Rebuyas, Rojelyn D.

FS 1
BSED-MATH 4

CHAPTER I
Content Knowledge
and Pedagogy
LESSON 1 Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Its Application across
the Curriculum

Observation
A. Write down the information asked and answer the succeeding questions
based on your class observation.
Name of Teacher:
TAPAYA, REY L.

Date and Time of Observation: September 26-29, 2022

7:30AM-12:00PM
1:00PM-4:30PM
Educational Background: Primary:
Catmon Elem. School
Catmon, naval, Biliran 1991-1992
Secondary:
Naval School of Fisheries
Caracaray, Naval, Biliran 1995-1996
Vocational:
Advanz Tech
Auto CAD/3d’s Max
Guadalupe, Makati City 2010-2011
Tertiary:
Naval State University
Naval, Biliran
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering 2002-2003

West Visayas State University

La Paz, Iloilo City
Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education Major in
Mathematics 2015-2016
Master’s Degree:
The Rizal Memorial College, Inc.
Lopez Jaena $ F. Torres St. Davao City
Master of Arts in Educational Management
Assigned Grade and Section: 10-SPA
Mahogany
Angelo
Molave
Lauan
Assigned Subject/s:
Mathematics 10
Relevant Trainings Attended: 3-DAY SCHOOL
BASED
ENHANCEMENT
TRAINING IN
UTILIZING
MONTEVISTA
SUGGESTED
STRATEGIES IN
09/09/2020 NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL-MAIN
IMPLEMENTING
DISTANCE
LEARNING
DELIVERY
MODALITIES (DLDM)
ONE DAY IN-
SERVICE TRAINING
AND WORKSHOP IN
UTILIZING COMMON
MONTEVISTA
ONLINE
APPLICATION IN
09/15/2020 NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL-MAIN
IMPLEMENTING
ONLINE DISTANCE
LEARNING
MODALITY (ODLM)
INFORMATION
AND
THREE-DAY FREE COMMUNICATIO
INTERNATIONAL NS
MULTIDISCIPLINARY TECHNOLOGY
WEBINAR SERIES SERVICE IN
ON THE USE OF COLLABORATIO
TECHNOLOGY AND N WITH GLOBAL
ITS APPLICATION IN
07/02/2021 EDUCATORS
DIFFERENT NETWORK
SUBJECT AREAS ASSOCIATION
WITH A SPECIAL OF TEACHERS
SESSION ON AS A FOREIGN
MENTAL ISSUES LANGUAGE
(GENTEFL),
THAILAND
VIRTUAL MASS
TRAINING
WORKSHOP ON
FORTIFYING
TEACHING DEPARTMENT OF
PEDAGOGIES AND 08/20/2021 EDUCATION-
OTHER INNOVATIVE DAVAO DE ORO
TEACHING
STRATEGIES IN
MATHEMATICS IN
THE NEW NORMAL
1. Are the teacher's background and qualifications aligned with the subject's he
or she is assigned to teach?

Yes, because Sir Rey has a BS in Civil Engineering with Education

Units (Mathematics)/MA in Education Mgt., five years working abroad
experience, and has been at Montevista National High School for four years.
He is well experienced and well-practiced in teaching mathematics based on
his bachelor’s degree.

2. Does he or she use the K to 12 curriculum guides in preparing a lesson plan?

Yes. He uses the K to 12 curriculum guides in preparing a lesson plan

and it serves as his basis in aligning his daily lessons, as well as it serves as
his basis if the outcomes meet the competency.

3. Does he or she consider the learner's prior knowledge in designing a lesson

plan?

Yes. He considers learners’ prior knowledge in designing a lesson plan

in a way that he focuses more on examples, acknowledging some questions
with the learners and asking them if they catch all the lessons concerning all
the difficulties of the lesson.

4. Does he or she use varied teaching strategies to deliver the subject matter?

Yes. He uses varied teaching strategies to deliver the subject matter in

a way that he prompted learners to collaborate and share their knowledge to
another concerning socialization for theme to develop their values as well.

5. Does he or she conduct research in planning for his or her lessons?

Yes. He conducts research in planning for his lessons to build much

confidence towards implementing the lessons concerning the level of
adaptability of the students as well as their level of retention.
 B. Check (✔) the box that corresponds to your class observation. Write your
remarks in the rightmost column.

Not
Observed
Indicators Observed Remarks

1. Explains the
subject matter
a. Clearly

b. Accurately
c. Comprehensively

2. Relates the subject

matter with
previous lessons
that have been 
taught or future
lessons to be
taught
3. Presents facts,
theories, and
concepts to support 
the validity of
content

4. Manifests
understanding of
the learners' 
background in
relation to the
subject matter

5. Utilizes appropriate
pedagogical
strategies in the 
delivery of the
subject matter

6. Integrates
appropriate
technology tools 
specific to the
subject matter to be
taught
 7. Promotes inquiry-
based learning to
develop higher 
order thinking skills
and/or 21st century
skills

8. Uses appropriate
languages to make

subject matter
delivery more
comprehensible

9. Shows skills in the

use of information
and
communications 
technologies (ICT)
to facilitate teaching
and learning

10. Uses effective

verbal and non-
verbal forms of
communication 
strategies to
promote meaningful
learning

Other Comments:

The teacher shows empathy to students that made students feel the same to
the teacher. The classroom management was well managed in a way of assigning
students every chore before and after the class.

Processing

A. Based on what you have observed in class, explain the importance of the

different kinds of knowledge.

 1. Content knowledge

Content knowledge plays an important role in an effective classroom

for students to ignite their knowledge through facts and theories that have
specific principles as well as a basis or guide as to how students fulfill their
learnings.

2. Pedagogical knowledge

Pedagogical knowledge is one of the most important skills for teachers

to master because it serves as a weapon for instilling key ideas or learnings in
student. Techniques that can support teachers in productive classroom
management.

