Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.

Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines

Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
Tel. No. (064) 562-5989 | Mobile No: +63967-958-4548 | e-mail: [email protected] | www.facebook.com/PQTCSOfficial

SUBJECT: SCIENCE GRADE LEVEL: EIGHT

QUARTER: ONE WEEK: ONE

I. OBJECTIVES. After going through this module, you are expected to;

a. describe newton’s Laws of motion;

b. explain the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to
the amount of change in the objects motion; and
c. cite situations in life where Newton’s laws are applied

II. PRE-ASSESSMENT
Complete the graphic Organizer below by filling in the boxes with the required information
about Sir Isaac Newton. Then, answer the questions that follow to summarize your response.

Origin/Background: Best known for:

Branch of Science:

Sir Isaac Newton

How did he change the world for Other Significant breakthroughs brought by
the better? his work:

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 Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.
Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
Tel. No. (064) 562-5989 | Mobile No: +63967-958-4548 | e-mail: [email protected] | www.facebook.com/PQTCSOfficial

Questions:
1. Why is it important to get to know Sir Isaac Newton?
2. What does this knowledge tell you about the study of motion?
Activity 1.

Do you have the most unforgettable experience being a passenger? What was your
reaction? How did you protect yourself? Strange questions? Find out in this activity.

Common experiences in Did you experience What did you do?

riding a multicab/ these? Mark a check (✔)
vehicle

1. Body moved to the

right when the driver
stepped on the brake.

2. Felt on the floor due

to a sudden application
on the brake by the
driver.

3. The vehicle bumped to

another vehicle.

4. No seatbelt available in
the vehicle.

5. Thrown forward when

the vehicle abruptly
decelerates and
eventually stopped.

III. DISCUSSION
Forces: The Secrets Unfold!
Did you know how the word “force” has come
about? Who were the scientists and great
men behind the concept? Here’s a very good
poem. Try reading it so you would have a
good glimpse of who were behind the
development of forces and motion!

Non-contact forces, on the other hand, are

forces that occur when the fields around
objects (e.g. gravitational field, electric field,
or magnetic field) interact with another field
located around another body. It is a non-

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 Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.
Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
Tel. No. (064) 562-5989 | Mobile No: +63967-958-4548 | e-mail: [email protected] | www.facebook.com/PQTCSOfficial

contact force since the bodies themselves are not directly touching each other rather only
their fields interact with one another.

We may see the earth as constantly kept in orbit by the sun. But behind that scene we
can actually attribute this effect to the gravitational fields of both the earth and the sun as
interacting with each other. Thus, gravitational forces are examples of non-contact forces.
Gravitational forces are always attractive in nature. This means that while the earth is
attracted to the sun, earth also pulls the sun. However, since earth has a smaller mass than the
sun, the earth tends to move around the sun instead of the other way around.
Magnetic fields also interact with each other. The magnetic fields may be pulling each other as
in the case where opposite poles (North and South Poles) of the magnet are facing each other.
They may also be pushing each other as in the case where the same poles of the magnets are
facing each other. This interaction is called the magnetic force, is another example of a non-
contact force. Charged bodies are bodies whose number of electrons is not equal to the
number of protons. Bodies that are not charged are called neutral bodies. These bodies have
the same number of protons and electrons. It may have happened that some electrons left the
atoms of the object thus causing the object to have protons than electrons. This body is said to
be a negatively charged body. A body, which captures excess electrons, will eventually have
more number of electrons and protons and are known as positively charged bodies. Around
every charged object is an electric field, which interacts with the electric field of another
charged body. The interaction between the electric field of one charged body to another
charged body is known as electrostatic force. Since only electric fields of two charged bodies
interact and no direct contact can be observed between the two bodies, then electrostatic
force is also considered a non-contact force.

Remember Newton? He was the one who said that a vertical force directed towards the center
of an object is called gravity. Both gravity and horizontal forces can be quantified using a force
meter of a spring balance. The standard International (SI) unit of force is newton (N) to pay
tribute to Sir Isaac Newton who was able to conceptualize the effect of forces on motion. In
the English system, however, the standard unit of force is called pound (lb), which is defined in
terms of Newton as:

Friction

Did you ever experience slipping in a pavement? Did you feel embarrassed? What conditions
caused you to slip? Did you slip when the pavement was wet or dry? Most accidents happen
during rainy days because the road is slippery when wet. It is harder to stop a vehicle on wet
roads You yourself will most likely to slip if you don’t wear your pair of rubber shoes. This
describes the effect of friction. What is friction? Friction is a contact force that is present in
walking, running, playing, writing and pushing objects we still encounter friction.

