Assignment Topic: Summary of The Historical factor 2

Course

Islamic Culture and Ideology of Pakistan

Submitted to

Respected Sir Dr. Tariq Hussain

Submitted by

Pareesa Amber Tariq(s/2020-2510)

Ushna Khalid(s/2020-2534)

B.Ed. 1.5 Years Self Support

Department of Secondary Education, Institute of Education and Research

University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore
Summary

This chapter gives an insight about the effect of emergence of Indian Muslims as a separate
national group on ‘Indian nationalism’. In 1921, the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms selected the
system of ‘Dyarchy’ in the provincial field to train Indian politicians in representative
government. Indian leaders upreared for the next installment of reforms as they very well knew
the significant transitional character of 1919 reforms even before Dyarchy had worked for a year.
To inquire about the growth of education, the functioning of system of government and
development of representative institutions, the constitution 1919, set forth that Government
would again into the question of constitutional progress.

In 1927, Indians insisted on the revision of constitution which led to the amendment of
the Government of Indian Act 1919. According to this, the statutory Commission got appointed
on 26 November, 1927. Sir John Simon was given the charge of this all-British body which did
not contain any Indian on its panel that disappointed the Indians. The Indian Council of State
decided to co-operate but the Indian Legislative Assembly determined to boycott the commission
by a majority of six votes. Sir Muhammad Shafi led the section of co-operators while Jinnah led
the section of non-cooperators who along with the Congress persisted in their opposition in spite
of Manchester Guardians appeal i-e not to classify the British investigators among the
untouchables.

Nehru Report named after Motilal Nehru was apparently a blessing in disguise to Muslim
nationalism. The assuredly of Muslim security was only in co-operation with the British and in
putting forward their views before the commission. The Nehru Report was published in August
1928, which recommended an immediate termination of Muslim electorates and majority to be
the ultimate power of fully responsible government. Muslims were shocked and they found it
impossible to agree with the Report as it only proposed the Hindu raj while Congress adopted the
Report. Congress also gave notice to British Government for acceptance of this Report by
December 1929 otherwise they would start non co-operation movement. The good days of
Khilafat ended here. The Muslims were united as a consequence of this Report and there was
nothing to be called as ‘Indian nationalism’ at that time.
 To determine the components of future constitution, British Government held three
Round Table Conferences in London after the publication of Simon Report in May 1930 on the
basis of proposals made by the Report. Muslims got the expression through Ramsay
Macdonald’s speech delivered at the end of session that British Government was more interested
in Hindu aspirations than their apprehensions. Congress was absent in first conference which
later entered in second conference when so called Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed after the
Viceroy, Lord Irwin was asked by Labour Secretary of State (Wedgewood Benn) to open
negotiations with the Congress Leaders in March 1931.After second conference, Gandhi refused
to consider any compromise and asked Muslims to accept the Nehru Report completely which
led to joint demand of claims called The Bill of Minority Rights presented by all minorities
except Sikhs to British Government.

On the basis of resolutions passed by the All-India Muslim Conference held at Delhi on
4 and 5 April 1931, Muslims made demands to develop and expand Muslim culture, gain
complete control over north and north-west India and protect the scattered minorities of co-
religionists in other parts of India. Muslim demands were making them closer towards the
completion of Muslim nationalism. But no agreement was held on Hindu-Muslim issue at the
end of second conference because it was firstly important to find out the proportion of Hindu and
Muslim shares in proposed legislature. The Congress was again absent in last conference held in
November-December 1933 in which Muslims demanded effective seats for them among the
states to make up the proportion. All the consequences of long labors of three conferences were
summarized in a White Paper that was considered by a Joint Committee in 1933.

A federation was set up by Act of 1935 which revealed Hindu Unitarianism in the
formation of federal legislature that was strongly objected by Muslims. They had a view that an
increase of Hindu strength is meant by a strong center. Congress rejected the Act and contested
elections to destroy the constitution from inside. Congress won majority of seats but refused to
form Government and demanded the suspension of safeguards incorporated in the Act. Muslims
had learnt from Congress Rule that it only wanted to impose the Hindu raj and would only put
Muslims down to an undesirable position of a permanent minority in this Hindu raj. A partition
on religious lines was ensured when Congress rejected the idea of co-operative living with
Muslims. Congress ministries resigned en bloc in October 1939. To mark the end of oppression,
Jinnah called upon his people to observe a ‘Deliverance Day” on 22 December, 1939.