3. Curricular knowledge

Curricular knowledge is the most important aspect of a teacher

because it serves as the foundation how to deal with learners. The structure
and sequence of the curriculum being implemented and observed.

B. What do you think were the strategies used by the teacher to enrich his or her

mastery of the subject matter?

Lesson planning and teaching lessons highlighting key takeaways and main
ideas, providing a strong foundation of the concepts that increases students’ self-
esteem to learn better.

C. What do you think were the strategies used by the teacher to enrich his or her

pedagogical knowledge?

Student-centered approach in which learners prompted to engage,

interact, and reflect throughout the learning process where they are actively
participating and reflecting on their own actions as well as those of their
peers.
D. What do you think were the strategies used by the teacher to augment his or her

curricular knowledge?
 The teacher integrates ICT tools for visualization or power point
presentation strategies, highlighting the importance of the topic and
instructional materials, visualizing important concepts of the topic that
students rely on throughout the process.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that being a teacher is such a challenging profession, having a heart

with it, since approaching diverse learners with diverse attitudes requires
perseverance and patience, especially since our learners also suffered the
effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. They individually suffered difficulties
mentally and emotionally. Therefore, the teacher must be more observant and
considerate.
2. I believe that being a teacher has extra strategies and techniques to
implement the lesson since most of the students have 5 minutes of attention
and they are most likely fun in socialization. Therefore, the teacher must
include a "think-pair-share" strategy enabling students to mingle with their
peers.
3. I feel that being a teacher means we must be more creative and have our own
classroom management plan to have a better classroom setting and also for
students to be responsible enough in terms of policies and rules being
implemented in the classroom. Individually assigned classroom chores serve
as their classroom discipline. 

4. When I become a teacher, I will be more observant and considerate of my

students' level of learning adaptability because, based on my observation,
some students suffered from difficulties throughout the learning process.
Demonstrates empathy and interaction with students' personal lives so that
they can feel safe and find a place to listen and lean on.  
Lesson 2 Research-based Instruction and Principles of Teaching and
Learning

Observation

A. Answer the following questions based on your class observation.

1. Does the school promote research culture among the teachers? How?

Definitely yes. They promote a research culture among teachers through

encouraging researchers and staff to give some time and space to share

knowledge and ideas by including other departments and institutions in

discussions and sharing best practice that focuses on improving research

integrity based on observed norms and values.

2. Do the teachers undertake research activities to enhance their pedagogical

content knowledge? What are these activities?

Yes. Get involved in research projects which can support them to implement
their lessons as well as integrate ICT tools for better retention of students that
perhaps suit their level of learning.

3. Are the teachers aware of the standards, principles, and pedagogical

approaches behind the K-12 curriculum?

Yes. The teacher is aware of the standards, principles, and pedagogical

approaches behind the K-12 curriculum in a sense that using competency as

the basis of the outcomes of the lessons and using a learner-centered

approach lets students take action on situations and reflect.

4. Do the teachers integrate research findings, empirical evidence, and theories

to support validity of content to be taught? How?

 Yes. The teacher integrates research findings and empirical evidence in a

way that he considers the strengths and weaknesses of the learners as well as

theories to account and justify situation.

5. Do the teachers use varied teaching approaches based on K-12 curriculum

principles? How?

Yes. By promoting an inquiry-based approach that prompts students to

collaborate, reflect, and integrate various techniques in learning as well as
integrate ICT tools in the process.
B. Check (✔) the box that corresponds to your class observation. You may write

your comments in the Remarks column.

Indicators Observed Not Remarks

Observed
1. Administers
diagnostic exam to
assess the students'

prior knowledge

2. Prepares a lesson 
based on the
students' needs

3. Relates the topic to 

students' interest to
motivate learners

4. Contextualizes the
content of the
 lesson according to 
students’
background

5. Articulates a clear 
set of learning
objectives

6. Provides varied 
activities to support
learning objectives

7. Draws on relevant 
bodies of knowledge
to make the lesson
more relevant

8. Reflects on teaching 
methodology and
strategies used for
effectiveness

9. Examines the
students' previous
performance to modify
learning objectives
and content of the 
lesson, including the
teaching strategy
used

10. Aligns assessment

tasks and
instructional
 activities with the 
learning objectives

C. What are the research-based instructional strategies applied by the

cooperating teacher? Write your answers in the space below.

The research-based instructional strategies applied by the teacher are

Setting objectives
Testing
Taking notes
Reinforcement and feedbacks
Recognition to ones’ work
Asking questions
Collaboration and
Homework

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have

observed in class.

1. How do research-based instructional strategies enrich the pedagogical

content knowledge of teachers?

Research-based instructional strategies enrich the pedagogical content

knowledge of teachers through observing which particular techniques are
relevant to the needs of the learners concerning the content of the subject
matter as well as the level of learning adaption of the learners.

2. How do research-based instructional strategies affect the students' learning?

 Incorporating research-based instructional strategies into students'
learning has a huge impact on how they learn more than traditional ways of
learning. They prefer to have collaboration, reflect on their own actions,
socialize with their peers, and ask and share their knowledge about the
content of the subject matter.

3. What do teachers need to do to improve their research skills?

The teacher needs to be open-minded in all aspects of the lesson,

accepting the cons and pros as well as the organization of information,

knowing how to choose and collect the most accurate information on the

topic.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that research-based instruction and principles of teaching and

learning were very effective in the sense that learners learned better through
their participation as well as they learned how to value the opinions of their
co-learners that served as their basis as well as their own.

2. I believe that using research-based instruction and principles of teaching and

learning makes for more effective classroom management as students should
get all the necessary information and ideas needed to fulfill their learning and
promote confidence for students to share knowledge and thoughts based on
the content of the subject matter.

