EXPERIMENT No:1

AIM: To study the procedure for calculating Tensile strength of Steel (Mild Steel, Fe 415, Fe
S00. TMT and CTD or TOR steel) and Compressive strength of Brick, Clay, Glass, Timber and
Concrete and to plot their Stress-Strain graphs in MS-Excel and MATLAB.

MATERIAL: STEEL

Theory for tensile test on Mild Steel and HYSD:

The stress-strain curve for steel is generally obtained from tensile test on standard specimens as
shown in Fig.I The details of the specimen and the method of testing is elaborated in IS: 1608
(1995). The important parameters are the gauge length 'Lc' and the initial cross section area So.
The loads are applied through the threaded or shouldered ends. The initial gauge length is taken
as 5.65 sqrt (So) in the case of rectangular specimen and it is five times the diameter in the case
of circular specimen. A typical stress-strain curve of the tensile test coupon is shown in Fig 2 in
which a sharp change in yield point followed by plastic strain is observed. After a certain amount
of the plastic deformation of the material, due to reorientation of the crystal structure an increase
in load is observed with increase in strain. This range is called the strain hardening range. After a
little increase in load, the specimen eventually fractures. After the failure it is seen that the
fractured surface of the two pieces form a cup and cone arrangement. This cup and cone fracture
is considered to be an indication of ductile fracture. It is seen from Fig.2 that the elastic strain is
up to ey followed by a yield plateau between strains ey and ean and a strain hardening range start
at esh and the specimen fail at eut where e, eah and eut are the strains at onset of yielding, strain
hardening and failure respectively.

Figure 1:Standard tensile testspecimen

 h
Yamattn bur

Flacne rPg*

Fasnr ra

for mild steel

Figure 2: Stress strain curve

varies between 5 and 15 Ey, with average an value of

Depending on the steel used, esh generally
structural steels, the modulus of elasticity can
10 ey typically used in many applications. For all
onset of strain hardening is roughly 1/30th
be taken as 205,000MPa and the tangent modus at the
of that value or approximately 6700MPa. High strength steels, due to their specific
shown in
microstructure, do not show asharp yield point but rather they yield continuously as
the stress at which a line at 0.2% strain,
Fig. 3. For such steels the yield stress is always taken as
This is shown in Fig. 3.
parallel to the elastic portion, intercepts the stress strain curve.

Unsorn platic Ncn-unmorplaste

0.2%proefsoress

Easnc Fracture

0.2% stra

Figure 3: Stress strain curve for high strength steel

The nominal stress or the engineering stress is given by the load divided by the original area.
Similarly, the engineering strain is taken as the ratio of the change in length to original length
Theory for tensile test on TMT and CTD Bars

As the tensile strength of rebars increased in comparison to M.S bars, it required more bond

strength between concrete and steel to prevent slippage. To meet these requirement producers of
CTD and TMT bars introduced raised projection as cross ribs on transverse side of steel bars.
This ensured high bond strength between steel and concrete. For this end IS-456 stipulated 25%
more bond stress in case of use of high yicld strength rebars as compared to plain M.S bars CTD
bars however suffered from one disability as it became harder than mild steel during twisting
operation and its ductility property reduced. Elongation at breaking point of CTD bars reduced to
14% as compared to 24% of Mild stecl. It was considered not very suitable to face reversal of
stresses an in case of machine foundation or high raise structures subjected to earthquake or
strong wind. In such situation it was likely to develop eracks, as such scientists and engineers
were trying to find a method to increase yield stress of mild steel without twisting. Ductility of
TMT bars are same as that of mild steel Hence it is very suitable for making hooks, vibrating
structures subjected to reversible stresses as in case of machine foundation and for high rise
structures subjected to strong earthquake and wind forces.

30
270
Tris satPanperzton,

0.0 .01 CC2 0c2 0.03 0c3 o.c01 ccaz 0.003 o.004 0.005 0.006
Strain
Figure 4: Stress strain graph for TMT Figure 5: Stress strain graph for CTTD

The yield stress of CTD bars are 415 MPa against 250 MPa ofM.S rebars. Though the chemical
compositions of M.S & CTD bars are same but the physical strength of CTD bars are 60% higher
than the M.S steel bars. TMT bars are having an optimum combination of high strength,
ductility, bendability and other desirable properties.

In case of TMT bars, there are no distinct yield plateau and two yield points. Permissible stress
of TMT bars for Fe 415 grade, work out to 0.55 x 415-228.5 which is rounded off and adapted
as 230.N/mm2

CTD bars ensured 60% less consumption of steel as compare to M.S bars. This was a great
advantage and use of CTD bars became an instant hit. It almost completely replaced use of M.S
reinforcing bars in Reinforced conerete construetion

PROCEDURE:
1) Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of
gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the
specimen.
 2) Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it.

3) Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4)The nominal stress or the engineering stress is given by the load divided by the original area.
5) Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
6) Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
7) Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
8) By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, the final
measure length and
diameter of specimen.

TEST RESULTS:
(A)MILD STEEL
Strain Stress 450
(a)Mild Steel
0.0000 400
0.0005 102.3 350
0.0010 204.7
0.0015 293.5 300

0.0023 272.9 250

0.0031 264.0 Stress
0.0050 268.9 200

0.0070 267.6 150

0.0100 264.0 100
0.0490318.6
0.1250 372.0 50
0.2180 394.4
0.2340 395.0 0.0000
Straln
0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000
0.3060 384.2
0.3300 B60.4
0.3480 327.5
0.3600 290.0
0.3660 266.8
(B)Fe415
Strain Stress (b) Fe 415
0.0000 0.0 400.0
0.00144 288.7 350.0
0.00163 306.7 300.0
0.00192 324.8 250.0
0.00241 342.8
0.00276 351.8 150.0
0.00380 355.0 100.0
0.00400 340.0 50.0

0.0
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050

Strain

CFe 500 500.0 (c) Fe 500

450.0
Strain Strain
0.00000 0.0 400.0

0.00174 347.8 350.0

0.00195 369.6 300.0
0.00226 391.3 Stress50.0
0.00277 413
200.0
0.00312 423.9
0.00417 434.8 150.0
0.00418 435.0 100.0

50.0

0.0
0.00000 0.00100 0.0020.900300 0.00400 0.00500
Strain

(D) TMT
80
(d) TMT
Strain Stress 70
0.00
0.02 45 60

0.03 5 50
0.04 45
0.06 60
stresa0
0.08 68 30

0.10 10 20
0.12 68
10
0.12 60
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
Strain
 (E) CTD

(e) CTD or TOR

Strain Stress 500
450
001 200 400
0.002 400 350
0.003 450 Stre

0.004 450 250

0.005 450 200

150
100

50
Strain
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006

STRESS STRAIN GRAPH FOR STEEL IN MATLAB

MILD STEEL
Strain-[0;0.0005;0.00102:0.00146;0.0023;0.003 1;0.005;0.007;0.01;0.049;0.125;0.218;0.234;0.3
06;0.33;0.348,0.360;0.366]

Stress=[0;102.329;204.658;293.486,272.928:264.030;268.939;267.559;264.030;318.647;372.03

6:394.435;395.048;384.156,360.376,327.545;289.958;266.792]

plot(strain,stress);
xlabel('strain')
ylabel('stress N/m^2)
title('curve for mild steel)

curve for mild steel

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0.3 0.35 0.4

0.1 0.15 02 0.25
o.05
strain

9
 TMT

strain=[0:0.020:0.030:0.040;0.060;0.080;0.10;0. 120;0.120]
stress=[0;:45;45:45;60;68;70;68:60]
plot(strain,stress );
xlabel('strain')
ylabel('stress N/m2)
title('curve for TMT)
curve for TMT

50

50

20

10

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

0.02
strain

Fe 415
strain=[0;0.00144;0.00163;0.00192;0.0024;0.00276;0.0038]
stress=[0;288.70;306.70;324.80;342.8;351.80;355]

plot(strain,stress);

xlabel('strain)
ylabel('stress N/m^2)
title('stress strain graph for Fe415)

stress strain graph for Fe415

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

1.5 2 2.5 3.5

0.6
0
straln

10
TOR

strain-[0;0.0010;0.0020;0.0030;0.0040:0.005]
stress-[0;200;400;450;450;450]
plot(strain,stress );
xlabel('strain')
ylabel('stress N/m^2)
title('stress strain graph for TOR)
stress strain graph for
T
TOR
450 T

400

350

300
250

200
150

100

50

3.5 4 4.5 5
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x 10
strain

Fe 500
Fe500strain=[0;0.001740;0.00195;0.00226;0.00277;0.003 12;0.004170;0.004180]
F e 5 0 0 s t r e s s = [ 0 ; 3 4 7 . 8 0 ; 3 6 9 . 6 0 ; 3 9 1 . 3 3 4 1 3 : 4 2 3 . 9 ; 4 3 4 . 8 0 ; 4 3 5 ]

plot(fe400strain,fe400stress );

xlabel('strain')
ylabel('stress N/m^2)
title(curve for Fe500)
Curve for Fe 500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

