Training : Public Safety Intervention Course (PSIC)

Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
53

Air to Ground Operations Seminar (AGOS)

Jungle Environmental Survival Training (JEST)

International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : John Anthony N Sagsago

Birthdate : August 14 1996

Address : Poblacion, Claveria, Misamis Oriental

Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Claveria Elementary School

Secondary : Moscat-Lhs

Tertiary : Phinma Cagayan De Oro College

Course : BS Criminology

TRAINING AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

Training : Public Safety Intervention Course (PSIC)

Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

Air to Ground Operations Seminar (AGOS)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
54

Jungle Environmental Survival Training (JEST)

International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Adriel John Igana Francisco

Birthdate : April 28, 1997

Address : Mulingbayan Street, Brgy 6,

Nasugbu, Batangas
Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Nasugbu West Central School

Secondary : Dr. Crisogono B Ermita Sr. Memorial National High School

Tertiary : Batangas State University

Course : BS Criminology

TRAINING AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

Training : Public Safety Intervention Course (PSIC)

Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

Air to Ground Operations Seminar (AGOS)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
55

Jungle Environmental Survival Training (JEST)

International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022