3. I feel that promoting research-based instructions can promote students'

learning adaptability and can boost their self-esteem to showcase their skills
and talents towards diversity of values and beliefs. It encourages them to
participate in any forms of activities or assessments that the classroom or
school may be implementing.
 4. When I become a teacher, I will be wiser in implementing research-based
instruction concerning the level of students' retention of knowledge relevant to
their skills and capabilities. Establishing a well-prepared strategy for students
to confidently express their thoughts as well as giving direct reinforcement
and recognition to the outcomes of the students.

Lesson 3 Positive Use of Information and Communications

Technology

Observation

A. Familiarize yourself with ICT facilities and tools for teaching and learning.

Check if the following items are available. Provide a description for each in the

rightmost column.

ICT Facilities and Tools Availabl Not Description

e Availabl
e
Computer Lab/Computer  Place where students enhance
ICT tools.
Room

Audio-Visual Room 

Laptop/desktop  Use to encode important

documents.
Printer  Use to produce hard copies.

Scanner  Use to preserve important

documents
LCD projector  Use to display images, videos or
data on the screen
Audio equipment  Use to enhance and reproduce
sound
LCD/LED TV  Use to flash and play videos.

Internet access  Use to communicate and access

to digital information.
Computer hard drives and Use to store documents and
files.
storage devices (e.g.,

compact disc, flash 

drive/USB, portable drive)

Tablets, mobile phones, or  Used for communication as well

as downloading files.
other mobile devices

Others:

B. Interview the cooperating teacher. Ask the following questions.

1. Does the school have specific ICT policies and standards?

Yes. Specifically, about the availability of schedules for using ICT tools since
they had their ICT coordinator. The policy to follow inside the ICT room, as
well as the methods to keep the tools safe given their use.  

2. Are the teachers aware of the school's ICT policies and standards?
Definitely yes. Since they had their orientation and seminars about the
implementation and usage of the ICT room, as well as the scheduling time per
grade level, since they had limited tools to operate.

3. Does the school provide ICT training for teachers?

 Yes, to update teachers on new trends in ways to integrate ICT tools in
creating a productive classroom setting as well as to assist them in
establishing lessons that need to use tools for students to learn new learning
methods imparting ICT tools.

4. Does the school provide the necessary ICT tools and digital technologies to
aid teaching and learning activities?
Yes, when the teacher uses a power point presentation of the topic as well as
watches movies related to the topic and allows students to use the computer
laboratory in terms of encoding and exploring the usage of particular tools.

5. Are the students provided with equal opportunity to use the computers and
other digital technologies?
Yes, giving the same opportunity and equal time to use computers and other
digital technologies in a way that every grade level has its own schedule time
to operate and use a computer laboratory for their learning.

6. Are the teachers knowledgeable on how to operate a laptop/computer and

other
digital technologies for teaching and learning?
Yes, since they had their orientation and seminars on how to operate and use
particular ICT tools concerning the usage and function of tools as well as how
to install the tools. They also had their own ICT coordinator who would assist
them with the installation. 

Other comments and observations:

Integrating ICT tools in a classroom setting is such a challenging role to play.

But the teacher shows his expertise as the students give their full attention while
watching the presentation. They were more fun in interaction if they could visually
see the content of the topic as well as learn better.
 C. Check (✔) the box that corresponds to what you have observed in class.

Write your remarks in the last column.

Competencies Observed Not Remarks

Observed

Domain I: Understanding ICT in Education

Demonstrates awareness of policies 

affecting ICT in education

Complies with ICT policies as they 

affect teaching-learning

Contextualizes ICT policies to the 

learning environment

Domain 2: Curriculum and Assessment

Demonstrates an understanding of

concepts, principles, and theories of

ICT systems as they apply to teaching- 

learning

Evaluates digital and non-digital 

learning resources in response to

students' diverse needs

Develops digital learning resources to 

enhance teaching-learning

Uses ICT as a tool to develop 21st

century skills: Information, Media and

Technology Skills, Learning and


Innovation Skills, Life and Career

Skills, and Effective Communications

Skills.

Domain 3: Pedagogy

Applies relevant technology tools for 

classroom activities

Uses ICT knowledge to solve complex 

problems and support student

collaborative activities

Models’ collaborative knowledge 

construction in face-to-face and virtual

environments

Domain 4: Technology Tools

Demonstrates competence in the

technical operations of technology

tools and systems as they apply to 

teaching and learning

Uses technology tools to create new

learning opportunities to support 

communities of learners
Demonstrates proficiency in the use of

technology tools to support teaching


and learning

Domain 5: Organization and Administration

Manages technology-assisted

instruction in an inclusive classroom


environment

Exhibits leadership in shared decision- 

making using technology tools

Domain 6: Teacher Professional Learning

Explores existing and emerging

technologies to acquire additional 

content and pedagogical knowledge

Utilizes technology tools in creating 

communities of practice

Collaborates with peers, colleagues,

and stakeholders to access information


in support of professional learning.

Domain 7: Teacher Disposition

Demonstrates social, ethical, and legal

responsibilities in the use of technology


tools and resources

Shows positive attitude towards the 

use of technology tools

Source: Commission on Higher Education. 2017. CHED Memorandum Order

No.
75, series of 2017: Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for Bachelor
of
Secondary Education Program, pp. 71-73.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have

observed in class.

1. What are the problems or challenges in integrating ICT in teaching and

learning?

As I observed, the challenge was that they consumed so much time in

installing their ICT tools because they did not have built-in tools since they
only had 1 hour allotted time to establish the lesson.

2. What are the challenges encountered by students in using ICT tools and other

forms for digital technologies?

So far, learners have preferred using ICT tools and other forms of digital
technologies. They were more excited and thrilled with ICT tools that caught
their full attention and interest.
 3. In what domain/s of ICT competency standards for teachers do teachers need

improvement? Why?

Promoting and establishing policy innovations for using ICT tools. Students
should have limitations and practices for responsible usage of tools
concerning all cons and pros so that they will be able to have a flexible and
safe learning environment.