To determine future constitution of country, Congress demanded the establishment of a

constituent assembly that is elected by Indians. Congress demand had given birth to the idea of
‘civil war’ and irretrievable split among the people of country. In clear words, it led to the idea of
Pakistan.

Sir Muhammad Iqbal, the father of Pakistan idea, delivered his presidential address at
Allahabad in December 1930. In his speech, He only wanted a Muslim bloc in an Indian
federation by getting together all Muslim provinces and did not argue for a Muslim state.

Chaudhary Rehmat Ali who was a Punjabi student at Cambridge evolved another
scheme called Pakistan National Movement. His first pamphlet on ‘Pakistan’ entitled Now or
Never was issued in 1933 in which the scheme of formation of an independent Muslim state in
close alliance with Muslim States of the Middle East. He invented the word ‘Pakistan’ which
means the land of the pure. This term is composed from initials of component units-P for Punjab,
A for the Afghan Province (North-West Frontier Province), K for Kashmir, S for Sindh and TAN
for Balochistan. His plan was thought to be ‘impracticable and chimerical’. Three other schemes
including zonal scheme appeared in 1938-9, each with its own way of demanding for Muslim
nationalism. These schemes were not approved by Muslim masses.

In 24 March 1940, famous Lahore or Pakistan Resolution was passed in annual

session of All India Muslim League in which clean and complete partition of India was officially
adopted. Muslims demanded a territory of their own as Muslim nationalism got fully matured
now. A long line of great observers like William Archbold, Sir Theodore Morison, Sir Alfred
Knox, Sir Henry Page Croft, Sir Reginald Craddock, Sir Walter Laurence, G.T. Garratt, Sir
Elliot Colvin, Sir William Barton and Sir Sikandar Hayat pointed out the coming of Pakistan on
map of world. Muslims took three quarters of century to finally decide what they wanted. The
idea of Pakistan was accepted by British War Cabinet in 1942. Sir Stanfford Cripps brought
Draft Declaration to India who got published on 30 March 1942. It involved the right given to
any province of forming its own independent government by staying out of the proposed Indian
Union. It was a great concession to the Muslim demand for Pakistan. Jinnah was now, the leader
with the symbol of Muslim nationalism. Gandhi called an ‘open rebellion’ after the failure of
Cripp’s mission in 1942. The Congress got frustrated and started ‘Quit India’ demand to win
India that was strongly opposed by Jinnah. Muslim League became a strong party from 1942 to
1944 that Gandhi had no other way than negotiating with Muslim League after getting released
from prison on in 1914. C. Rajagopalacharia who was a front-rank Congress leader prepared a
formula called C.R Formula in July 1944 in which he argued with other leaders to accept the
Pakistan proposal. Jinnah wanted his Pakistan before the British had departed. He made Gandhi
recognize Pakistan which gave great publicity to his two-nation theory.

Viceroy, Lord Wavell, summoned all political leaders to a conference at Simla in which
Jinnah insisted on nominating Muslim League as all Muslim Councilors which was not accepted.
He also wanted parity between the Muslims and Hindus which was accepted. Viceroy announced
on August 1945 that elections would hold in winter. Muslim League won 428 out of 492 seats in
provinces and every single Muslim seat in central legislature. Congress had similar success in
non-Muslim constituencies. It was so illuminating.

In 1948, Secretary of State sent a Cabinet Mission with a plan of ruling out Pakistan as a
practical possibility and suggested an Indian Union arranged in provinces, sections and federal
center. As a result of which Muslim demand for nationalism became irresistible. Mission’s plan
failed to solve constitutional problem and did not win acceptance in India.

So, in May 1947, Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten concluded that partition was unavoidable.
The plan of partition was made public on 3 June, 1947 and was immediately accepted by all
parties. Finally, the existence of a separate Muslim nationalism in India was accepted by Hindus.