8

Biotechnology
Quarter 1
Module 1: Week 1
Cell Structures
and Function

Prepared by:
Dinah R. Tabo
Teacher II

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 1

PART I: Introduction

For the facilitator:

This module has lesson about Cell Structures and its function Learners will have
to answer the pre-test, self- test and post-test on a separate sheet.

For the learner:

To learn most from this module, here are some tips that you have to remember.
1. Before proceeding to the lessons, don’t forget to take the pre-test. Your score in the
test will give you an idea how much time you need to devote to each lesson.
2. Read the instructions and bear in mind precautionary measures.
3. Make sure that the needed materials are already prepared before doing any of the
activities.
4. Always answer the Self-Test and compare your answers to the key to correction.
5. For you to know how much you have learned from the module, answer the post-
test!

Time to Explore

PART II: Competency (MELC )

Discuss the main parts and organelles of the cell (plant, animal, bacteria)

PART III: DURATION – Quarter I-Week I and II

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you to
understand about cell. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1- Cell Structures

 Lesson 2- Cell Membrane
 Lesson 3 -Cell Nucleus and Organelles

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 2

PART IV: OBJECTIVE

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma (cell) membrane

 Describe the nucleus and its function

 Identify the structure and function of cytoplasmic organelles

PART V: CONTENTS

Key question for this module

 Does all living things are made up of cell?
 Do plants and animal cell differ from each other?
 Which structures regulates what enters and leave the cell?
 Which organelle does serve as the control center of the cell?

Related Misconception:
 Cells are within the human body, but do not make up the body.
 Cell continues to grow as the organism matures.

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 3

 What’s Up? (PRE-TEST)

1. What controls most of the cell’s functions and contains the

hereditary information?
a. Mitochondria b. Nucleus c. Nucleolus d. Golgi Bodies

2. Which organelle in a plant cell produces food?

a. Cytoplasm b. Chloroplast c. Cellulose d. Vacuole

3. What organelle would be found in a plant cell, but not an animal cell?
a. Cell membrane b. Chloroplast c. Ribosome d. Vacuole

4. Which two organelles provide energy and release it to the cell?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus b. Ribosomes and vacuoles
c. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
d. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

5. Eukaryotes usually have

 a. organelles  b. genetic material  c. cell membrane  d. all of the above
 
6. Prokaryotes usually do not have
 a. cytoplasm   b. genetic material  c. cell membrane  d. Organelles
7. Which structures are found in all types of living cell?
a. cell membrane and cell wall b. Cell wall and ribosome
c. ribosome and cell membrane d. None of the above
8. Which organelle is only found in plant cell?
a. nucleus b. Mitochondrion c. Chloroplast d. Cytoplasm
9. Which of the following is the function of plasma membrane?
a. controlling the cell b. Entry and exit of materials
c. storage of water d. Storage of food
10. What is produced by ribosome?
a. fats b. Sugar c. protein d. Lipids
11. Which of the following structures can be part of bacterial, fungal and plant cells,
but is not present in animal cells?
a. cell membrane b. Cell wall c. DNA d. Nucleus
12. What two parts of the cell are different between an animal cell and a plant cell?
a. cell wall and nucleus b. nucleus and cell membrane
c. cell wall and chloroplast d. mitochondrion and chloroplast
13. Which cell structure stores food, nutrients, and waste?
a. vacuole b. cell membrane c. vacuum d. cell body
14. What cell part produces food in the plant cell?
a. cell wall b. Nucleus c. Chloroplast d. cell membrane

15. The part of the plant cell known as the "brain" of the cell is the
a. cell wall b. nucleus c. cytoplasm d. Golgi body

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 4

 LET’S BEGIN

Lesson
Cell Structures
1

A cell is the smallest structure in all living organism

 All living structures in the human body are made of cells.
 There are hundreds of different types of cells in the human body, which vary in
shape (e.g. round, flat, long and thin, short and thick) and size (e.g. small
granule cells of the cerebellum in the brain (4 micrometers), up to the huge
oocytes (eggs) produced in the female reproductive organs (100 micrometers)
and function.
 However, all cells have three main parts, the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
 The plasma membrane (often called the cell membrane) is a thin flexible
barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the environment outside the
cell and regulates what can pass in and out of the cell.
 Internally, the cell is divided into the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
The cytoplasm (cyto- = cell; -plasm = “something molded”) is where most
functions of the cell are carried out.
 It looks a bit-like mixed fruit jelly, where the watery jelly is called the cytosol;
and the different fruits in it are called organelles.
 The cytosol also contains many molecules and ions involved in cell functions.
Different organelles also perform different cell functions and many are also
separated from the cytosol by membranes.
 The largest organelle, the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a
nuclear envelope (membrane). It contains the DNA (genes) that code for
proteins necessary for the cell to function.