4. How will you promote the positive use of ICT to your students?

Using ICT tools in the classroom setting promotes and enhances productive
learning. However, it has its own negative impact if misused. As a future
educator, I will promote the positive usage of ICT tools to students in a way
that takes it responsibly and collaboratively because it gives potential and
information necessary for learning progress.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that incorporating ICT tools into a classroom setting is a challenging

approach to being a teacher since it requires appropriate training and
seminars for ICT tools' effective integration. Also, crucial practices that need
organization and structure as well as comprehension of applications suited to
the tools. Planning for effective usage and facilitating strategies to overcome
challenges using the tools.
2. I believe that incorporating ICT tools into a classroom setting will assist
teachers in having a technology-based teaching and learning process that will
transform students into competent and well-equipped individuals. It also
promotes substantially more productive learning, improves academic
performance, and stimulates creativity.

3. I feel that using ICT tools in a classroom setting will impact students’
academic achievement concerning the proper background of using them
efficiently as well as the appropriateness of tools that will address the content
of the subject matter. With the use of ICT tools also, students can use and
explore sources needed in addressing real problems in an open-minded
manner, considering interpretative skills.

4. When I become a teacher, I will be more focused on perceiving the positive

impacts of using ICT tools. Using it to save time and increase productivity in
establishing the content of the subject matter as well as introducing better
ways of integration into the teaching process so that it will motivate students
to communicate and assist in their learning process.
Lesson 4 Strategies for Promoting Literacy and Numeracy

Observation

A. For each given domain, write down the literacy strategies used by the

cooperating teacher during your class observation.

Observation Strategies

1. Oral Language Asking questions before and after the lesson.

2. Phonological Awareness Proper modulation of tone.

3. Book and Print Knowledge Using and reading books to understand written

language.

4. Alphabet Knowledge Use interdisciplinary learning processes

5. Phonics and Word Recognition Through sentences.

6. Fluency Drill

7. Spelling Assessment

8. Writing and Composition Essay

9. Grammar Awareness and Authentic writing situations.

Structure

10. Vocabulary Development Use situational stories.

11. Reading Comprehension Prior knowledge

12. Listening Comprehension Eye to eye contact.

Source: Department of Education. 2016. K-12 Curriculum Guide for English.

 B. Write down the numeracy strategies used by the cooperating teacher during

your class observation in the following subjects.

Subjects Strategies

1. Language (English/Filipino/mother
tongue)

2. Mathematics Game-based learning as well as repetition

and homework assessment.

3. Science

4. History/Araling Panlipunan/Social
Studies

5. Values Education/Conduct Education

6. Computer/ICT

7. Music, Arts, Physical Education, and

Health (MAPEH)

8. Technology and Livelihood Education

9. Others:

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have

observed in class.
 1. How can literacy affect one's life?

Literacy builds confidence and self-esteem that persistently impacts one’s

life. Specifically, it enriches one’s life and may create extraordinary
features in an individual's life. It makes someone functional, communicates
and understands the problems we face, and protects them from malicious
actions. 

2. How important is numeracy in our daily life?

Numeracy plays a crucial role in our daily life in the way that we need time
management in all our activities in life. We must consider priorities by
allocating time and space in various stages of life's progression, as well as
quantifying actions that will help us judge situations. It is an essential skill
that we should learn for us to communicate and even to do business.

3. How can literacy and numeracy improve the learner's academic

performance?

Literacy and numeracy are the main foundations that students need to
have for them to have a broader understanding of the issues and problems
that the school is implementing as well as how to interact in particular
areas of the curriculum related to academic. They will no longer be
hesitant to work on problems and issues because they will be able to
unravel instances. 

4. In the absence of digital technologies and printed materials, what do you

think are the strategies you can use to promote literacy and numeracy?

Teachers may utilize hard objects, such as stones and sticks, to promote
numeracy and cut letters from recycled materials and other used materials
to visualize words.
Reflection

Complete the following:

 1. I realized that literacy and numeracy are the main foundations for us
individuals to survive life because they enable us to communicate and
understand situations across diversity. It also made us wiser and cleverer at
handling situational dilemmas that can affect us as well as the people that
surround us.

2. I believe that literacy and numeracy have a profound impact on our daily lives.
Having these abilities gives us more opportunities in job applications, decent
employment, and chances to build our own business that may lift us from
poverty and difficulties.

3. I feel that learning numeracy and literacy must be taught at early ages for
learners to become well-equipped individuals having no difficulties in
communicating as well as giving them chances to solve problems without
hesitation.

4. When I become a teacher, I will make sure that I can effectively teach my
students' numeracy and literacy abilities since they are looking at me as their
role model to admire. Therefore, I will be more observant and wiser if I have
skills that can assist me throughout the learning process.

LESSON 5 Strategies for Developing Critical and Creative Thinking as

well
as Higher-Order Thinking Skills

Observation
 A. Ask the cooperating teacher to show his or her lesson plan to you. Review

the objectives of each lesson in the lesson plans. Provide examples of

educational objectives based on the following HOTS:

Construct solutions of word problems involving the sum of

arithmetic sequence through following the steps of arithmetic

1. Creating
sequence.

Evaluate the problems involving the sum of arithmetic sequence

through the given formula of arithmetic sequence.

2. Evaluating

Distinguish problems involving the sum of arithmetic sequence

through following the steps of arithmetic sequence.

3. Analyzing

B. Indicate whether the following HOTS strategies are applied during your class

observation by checking the appropriate box. Write your remarks in the last

column.

HOTS Strategies Observed Not Remarks

Observed
1. Teaches the concepts of 

HOTS

2. Promotes the use of HOTS 

when communicating

3. Encourages question and 

answer during discussion

4. Uses visuals and graphic

organizers to connect

concepts

5. Uses problem-solving to 

foster critical thinking

6. Promotes collaborative

learning to generate new 

ideas

7. Encourages students to 

elaborate their answers

8. Promotes inquiry-based 

learning to validate ideas

9. Uses educational 

objectives that foster HOTS

10. Uses assessment that 

promotes HOTS
Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have

observed in class.