4.5
25 3 3.5
0.5 1 1.5
10
Strain

11
MATERIAL: TIMBER
Theory for compressive test on timber:
The compressive strength of timber specimens was determined on 50 mm cubic specimens both
parallel and perpendicular to the grain. Grain directions oftimber are shown on a tree in Figurel.
The cros-sectional area of the test samples is in conformity with ASTM DI43-52. These tests
were performed by using a load controlled hydraulic testing machine at a loading rate of 0.2
MPa's. Furthermore, to obtain stress-strain curves, a dial gage with precision of 0.001 mm was
used to detemine specimen deformation under load. The deformation was measured from the
change in distance between the loading plates (Figure 2). The slope of the linear part of the
stress-strain curves was used to determine the modulus of elasticity of the samples.

Although in many applications the timber is subjected to compression parallel to the grain, in
some cases such as joists bearing on a beam the member is loaded perpendicular to the grain.
This is why both the compressive strength parallel to the grain and the compressive strength
perpendicular to the grain are of importance.

Under compressive loading after the linear region the stress becomes constant or a drop can be
seen. This part of the curve is defined as yielding and the stress in the plateau region is called
yield stress or yield strength. After the plateau region (beyond a strain level of 0.016) the
densification of material takes place under compression and the stress rises again.

perpendicular to the grain directio

grain direction

Figure 6: Grain direction on a tree

Figure 7:Compression test set-up

12
TEST REsULTS:

STRESS STRAIN CURVE FOR TIMBER

STRAINSTRESS
(d) Timber
0.000684 5.85 20
0.00124 9.84 18

0.00224 13.6 16
14
0.00352 16.8 12
0.00461 18.2 Stresd0
0.00614 18.6 8

0.00821 18
0.0092417.2 4

0.0109 16.9
0.0141 16.6 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
0.015116 Straln

MATERIAL: CLAY

Theory for compressive test on Clay:

The primary purpose of this test is to determine the unconfined compressive strength, which is
then used to calculate the unconsolidated undrained shear strength of the clay under unconfined
conditions. According to the ASTM standard, the unconfined compressive strength (q) is
defined as the compressive stress at which an unconfined cylindrical specimen of soil will fail in
a simple compression test. In addition, in this test method, the unconfined compressive strength
is taken as the maximum load attained per unit area, or the load per unit area at 15% axial strain,
whichever occurs first during the performance of a test.

ASTM D 2166 - Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil.

For soils, the undrained shear strength (su) is necessary for the determination of the bearing
capacity of foundations, dams, etc. The undrained shear strength (su) of clays is commonly
determined from an unconfined compression test. The undrained shear strength (su) of a cohesive
soil is equal to one-half the unconfined compressive strength (qu) when the soil is under the f=0
condition (f= the angle of internal friction). The most critical condition for the soil usually
occurs immediately after construction, which represents undrained conditions, when the
undrained shear strength is basically equal to the cohesion (¢). This is expressed as:
SuCqw/2

Then, as time passes, the pore water in the soil slowly dissipates, and the intergranular stress
increases, so that the drained shearstrength (s), given by s= c +s'tan f, must be used, where s'

13
 the shear plane; and s'= (s u), s =
total
pressure acting perpendicular to
-

intergranular
pressure, and u = pore water pressure: c' and j' are drained shear strength parameters.

C D

Aure
Figure 8: Testing Procedure

Test Procedure:

Cut a soil specimen so that the ratio (L/d)

(1) Extrude the soil sample from Shelby tube sampler.
is approximately between 2 and 2.5. Where L and d are the length and diameter of soil specimen,

respectively.

14
(2) Measure the exactdiameter of the top of the
make the same
measurements on the bottom ofspecimen at three locations 120°
apart, and
record the
average as the diameter on the data
the
specimen. Average the measurements then and
(3) Measure the exact sheet.
length of the specimen at three
measurements and record the locations 120° apart, and then
average as the average the
(4) Weigh the
sample and record the mass onlength the data sheet.
on

(5) Calculate the deformation AL the data sheet.

( ) corresponding to 15% strain
(e).

Strain (e) AL
L
Where Lo =Original specimen
6) Carefully place the length (as measured in step 3).
specimen in the compression device and center it
Adjust the device so that the upper plate on the bottom
plate.
and deformation dials to just makes contact with the
zero. specimen and set the load
(7) Apply the load so that the device
minute, and then record the load and
produces an axial strain at a rate of 0.5% to 2.0%
deformation dial readings on the data per
50 divisions on sheet at
deformation the dial. every 20 to
(8) Keep applying the load until
(1) the load
significantly,(2) the load holds constant for at least (load dial) decreases on the specimen
four deformation dial
deformation is significantly past the 15% strain
that was determined in
readings, or (3) the
9) Draw a sketch to depict the sample failure. step 5.