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 Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.
Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
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When you roll the ball on the pavement you did exert a contact force since your hands were in
contact with the ball before you released the ball. While on the pavement, however, your
hands were not anymore in contact with the ball thus there is no force was exerted by your
hands on the ball. Eventually, the ball stopped rolling after sometime. Friction between the
surface of the ball and the surface of the pavement caused the ball to stop rolling. Friction is a
force that opposes motion. It is the resistance an object meets when its surface rubs against
another surface like your feet and the floor when you’re walking. It acts in a direction opposite
the natural motion of the moving object.

Friction occurs because objects have bumps and grooves on their surfaces. Take a look at the
microscopic view of a very smooth and shiny surface. Even smooth and shiny surfaces have
bumps and tiny points on them, which catch and try to stick together when they come in
contact with each other. Different objects have different bumps and grooves on their surfaces.
Some surfaces have few points to catch and stick together. These are the smooth surfaces.

The nature of friction force depends on the type of motion that occurs between two surfaces.
If there is no relative motion between two surfaces, friction force that exists between their
contact surfaces is called static friction. On the other hand, the type of friction that opposes
sliding motion is called kinetic friction. This type is weaker than static friction. The friction
force that exists in rolling motion is called rolling friction. This is the weakest frictional force
that opposes motion.

Basically, friction is less when the weight of the object is less. Friction is also affected by the
smoothness or roughness of the surfaces in contact. Rougher surfaces in contact usually offer
greater frictional force as compared with smooth surfaces. Sliding or rolling on smooth
surfaces is very easy because friction is less. Sliding and rolling on rough surfaces is hard
because there is more friction on them.

What happens when you try to start running on a wet pavement? It is difficult to stop or start
moving when little friction is around. But have you tried pushing a car or a tricycle in which the
brakes are set? Too much friction can also be a problem.

Friction is a kind of force that acts between surfaces of materials that are moving past each
other. They occur because of the irregularities in the surfaces of sliding objects. Galileo
showed during his time that a force is needed to keep an object in motion. Otherwise, objects
need no force to continue its state of motion.

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion.

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 Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.
Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
Tel. No. (064) 562-5989 | Mobile No: +63967-958-4548 | e-mail: [email protected] | www.facebook.com/PQTCSOfficial

It was a common thought for nearly 2000 years that if an

object was moving “against its nature” then a force of some
kind was responsible. Such motion was possible only
because of an outside force. So the proper state of motion is
one of rest. Objects, therefore, would always tend to seek a
rest state of motion.

In 1665, however, a new set of ideas has been established by

the famous Sir Isaac Newton who has made great revolution
in the growth of Science primarily in Physics with his famous
Laws of Motion. His three (3) Laws of Motion include the 1st
law of motion more popularly known as the Law of Inertia. In
his original manuscript it was stated as:

In other words, an object at rest tends to stay at rest. And an object in motion continues to
move in a straight line with a constant speed unless an external force acts on it.

This means that things tend to keep on doing what they are already doing. Books on top of
the table are in a state of rest, they tend to stay at rest even when you quickly snap the
tablecloth.

If you slide a penny or a coin along the road, the penny or the coin soon comes to rest. If you
let it slide along an ice, it slides for a longer time and distance. If you let it slide along a table
which constantly emits air it continuously moves. This is because the table offers no friction. In
the absence of a force, a moving object tends to move in a straight line indefinitely!

Objects “tend to keep on doing what they are already doing.” In fact, it is the natural tendency
of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. This tendency to resist changes in their
state of motion is described as inertia. Thus, inertia is the resistance an object has to any
changes in its state of motion. But how would we know how big inertia is?

Mass: A Measure of Inertia

Have you ever tried kicking an empty tin can? Compare it when you kick a tin can full of
cement. Which tin can doesn’t move as much? Definitely, the solid tin can (the one with
cement). This is because the solid tin can is more inert and has more mass than an empty tin
can. This means that the greater the mass the object has, the more inert the object is and
thus, the greater is its inertia. A measure of inertia – MASS!

Mass vs. Volume

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 Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.
Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
Tel. No. (064) 562-5989 | Mobile No: +63967-958-4548 | e-mail: [email protected] | www.facebook.com/PQTCSOfficial

Most people believe that if an object has a large mass, it must have a large volume. Mass is
the amount of matter in an object. It is a constant for every object and is usually expressed in
kilograms. Volume, on the other hand, is the measure of the space occupied by the object. It is
expressed in units such as cubic meter or liter. A kilogram of cotton in a pillow obviously has
more volume than a kilogram of nail although they have the same mass.