1. In what part of the instructional plan can teachers apply HOTS?

The teacher may apply HOTS first and foremost to the objective by answering
the question “what and how” for students to be guided in a discussion that
enables them to think critically as well as deeply understand the flows and
organization of the subject matter.

2. How can HOTS improve the students' learning?

Higher-order thinking skills enable students to understand issues and

dilemmas in a certain subject matter more efficiently since they are well-
equipped students capable of justifying conflicts that prompt them to
participate and express their insights about the problem.

3. How important is creative and critical thinking in the 21st century workplace?

An institution's progress depends on how the staff and employees apply their
expertise. Employees have a sense of creativity and critical thinking, which
allows them to solve complex problems and serve as an organizational
weapon that leads to progress. 

4. What are the things that teachers need to improve on to enrich the students'

HOTS?

The teacher must think critically and creatively about how to develop their own
critical thinking abilities. Through advanced studying and searching for
relevant sources that assist in better understanding the content of the subject
matter, so that teachers may use what they know in the teaching and learning
process.
Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that teachers need to be fully equipped in terms of thinking abilities

for them to be able to facilitate students in a manner that they know as well as
to fully transfer and develop students' higher-order thinking skills.
Knowledgeable enough teachers can push students to become good readers
and listeners, as well as responsible learners concerning all their actions.

2. I believe that students having higher-order thinking skills can manage all
situational aspects of life because they know how to think wisely and critically
as well as they are willing to undergo such an investigation just to unravel
difficulties in relation to the subject matter as well as daily life circumstances .

3. I feel that if the teacher doesn’t have higher-order thinking abilities, it can
hinder the learning of the students. That profoundly impacts the learning
progress of the students as well as causes anxiety and depression because
they don’t know how to unravel unexpected situations that may happen in
their lives.

4. When I become a teacher, I will be more focused on developing students'

higher-order thinking skills for them to be fully equipped learners that can
handle instances of life as well as think wisely and critically before taking
actions to challenges that may occur.

LESSON 6 Mother Tongue, Filipino, and English in Teaching and

Learning
Observation

A. Conduct a survey of languages used by students and teachers at home and

school.

Language/s used at home Language/s used at school

Mother tongue Mother tongue

Filipino Filipino
Students

English English

Mother tongue Mother tongue

Filipino Filipino
Teachers

English English

B. Answer the following questions:

1. Do the teachers of kindergarten and elementary students have a copy of the

teacher's guide and learning materials for mother tongue, Filipino, and

English?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

____

2. Are the teacher's guide and learning materials translated in mother tongue?
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

____

3. Are there sufficient references for the teaching of mother tongue, Filipino, and

English?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

____

4. Are teachers well-informed on and trained in the teaching of mother tongue,

Filipino, and English?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

____

5. Do the teachers speak or understand the identified regional language of

instruction?

______________________________________________________________

__

6. Do the learners speak or understand the language of instruction used by

teachers in the implementation of MTB-MLE?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

____

7. Do the learners have access to learning resources and materials?

 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

____

C. Conduct an observation of teachers in mother tongue, Filipino and English

classes. Identify the strategies used to motivate or arouse the interest of

learners in the following language literacy domains. Write your observations in

the Remarks column.

Domains Strategies Remarks

1. Oral Language Inquiry-Based Learning

2. Phonological Awareness Teacher-centered

Approach
3. Book and Print Learner-centered Approach

Knowledge

4. Alphabet Knowledge Teacher-centered

Approach
5. Phonics and Word Inquiry-Based Learning

Recognition

6. Fluency Inquiry-Based Learning

7. Spelling Learner-centered Approach

8. Writing and Composition Learner-centered Approach

9. Grammar Awareness Learner-centered Approach

and Structure
10. Vocabulary Learner-centered Approach

Development

11. Reading Comprehension Learner-centered Approach

12. Listening Inquiry-Based Learning

Comprehension

Processing

A. Based on what you have observed in class, identify the benefits of using

mother tongue, Filipino, and English as MOIs.

1. Mother tongue

The mother tongue language helps children communicate with their peers and
may answer questions confidently in the same language. They develop their
self-esteem as they portray themselves through their means of
communication as well as by expressing their thoughts and opinions.
2. Filipino

Using the Filipino language in education enables students to stay connected

despite the diverse languages here in the Philippines wherein it serves as our
national language, as well as helps students to understand the content of the
subject matter and is the least burdensome for teachers to approach their
students.
3. English

Using the English language in education plays an important role for students
since it is our second language. It strengthens their language foundation,
which enables them to compete globally. It enriches their confidence to
communicate with foreign people as part of their future career.
 B. Based on what you have observed in class, identify the strategies to improve

the teacher's ability to help students understand mother tongue, Filipino, and

English.

The teacher utilizes multilingual teaching strategies in establishing their

lesson for students to fully practice prior knowledge through explicit
instructions as well as in activities like prompting students to use English, their
mother tongue, and Filipino languages in their reporting or oral recitation
because, by doing so, they really appreciate and learn to communicate with
others and unravel language barriers.
C. Explain how mother tongue can enrich cultural awareness of both teachers

and students.

The teaching and learning process is a crucial part for both teachers and
students since it needs the interaction of both parties concerning diverse
cultures, religions, attitudes, and practices to consider. For teachers to have
awareness and fully address the needs of students considering their beliefs is
for both to benefit from one another and for students to connect with the
lesson based on their culture.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that utilizing my mother tongue, Filipino, and English language in

education is a crucial responsibility for teachers since it aids students in their
learning. It serves as their foundation as they go through the process of
learning that may expand their horizons for both national and global
languages.
2. I believe that using the mother tongue language in education enables
students to have a deeper learning about their original dialect, which may help
them adapt to Filipino and English as their second languages concerning their
culture and apply it efficiently in the learning process.