Analysis:
(1) Convert the dial readings to the
appropriate load and length units, and
the data sheet in the deformation and total enter these values on
load columns.

(Confirm that the conversion is done correctly, particularly proving dial gage readings
conversion into load)
(2) Compute the sample cross-sectional area A0=(pi/4) *(d
(3) Compute the strain e = dL/LO
4) Computed the corrected area, A= AO/1-e
(5) Using A', compute the specimen stress, sc = P/A'
(Be careful with unit conversions and use constant units).
(6) Plot the stress versus strain. Show qu as the peak stress (or at 15% strain)
of the test. Be sure that the strain is plotted on the abscissa.

TEST RESULTS:

STRESS STRAIN GRAPH FOR CLAY

STRAIN STRESS
0.001 1.343
0.003 3.018
0.004 H.018

15
0.005 .353
0.007 7.012 (b) Clay
0.008 8.003 80
0.009 8.658 70
0.011 9.644
60
0.012 10.959
50
0.014 1.939
0.017 14.873 Stress 40

0.02 17.786 30
0.024 21.007 20
0.027 24.205
10
0.03 27.381
0.034 30.209
O 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0.037 33.016
Straln
0.041 36.126
044 38.57
0.047 41.316
0.051 44.041
0.054 45.792
0.058 48.163
0.061 50.516
0.064 52.222
0.068 $3.6
0.074 56.634
0.081 59.309
0.088 61.939
0.095 .61
0.101 65.551
0.108 66.856
0.115 68.134
122 69.09
0.129 70.315
0.135 70.642
0.149 71.539
0.162 71.247
0.176 70.65
0.189 69.762
0.208 68.082
MATERIAL: CONCRETE
Theory for compressive test on Concrete:

The stress versus strain behaviour of concrete under uniaxial

(stress is proportional to strain) and elastic (strain is recovered at
compression is initially linear
unloading). With the generation

16
of micro-cracks, the behaviour becomes nonlincar and inelastic. After the specimen reaches the
peak stress, the resisting stress decreases with increase in strain.

For concrete under compression due to axial load, the ultimate strain is restricted to 0.002. From
the characteristic curve, the design curve is defined by multiplying the stress with a size
factor of 0.67 and dividing the stress by a material safety factor ofym 1.5. The design curve is
used in the calculation of ultimate strength.

PROCEDURE
1. Weigh the concrete cylinder and determine the average diameter to the nearest 0.1 in (0.25
mm). Cap the concrete cylinder.

2. Fix the compressometer and Extensometer to the specimen and attach the dial micrometre in
order to measure the deformation of cylinder during loading in compression.

3.After the specimens has been set up in the testing machine, apply a slight initial load and set
the dial micrometre to read zero.

4. Apply load continuously at slow speed approximately 150 ksc/minl without shock. Record the
dial reading of both compressometer and extensometer at about 1000-2000 kg interval. Take care
to remove the compressometer and extensometer when the specimen starts to crack.

5. Plot the load-deformation curve to a suitable scale

TEST RESULTS:

STRESS STRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE

STRAIN STRESS
(e) Concrete
0.000283 4.21 35
0.000583 8.43
30
0.0008512.3
0.0013317.8 25

0.00195 22.8 20

0.00267 27.7 Stress

15
0.00383B1
0.00441 2.5 10

0.0048 33.1

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

Strain

MATERIAL: BRICK

Theory for compressive test on Brick:

17
Bricks classified as IS 1977-1976 into three grades. The minimum compressive strength is at the
class A .Bricks equal to 350kg/cm2.The minimum compressive strength of class 'C" should not
be less than 350kg/cm2.The compressive test of individual bricks shall not fall below the
maximum requirement by more than 20%.

SPECIMENS
Three numbers of whole bricks from sample collected should be taken the dimensions should be
measured to the nearest Imm.

SAMPLING

Remove unevenness observed the bed faces to provide two smooth parallel faces by grinding
Immerse in water at room temperature for 24 hours Remove the specimen and drain out any
surplus moisture at room temperature. Fill the frog and all voids in the bed faces flush with
cement mortar (I cement,I clean coarse sand of grade 3mm and down). Store it under the damp
jute bags for 24 hours filled by immersion in clean water for 3 days .Remove and wipe out any
traces of moisture.

PROCEDURE

) Place the specimen with flat face s horizontal and mortar filled face facing upwards between
plates of the testing machine.

