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Pollution Control

Control of particulate/flue gas emission can be achieved by preventing air pollutant formation or reducing emissions at the source. Even with prevention measures, some pollutants will be emitted, requiring pollution control devices. Common devices include baghouses for small particles (1 μm), cyclone separators for larger particles (5-20 μm), scrubbers to remove SO2 using wet or dry methods, catalytic converters to convert vehicle emissions into less harmful gases, and electrostatic precipitators to capture small particles (1 μm) using high voltage. Proper control and treatment of emissions from vehicles and industries can significantly reduce air pollution, along with encouraging clean energy use and public awareness of pollution issues.

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vikash raj
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69 views4 pages

Pollution Control

Control of particulate/flue gas emission can be achieved by preventing air pollutant formation or reducing emissions at the source. Even with prevention measures, some pollutants will be emitted, requiring pollution control devices. Common devices include baghouses for small particles (1 μm), cyclone separators for larger particles (5-20 μm), scrubbers to remove SO2 using wet or dry methods, catalytic converters to convert vehicle emissions into less harmful gases, and electrostatic precipitators to capture small particles (1 μm) using high voltage. Proper control and treatment of emissions from vehicles and industries can significantly reduce air pollution, along with encouraging clean energy use and public awareness of pollution issues.

Uploaded by

vikash raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL OF PERTICULATE/FLUE GAS EMISSION

The most effective method of controlling air pollution is to prevent the formation of air
pollutants or to reduce their emission at the source itself. This can be achieved by
using pure grade materials, modifying the process of formation, as well as the
technologies. Even if all measures are taken, emission of pollutants cannot be
controlled fully and pollution controlled devices should be used. Some of the different
devices for particulate emission are
(i) Baghouse
(ii) Cyclone separator
(iii) Scrubber
(iv) Catalytic converter
(v) Electrostatic precipitator

BAGHOUSE: Such devices are used for collecting very small particles (~ 1 µm)
through fabric filtration. A large chamber with several compartments containing fabric
filter bags is called baghouse. The bags are distributed in the compartments so that
when one compartment is under operation other can be cleaned. Duse containing
gases are passed through the bags and the dust particles are trapped (particle size ≥
1 µm), after a certain time the particles adhered to the bags disallow particles of
smaller size (~ 0.01 µm). The efficiency of removal is as high as 100%.
It however has many disadvantages. (1) expensive, (2) attacked by corrosive
chemicals (3) cannot operate under moist conditions.
CYCLONE SEPARATOR: For relatively large particles (5-20 µm), the control device
used is cyclone separator. Gaseous emission containing suspended particles enter
tangentially near the top of the cyclone. As the gas spins, the centrifugal force caused
dust particles to collide with the outer walls and then gravity causes them to fall down
into the collector. The clean gas now escapes from the top. Whereas particles larger
than 5 µm, then efficiency of cyclone separator is about 90%, for smaller particles it is
less efficient. However, it is not expensive and is maintenance free.

SCRUBBER: Scrubber is used for removal of SO2 from


flue gas. There are two methods,
(A) WET METHOD: In the wet method, pulverized
lime stone (CaCO3) is mixed with water, slurry is
made and sprayed into flue gases. Chemical
reaction produced calcium sulphide (CaSO3.
2H2O) and precipitate it out. The precipitate is
removed as a sludge, which is later used in
contraction industry. It is highly efficient (~ 90%)
method of removal of SO2.
CaCO3 + SO2 + 2 H2O = CaSO3. 2H2O + CO2

(B) DRY METHOD: In this process, lime (CaO) is


used for removal of SO2. Although the efficiency
of removal in dry method is ~ 95%, it is expensive due to the use of lime.
CaO + SO2 + 2 H2O = CaSO3. 2H2O

CATALYTIC CONVERTER: Catalytic converter is used in automobile engine for


controlling emissions very effectively. Three-way catalytic converter is now available
in market. Three-way means, removal of three pollutants such as CO, hydrocarbons
and NOx. In this type of catalytic converter CO and hydrocarbon are oxidised to CO2
and NOx is reduced to N2 in the same catalytic bed. The catalytic convertors not only
control emissions but also allow engines to operate near stoichiometric conditions.
The efficiency of catalytic convertor however, gets reduced drastically when leaded
petrol is used.

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR: This device is generally used in power plants for


removal of very small particles nearly (1 µm). In this process, high voltage (100,000V)
is applied to the wires connected to the grounded plates. The corona discharge in the
wire ionises the incoming gas, the positively charged gas molecules and electrons on
their way to grounded plate adhere to the particulate matter. The particulate matter
becomes charged and is attracted to the grounded surface, where they are removed
either by flushing with liquid or by gravitational force.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION: Pollution of air in the atmosphere cannot be fully
abated but can be controlled if certain measures are taken.
1. Develop people’s awareness in all spheres including the governments.
2. Free burning of coal, wood, wastes of forests, agricultural wastes and many
other solid matters must be stopped at open places.
3. Vehicular emissions must be checked periodically.
4. Use of natural gas or low sulphur containing fuels should be encouraged in
place of petrol and diesel.
5. Industries must adopt waste gas treatment facility before releasing to air.
6. Lead free petrol should be introduced to control lead pollution.
7. All shots of waste materials must be disposed properly.
8. Large importance should be given to utilize solar energy.
9. Use of CFC and other toxic materials must be reduced or substituted.

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