3. I feel that it is important to have a step-by-step progression in terms of using

languages, using the native languages of students to have a better
 understanding of both the students and teachers. It also helps students retain
information and will use it as their steppingstone to develop their proficiency in
Filipino as our national language and English, which enables us to
communicate with foreign people as it serves as our universal language.

4. When I become a teacher, I will utilize students' home language for me to

create productive communication as well through the learning process. It also
serves as my way of giving instructions in a step-by-step adaptation of new
languages, as it will serve as their foundation in education as well as future
opportunities

LESSON 7 Classroom Communication Strategies

Observation

A. Identify the verbal and nonverbal forms of communication used by teachers

and students in the classroom.

Verbal Nonverbal Remarks


Teachers

Students

 B. Check (✔) the box that corresponds to what you have observed in class.

Write your remarks in the last column.

Communication Strategies for Observed Not Remarks

Teachers Observed
Communicates with a friendly tone 

Thinks before speaking to avoid 

utterance of irrelevant words

Speaks clearly and articulately 

delivers the message he or she is
trying to convey

Speaks with confidence 

Demonstrates ability to produce 

intelligent and fluent discourse

Demonstrates skills in written 

communication

Demonstrates proficiency in oral 

communication

Manifests positive attitude towards 

students

Other comments and observations:

The teacher shows expertise in establishing the lesson as well as empathy for
students who struggle with acquiring knowledge and some time to give direct
reinforcement as well as recognition for the outcomes.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have

observed in class.

1. How important are the verbal and non-verbal forms of communication to the
teachers?
The verbal and non-verbal forms of communication of the teachers have a
huge impact on the teaching and learning process as well as creating
classroom management. It supports effective transfer of learning and
successful retention, as well as maximizing and addressing the needs of
students throughout the process.

2. How do verbal and non-verbal forms of communication affect the students'

learning?
Verbal and non-verbal forms of communication affect students’ learning in a
way that can help them to follow instruction and observe proper behavior as
well as broaden their language communication skills, especially during
classroom interaction. 

3. What forms of communication do the teachers and the students need to

improve on?
Verbal communication, specifically in giving instruction in the English
language, most of the students can’t easily retain and understand its extent.
There is a need to have deeper verbal communication for them to understand.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that teachers and students comprehensively know and familiarize
themselves with verbal and non-verbal communication so that there are gaps
and chances of comprehending actions without words, even
misunderstanding the intended extent, and they probably have better ways of
establishing the subject matter.
2. I believe that teachers must be aware of the importance of establishing verbal
and nonverbal communication in the teaching and learning process so that
they can be guided on how to approach students based on their
comprehension and actions, especially since most students today have more
fun expressing their thoughts and opinions verbally, as well as how to stop
their unnecessary actions through gestures.

3. I feel that both verbal and non-verbal communication play an important role
for teachers to have their own ways of portraying the purpose of the topic as
well as to give encouragement to students to express their opinions and
actions in situations as it helps to hone their abilities.

4. When I become a teacher, I will ensure that I am fluent in both verbal and
nonverbal communication because we are raising students and are
responsible for their outcomes. We must be aware and observant in our
portrayal of communication because it may affect the mental and emotional
aspects of life.
CHAPTER II
The Learning
Environment
LESSON 1 Learner Safety and Security

Observation
Check (✔) the box that corresponds to the learning environment of the class
you have observed.

The learning environment... Yes No Remarks

1. is clean and orderly 

2. has policies that ensure the 

safety and security of students

3. has space where students can  Space for hallways only.

play

4. displays work of students 

5. allows students to freely 

express their thoughts and
ideas

6. gives students an opportunity 

to take part in the formulation
of classroom rules and policies

7. has teachers who are calm 

and respectful

8. encourages students to 
explore and learn on their own

9. gives students opportunities to 

correct mistakes

10. encourages students to 

resolve conflicts peacefully
Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have
observed in class.

1. What features of the learning environment have significantly contributed to the

students' learning?

A sense of security wherein it ensures safety and peace is what helps

students feel like they can go through the process of learning without fear and
threat of violence. The safety measures will create a happy environment that
fosters better learning and encourages students to have creative learning.  

2. In your opinion, how can the school's learning environment be improved?

Provides strong implementation of school's rules for students to be

responsible and aware of possible consequences that occur if they violate the
rules, as well as builds their confidence, as they feel safe in a place where
they exist, which increases students’ attention and focus.

3. How does Maslow's theory explain the importance of security and safety in

ensuring that learning will take place?

Assuring safety and security are basic human needs for productively
functioning in life roles. Before we can move on to the next stage of our lives,
we must first feel safe and secure, and students must be eager to learn and
motivated to experience effective learning.  

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that
Safety and security in a classroom setting promote students’ eagerness to
learn and build self-esteem to express their thoughts and opinions about
situations without any hesitation, fear, or threat of violence. It also gives
students motivation to empower their knowledge and skills.
 2. I believe that
Implementation of safety and security rules creates a successful environment
for both students and teachers in the school. It will maintain the orderly and
quality of the school by imposing disciplinary actions that make students
behave on the school campus.
3. I feel that
The absence of a safe and secure environment in the school can lead to
violence. It may cause distraction and fear for students and may affect their
knowledge acquisition since they are not comfortable in a place wherein, they
experience nuisance and other unnecessary scenarios that may affect their
emotions and stop them from being curious about their learning.
4. When I become a teacher, I will
Ensure that the implementation of a secure and safe environment is
recognized and practiced, as it is beneficial for both students and teachers, as
well as for students to serve as stepping stones as responsible individuals as
they progress through life beyond their expectations.  

LESSON 2 Fair Learning Environment

Observation

Check (✔) the box that corresponds to your class observation and answer the
succeeding questions.