(1) Apply load axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm'(140 Kg/cm) per minute till failure occurs
and note maximum load at failure.

(I1) The load at failure is maximum load at which the specimen fails to produce any further
increase in the indicator reading on the testing machine.

CALCULATION

Maximum load at failure (N)

Compressive strength =

Average area of bed face (mm-)

The average of result shall be reported.

18
TEST RESULTS:

STRESS STRAIN GRAPH FOR BRICK

STRAIN STRESS
25
(a) BRICK
0.0006884.86
0.00151 9.71 20
0.00264 4.6
0.0043119.6 15
0.0054320.5 Stress
0.00617 po.6 0

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

Strain
MATERIAL: GLASS

Theory for compressive test on Glass:

Glass is not like other products used in buildings. It is clear, fairly rigid providing a lot of
strength but can be britle as well. At an atomic level glass is a network of silicon and oxygen
bonds modified randomly by sodium. The structure is not regular as it would be if it were liquid.
The network of bonds prevents the glass from being ductile. The ingredients for glass are not
transparent and it is the melting of these products that creates new bonds. As the glass cools the
ingredients are locked together before they can resume their original structures.

When glass is under load it will bend and accommodate stress to a certain level and then
suddenly fail once its threshold is met. The failure can be sudden and spectacular. Once a crack
starts there is little within its structure to stop it propagating. A more positive point is that
because the inner structure is not mobile glass does not sufer from dynamic fatigue. Once stress
is removed the glass returns unchanged by the experience. A plate of glass in a window exposed
to wind over years does not fail because it is constantly being stressed by the wind.

PROCEDURE

1. The strength of glass is determined by puting the glass under stress until it breaks.

2. The surface strength is measured using a ring and the edge strength by 4 point bending.

3. The test is repeated to derive a distribution for the break strength.

19
 4. Even with glass taken from the same plate it cannot be assumed that the glass will break
at exactly the same load.

5. The distribution of the range of test results is expressed by the Weibull modulus.

6. From this we know how predictable the glass strength is and how strong the weakest
sample was.

7. We then have data for the glass properties that we can use to compare both stress and
deflection for a given load.

TEST RESULTS:

STRESS STRAIN CURVE FOR GLASS

STRAIN STRESS (c)Glass

6
0.00313 1.38 14
0.00742 3.15 12
0.0143 6.02 10
0.0194 8.37 Stress 8
0.0247 10.5 6

0.0305 13
0.0346 14.6
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

Strain

STRESSTRAIN GRAPH FOR DIFFERENT MATERIAL IN MATLAB

%TIMBER STRESS STRAIN GRAPH
strain-[0;0.000684;0.00124;0.00224;0.00352;0.00461;0.00614;0.00821;0.00924;0.0109;0.0141;

0.0151]
stress=[0;5.85;9.84;13.60;16.80;18.20;18.60;18;17.20;16.90;16.60;16]

plot(strain,stress,g-)
hold on
%BRICK STRESS STRAIN GRAPH
strain-[0;0.0006850;0.00151;0.00264;0.00431:0.005430;0.006170]
stress=[0;4.86;9.71;14.60;19.60;20.50;20.60]
plot(strain,stress, R-)
%CONCRETE STRESS STRAIN GRAPH
strain=[0;0.000283;0.000583;0.00085;0.00133;0.001950;0.002670;0.003830;0.00441;0.0048]

stress=[0:4.21;8.43;12.80;17.80;22.80,27.70;31;32.50,33. 10]
plot(strain,stress, b-)
%CLAY STRESS STRAIN GRAPH

20
 strainl-t0:0.001:0.003:0.004:0.005;0.007:0.008;0.009,0.011:0.012:0.014,0.0170:0.02:0.0240;0.0
270;0.030]
stressl-[0;1.343;3.0180;4.018,6.353;7.012;8.003;8.658:9.644;10.95;11.939;14.873;17.7860:21.0
07:24.2:27.381]
plot(strainl.stressl, im-)

%GLASS STRESS STRAIN GRAPH

straing=[0;0.003 1300;0.00742;0.014;0.0194;0.0247;0.0305;0.0346]
stressg-[0;1.38;3.1500;6.02;8.370;10.50;13;14.60]
plot(straing.stressg.y-)
xlabel('strain)
ylabel('stress N/m^2)
title Curve for Timber(G),Brick(R).Concrete(B),.Clay(P).Glass( Y))
grid on

Curve for Timber(G),Brick(R),Concrete(B),Clay(P),Glass(Y)

30

25

20

10

0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035

strain

21