Figure : 3- D representation
of a simple human cell. The
top half of the cell volume was
removed. Number 1 shows
the nucleus, numbers 3 to 13 show different organelles immersed in the cytosol, and
number 14 on the surface of the cell shows the plasma membrane
Lesson The Cell Plasma Membrane

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 5

 2

Plasma Membrane

 The plasma (cell) membrane separates the inner environment of a cell from the
extracellular fluid.
 It is composed of a fluid phospholipid bilayer (two layers of phospholipids) and
other molecules.
 Not many substances can cross the phospholipid bilayer, so it serves to
separate the inside of the cell from the extracellular fluid.
 Other molecules found in the membrane include cholesterol, proteins,
glycolipids and glycoproteins.
 Cholesterol, a type of lipid, makes the membrane a little stronger. Different
proteins found either crossing the bilayer (integral proteins) or on its surface
(peripheral proteins) have many important functions.
 Channel and transporter (carrier) proteins regulate the movement of specific
molecules and ions in and out of cells.
 Receptor proteins in the membrane initiate changes in cell activity by binding
and responding to chemical signals, such as hormones (like a lock and key).
Other proteins include those that act as structural anchors to bind neighboring
cells and enzymes.
 Glycoproteins and glycolipids in the membrane act as identification markers or
labels on the extracellular surface of the membrane.
 Thus, the plasma membrane has many functions and works as both a gateway
and a selective barrier.

Lesson
The Cell Nucleus and Organelles
3

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 6

  Almost all human cells contain a nucleus where DNA, the genetic
material that ultimately controls all cell processes, is found.

 The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle, and the only one visible
using a light microscope.
 Much like the cytoplasm of a cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, the
nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that separates the
contents of the nucleus from the contents of the cytoplasm. 
 Nuclear pores in the envelope are small holes that control which ions
and molecules (for example, proteins and RNA) can move in and out the
nucleus.
 In addition to DNA, the nucleus contains many nuclear proteins.
Together DNA and these proteins are called chromatin.
 A region inside the nucleus called the nucleolus is related to the
production of RNA molecules needed to transmit and express the
information coded in DNA.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm

 An organelle is any structure inside a cell that carries out a metabolic function.
 The cytoplasm contains many different organelles, each with a specialized
function. (The nucleus discussed above is the largest cellular organelle but is
not considered part of the cytoplasm).
 Many organelles are cellular compartments separated from the cytosol by one
or more membranes very similar in structure to the cell membrane, while others
such as centrioles and free ribosomes do not have a membrane

Organelles

Mitochondrion- important in ATP production (cellular energy production).

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- participates in protein synthesis (ribosome in its

membrane synthesize proteins.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Synthesizes lipids, and store calcium in muscle
cell.
Ribosome- synthesize proteins
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi complex- Participates in protein modification and packaging
into small membrane bound vesicles.

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 7

 Vesicles- are small round membrane enclosed structure
Transport Vesicles- move substance between compartments inside cell
Secretory Vesicles- join with cell membranes to release content, such as
mucus
Peroxisomes- contain enzymes that catabolize (break down) fatty acids and some
chemical toxins.
Lysosomes- contain digestive enzymes
Cytoskeleton- provides an internal scaffolding of the cell.
Microtubule-made of tubulin
Microfilament- made of actin
Intermediate fibers-made of keratin.
Centrioles- organize DNA movement during cell division.

Figure Typical example
of a cell containing the
primary organelles and
internal structures.

DID YOU KNOW THAT?

There are two types of cell according to its number unicellular organism or
one celled organism like the bacterias and multicellular or organisms with many
cells such as the plant and animals. There are also cells that are called Eukaryotes
or the nucleus is bound in a membrane, while a Prokaryotes nucleus is not
bound in a nuclear membrane. There are many similarities between plant and
animal cells, as well as three key differences. ... Unlike animal cells, plant
cells have cell walls and organelles called chloroplasts. Plant cells also have a large
central vacuole, while animal cells either have small vacuoles or none.