Yes No
The teacher provides students opportunities to make mistakes. 

The teacher knows the students well. 

The teacher provides a wide range of options from which 

students can choose from in order to engage in an activity.
 The students are allowed to engage in a variety of experiences to 
learn a new concept or skill.

The students are encouraged to express themselves. 

The teacher extends the lesson so that all students benefit from 
it.

The teacher utilizes various ways of determining how students 

learn.

1. What can you say about the learning environment?

They had an overcrowded classroom that experienced low learning in a sense

that some students would not give their full attention to the teacher, as most of
the students were reluctant and hyper-expressive without knowing their full
limitations.
2. How can the teacher further promote a fair learning environment?
The teacher must have empathy for all students and tell them that they
deserve to learn. It demonstrates collaboration and allows students to engage
and reflect on their performance as well as to foster connections to create
positive mindsets to make them feel a part of belonging.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have
observed in class.

1. What could have contributed to the presence or absence of a fair learning

environment?
While the absence of a fair learning environment can empower students to
engage in effective learning that may prompt them to push their limits, the
absence of fair learning can trigger belongingness in students that can affect
their motivation to learn and explore themselves.
2. How does a fair learning environment affect the way children learn?
A fair learning environment affects students’ learning in a way that it can
motivate them to learn how to interact, guided by teachers who make them
 feel more confident. On the contrary, the absence of it can cause
ineffectiveness of learning wherein students feel that they do not belong or
are involved in the place where they exist. 

Reflection
Complete the following:

1. I realized that
Fair learning environments have a crucial impact on students. It may give
them a clear vision of how to be just and fair towards the people that surround
them and may affect their attitudes towards interacting with people since they
experienced unnecessary rejection that made them feel uncomfortable.
2. I believe that
A fair learning environment promotes a sense of respect within the classroom
as well as it is one way to promote peer interaction, knowing the strengths
and weaknesses of the students that need to be addressed. It also builds a
positive relationship for both teacher and student that serves as a foundation
as they go through the learning process.
3. I feel that
A fair and safe learning environment fosters rapport between teachers and
students; students are responsible and able to reflect on their actions; they
feel comfortable expressing themselves and participating in classroom
activities; they develop a sense of fairness.
4. When I become a teacher, I will
I am more observant and creative enough to fully understand the impact of a
fair learning environment for me to be guided in organizing my classroom
management since fairness has a lot of factors to observe. Making sure that
we equally treat our students will make them responsible. Having trust,
respect, and encouragement may affect their future life.  
LESSON 3 Management of Classroom Structure and Activities

Observation

A. In the box below, draw the room layout of the class you have observed.

B. Interview the cooperating teacher. Ask the following questions:

1. What can you say about the physical structure of your classroom?
The physical structure of the classroom is inadequate and insufficient for the
60+ students, resulting in unnecessary transitions and students struggling to
participate in collaborative activities because they are overburdened.  
2. What were the things that you considered when you arranged the classroom?

The teacher utilizes comfortable space for students to think and reflect even
though they are over-crowded. The teacher finds his way to make his
 students comfortable enough throughout the learning process by involving
them in setting up the classroom that will develop their sense of community
empowerment.
3. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of this kind of

physical setup?

The advantage of proper classroom management is that it makes learning

more successful as well as it decreases unacceptable destruction of students
and increases a sense of responsibility that may translate to better
performance.

Processing

Based on what you have observed in class and the teacher's responses on

the interview, answer the following questions:

1. Do you think that the classroom structure is consistent with the teacher's

objectives? Why? Why not?

Yes, because the teacher consistently focuses on classroom management

that assists students to stay on task as well as building rapport with students,
which will also be helpful for teachers to make the students feel good and
have respect to follow.
2. How does the classroom setup affect the students' performance and learning?

Classroom setup affects the students’ performance and learning in a sense

that if the study space is clear, the students will be able to be more focused
and motivated, as well as it maximizes peer interactions and smooth
transitions.
3. If you were the teacher, what kind of classroom structure would you adopt to

maximize the students' learning?

Structuring the physical space for me, to reduce unnecessary destruction and
increase pleasant interactions between teachers and students, that enhance
their academic skills as well as their sense of socialization,
Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that

Management of classroom structure is also one of the factors that can

motivate students in learning. In a sense, if they feel comfortable with the
environment, it is easier for them to acquire knowledge that will address their
needs as well as promote positive connections that prevent disruptive
behaviors.
2. I believe that
Management of classroom structure can also influence students’ outlooks on
life. They will be able to apply and use it as a foundation for their future career
in life as well as nurture their own families.
3. I feel that
Without proper management, classroom structure can hinder connections as
well as communication between the teachers and students in the learning
process. It also has a negative impact that may cause social behavior
problems.
4. When I become a teacher, I will
Manage classroom management by allowing students to help establish an
appropriate setting that feels comfortable and well-defined, as well as the
implementation of guidelines so that everyone is aware of what is acceptable
behavior and the consequences if misbehavior occurs.  

LESSON 4 Support for Learner Participation

Observation
Check (✔) the box that corresponds to what you have observed in class.

Yes No

1. The teacher tells the students of his or her expectations after 

every activity.
2. The teacher recognizes the effort made by the students who 
participate.

3. The classroom is arranged in a way that the students can see 

and communicate with each other.

4. The teacher moves around the room as he or she discusses 

the lesson.

5. The teacher makes use of various teaching strategies to elicit 

the students' participation.

6. The students are given the opportunity to discuss their 

thoughts, ideas, and opinions with the whole class or some
classmates.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have

observed in class.

1. How does the teacher encourage the students to participate actively in class?

Recognizing students’ achievements can build encouragement to fully

participate in the class as well as give direct reinforcement to assess prior
knowledge for them to actively participate in activities that increase their
sense of belongingness and social skills.
2. What do you think is the best classroom setup to encourage the students to

engage in the activity?