Place a ball along the corridor. Push the ball lightly. While the ball is still moving along the
corridor, ask someone to push it again. Observe what happens to the ball’s speed.

What happened to the ball’s motion or speed right after the second push? In this case the ball
moved faster. Thus, the speed of the ball has changed. In other words, the ball has
accelerated. In symbols;

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

When you pushed the ball, which was initially at rest and
then the ball moved. Thus, the ball accelerated during that
instance. Your friend pushed the moving ball and the object
changed its speed – accelerates. Forces are what produce
acceleration. When your hands are no longer in contact with
the ball, the ball experiences no force, thus it moves with a
constant velocity. This is the second law of motion according
to Newton. He realized that the acceleration produced when
something is moved depends not only on how hard the
exerted force is but also on the mass of the object. The
greater the force applied on the object the greater is its
change in motion or acceleration if the mass of the object is unchanged. However, as we
increase the mass of the object, the acceleration decreases if the force applied to the object
is unchanged.

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 Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.
Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
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More often than not, the force applied is not a single force. Other forces may act as well. The
combination of all the forces that act on an object is called the net force. The presence of an
unbalanced force, usually called the net force, creates an acceleration of an object. In other
words,

Mass vs. Weight

What is your weight? What about your mass? Many are usually confused between mass and
weight. We usually say something has a lot of matter if it is heavy. Mass is a measure of the
actual material in a body and is expressed in units like kilogram or gram. It also depends on the
number and kinds of atoms that compose it. Weight, on the other hand, is a measure of the
gravitational force that acts on the material and is dependent on the location of the material
relative to the center of the earth. On higher grounds you encounter lesser weight. It is
computed as the product of your mass or the mass of the body and the acceleration due to
gravity. In symbols;

Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity

where the value of the acceleration due to gravity is about 9.8 m/s2.
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 Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.
Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
Tel. No. (064) 562-5989 | Mobile No: +63967-958-4548 | e-mail: [email protected] | www.facebook.com/PQTCSOfficial

Weight, like force, is expressed in a unit known as newton. Take for example a kilogram of
rice. It has a mass equivalent to a kilogram whether it is on earth or on the moon. But the
weight of 1 kilogram of rice would be very different on earth and on the moon.

Activity 2.

Activity Worksheet
Newton’s second law of motion (Acceleration)

1. Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to

the mass. (F = ma).

Materials: Directions:

Spring or slinky 1. Attach the back end of each car to each end of the spring or slinky
either tape or string.
toy cars with dif.
Masses 2. Place two cars back to back.

tape or string
3. Pull them as far away from each other as the spring or slinky allows.

Observations:

Questions:

1. Which of newton’s law is demonstrated by the activity?

2. What will happen if you let go of the cars at the same time?

3. How the different masses of the cars will affect the distance they are pulled and as they
travel?

4. Did the force applied to them matter?

IV. EVALUATION

A. Problem Solving. Show your solution

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 Pres. Quirino Treasured Child School, Inc.
Purok Capilar, Polacion, President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
Government Recognition No: Kindergarten SK469030 – 113 S. 2021 | Elementary SK469030 – 086 S. 2021 | Junior High School: SK469030 – 041 S. 2021
SHS Permit to Operate ABM & GAS: SHS-R12-132 S 2016 | SHS Permit to Operate STEM & HUMSS: SHS-R12-015 S 2021
Tel. No. (064) 562-5989 | Mobile No: +63967-958-4548 | e-mail: [email protected] | www.facebook.com/PQTCSOfficial

1. Kuya Culoy pushed a 2.5 kg papaya across a table. If the acceleration of the papaya is 3.0
m/s2 to the right, what is the net external force exerted on the papaya?

Given:

m = 2.5 kg

a = 3 m/s2

Find: Fnet = ?

2. A man pushing a cart with a mass of 15 kg. exerted 40N to reach the parking area. Calculate
for the carts acceleration?
Given:
Fnet = 40N
M = 15 kg.
Find: A = ?

V. ASSIGNMENT
Answer this critically!

A big truck ban stuck on a muddy road. The driver challenged the by standers to push
the truck ban out of the mud because he is going to give a prize. Would you join?
Explain your decision in relation to Newton’s first and second laws.