The best classroom setup to encourage the students to engage in the activity
is to begin the lesson by fostering a welcome environment that can ignite
students' interest in being participative and developing interaction skills
through socialization.
3. What strategies should the teacher use to make the students participate in

class?
 Implementing inquiry-based teaching can encourage students to participate in
class by prompting them to ask or even answer questions about the subject
matter, which will definitely develop their critical thinking as they progress
beyond the process. 

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that

Supporting learners' participation plays an important role in students' learning

progress since it serves as their foundation in fulfilling their needs as well as
develops self-confidence in terms of communication and socialization.
2. I believe that

Supporting learners’ participation promotes students' social and emotional

development, which enhances students’ academic skills and competencies,
as well as encourages them to engage in active learning and keeps them
focused. 
3. I feel that

Supporting learners’ participation can impact their behavior as well as their

emotional aspects. Giving them direct reinforcement can make them feel
important and valued, as can giving them recognition for their actions, which
can encourage and motivate them. 
4. When I become a teacher, I will

Focus more on giving equal opportunity to students, making them feel no one
is left behind, so they will grow as responsible individuals towards others.
Reminding them to help their classmates who are in need and letting them
know that they have the freedom to express their opinions as long as it never
hurts people.

LESSON 5 Promotion of Purposive Learning

Observation
Determine if the environment supports purposive learning by checking (✔) the

box that corresponds to what you have observed in class.

Yes No

1. The learning environment promotes respect by giving the 

students opportunities to listen to each other.

2. The students are provided with avenues to observe and 

practice a skill.

3. All experiences are considered learning experiences. 

4. The students are given opportunities to collaborate with each 

other.

5. The teacher uses other strategies aside from lecture to help 

the students understand the lesson.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have

observed in class.

1. Does the teacher support purposive learning? If yes, how? If no, how can the
teacher support purposive learning?
Yes, through a learner-centered approach, which allows students to
collaborate with their peers in a way of sharing knowledge and assuming
responsibility for their own learning. Let students interact with their peers for
them to know how to communicate and listen to others' perspectives and
develop their critical thinking.
2. How else can purposive learning be promoted in the classroom?
 Promoting positive communication and peer instruction by allowing them to
take charge of their learning. Provide scaffolding that aids them in unfolding
tasks as well as cooperative learning groups to have brainstorming to
complete tasks. 

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that

Purposive learning is important for students' learning because it develops

knowledge and skills that motivate students to be productively responsible for
their own learning, as well as effective communication that is willing to listen
to and understand subject matter content. 
2. I believe that

Purposive learning can build students' self-esteem and allow them to have the
ability to extend their capability to learn. develops a willingness to be active
participants in the process through interaction, not only to answer questions
but to seek clarification.
3. I feel that

Promoting purposive learning in the classroom setting can help teachers how
to approach diverse students in a way that we will be guided based on their
actions and ways of responding to the lesson as well as their level of
adaption.
4. When I become a teacher, I will

Promote purposeful learning for students to be able to have a solid foundation

as they go through the process of growing. For them to feel that they had
opportunities and chances to take risks as responsible learners. They build
their critical thinking skills on how to consider others' perspectives with
balance.
 LESSON 6 Management of Learner Behavior

Observation

Preliminary Activity

Observe the teacher. Check the item that best describes the learning environment.

Yes No Remarks

1. Does the teacher expect the students to 

respond according to how the lesson was
taught?

2. Does the teacher provide the students with 

opportunities to engage in activities of their
choice?

3. Does the teacher provide immediate 

feedback like praises or grades?

4. Is the classroom environment arranged so 

that the students can easily collaborate?

5. Is the classroom environment arranged so 

that the students can freely explore their
interests?

6. Does the teacher provide the students with 

opportunities to succeed?

7. Does the teacher immediately correct the 

mistakes made by the students?

8. Does the teacher guide the students to 

discover their own mistakes?
9. Does the teacher allow the students to 
commit mistakes until they are able to
correct these errors on their own?

10. Is the student-teacher relationship cordial? 

11. Can the students freely express their 

thoughts and ideas in class?

12. Does the teacher listen to the students' 

ideas?

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions.

1. What kind of classroom management does the teacher practice? Why?

An authoritative approach wherein there is a teacher-student warmth

relationship in a way of implementing behavioral rules, classroom policies,
and consequences for unacceptable uncertainties that students may commit.
2. Do you think that the management style that the teacher is using in class

contributes to the students' learning? Why? Why not?

Yes, because they probably develop self-awareness and self-mindedness in

taking actions as well as their responsibilities to have limitations to their
actions. It also teaches them how to respect others as well as classroom
rules.
3. If you were the teacher, what management style would best maximize

students' learning?

I choose an authoritative approach to maximize students’ learning in a way

that has a warm relationship as an essential aspect of an effective teaching-
learning process and to sustain the order of the classroom considering the
effectiveness of the interplay of academic and social dimensions.
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following:

1. I realized that

Instructors’ authoritative approach can definitely build students’

empowerment, which will likely increase students’ perception as they can
regulate their behavior and learn how to adjust to appropriately regulate
themselves. 

2. I believe that

Managing learners’ behavior is a crucial role of teachers in a way that draws

on parenting style, imparting control and nurturance. Thus, in a classroom
setting, they have opportunities to internalize rules and comply with them on
their own initiative, which develops empowerment.
3. I feel that

Nurturing learners’ behavior reflects the teachers’ personality. Therefore,

students must perceive positive instructional practices so that they enhance
their empowerment and competence dimensions associated with responsible
response.
4. When I become a teacher, I will

Stick to the rules that guide students to interact and interplay inside the
classroom. Building warm relationships shows empathy for them to have the
perception to follow rules for an effective classroom setting as well as to make
them more responsible and aware of the possible consequences of the rule’s
infringement.