Post Test

1. What controls most of the cell’s functions and contains the hereditary information?

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 8

 a. Mitochondria b. Nucleus c. Nucleolus d. Golgi Bodies

2. Which organelle in a plant cell produces food?

a. Cytoplasm b. Chloroplast c. Cellulose d. Vacuole

3. What organelle would be found in a plant cell, but not an animal cell?
a. Cell membrane b. Chloroplast c. Ribosome d. Vacuole

4. Which two organelles provide energy and release it to the cell?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus b. Ribosomes and vacuoles
c. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
d. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

5. Eukaryotes usually have

 a. organelles  b. genetic material  c. cell membrane  d. all of the above
 
6. Prokaryotes usually do not have
 a. cytoplasm   b. genetic material  c. cell membrane  d. Organell

7. Which structures are found in all types of living cell?

a. cell membrane and cell wall b. Cell wall and ribosome

c. ribosome and cell membrane d. None of the above

8. Which organelle is only found in plant cell?

a. nucleus b. Mitochondrion c. Chloroplast d. Cytoplasm

9. Which of the following is the function of plasma membrane?

a. controlling the cell b. Entry and exit of materials
c. storage of water d. Storage of food

10. What is produced by ribosome?

a. fats b. Sugar c protein d. Lipids
11. Which of the following structures can be part of bacterial, fungal and plant cells,
but is not present in animal cells?
a. cell membrane b. Cell wall c. DNA d. Nucleus
12. What two parts of the cell are different between an animal cell and a plant cell?
a. cell wall and nucleus b. nucleus and cell membrane
c. cell wall and chloroplast d. mitochondrion and chloroplast
13. Which cell structure stores food, nutrients, and waste?
a. vacuole b. cell membrane c. vacuum d. cell body
14. What cell part produces food in the plant cell?
a. cell wall b. Nucleus c. Chloroplast d. cell membrane

15. The part of the plant cell known as the "brain" of the cell is the
a. cell wall. b. nucleus. c. cytoplasm. d. Golgi body

Enrichment 1

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 9

 How Does A Plant Cell Relate To Your School?

Directions: In the space provided below describe the function of each cell organelle
and then state what person in your school serves a similar function in your school.

Function within the Plant Who at your school has a similar

Plant Organelle
cell job?
 The plasma membrane of
plant cells is surrounded by
the cell wall and provides
tensile strength and  The cell wall is like the walls of a
Cell Wall
protection against school.
mechanical and osmotic
stress. 

 A cell wall is attached to the

plasma membrane on its
external surface in bacterial
Plasma (Cell) and plant cells. The plasma A Plasma membrane is like a school
Membrane membrane consists of a security guard.
semi-permeable bilayer of
lipids.

 It stores the hereditary

material of the cell, or DNA,
and coordinates the
activities of the cell, which
Nucleus include intermediate  The nucleus is like a principal.
metabolism, development,
protein synthesis, and (cell
division) reproduction.

 The cytoplasm serves as a

shield and protects the cell's
genetic material and even
the cellular organelles from
Cytoplasm  Cytoplasm is like a classroom.
damage caused by other
cells' movement and
collision.

Golgi Apparatus  While several cell types  The golgi apparatus is like a school
contain only one or many secretary.
Golgi devices, hundreds can
be found in plant cells. The
Golgi apparatus is
responsible for delivering,
modifying, and packing the
Paraphrase button to
targeted destinations
proteins and lipids into

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 10

 vesicles for delivery.

 The "powerhouses" of the

cell are mitochondria, which
break down fuel molecules
and absorb cellular
respiration energy. They're
Mitochondrion  Mitochondrion is like a cafeteria.
responsible for absorbing
light energy in
photosynthesis to produce
sugars.

 A cell organelle is a
ribosome. It acts as a
protein-making micro-
 Ribosomes are like students because
machine. Ribosomes are
Ribosomes they take instruction from the
made up of proteins and
principal.
nucleic acids that are
unique.

The cytoskeleton, except for

the nucleus, is a network of
filaments and tubules that
Cytoskeleton spreads within a cell,  The guidance counsellors.
through the cytoplasm,
which is all the material
within a cell.

In energy-rich molecules,
organelles called
chloroplasts enable plants to
absorb the Sun's energy; cell
walls allow plants to have Chloroplast is like the textbook in
Choloroplast rigid structures as varied as school.
wood trunks and flexible
leaves; and vacuoles allow
plant cells to adjust their
size.

Enrichment 2

If I Were A Cell

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 11

  
1. Choose a organelle from
the cell. Pretend you are this
organelle for the remaining ____________________
questions.
Organelle Name
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________
2. What's your job?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

3. How others of you are _________________________________________________

there in your cell?
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

4. Do have any co-workers

_________________________________________________
who's job and appearance is
different from you?
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

5. When food gets taken into _________________________________________________

the cell, what do you do?
_________________________________________________

Enrichment 3
Make a Venn diagram showing the similarities and difference between Plant and
animal cell organelles.

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 12

 PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

Cell wall Choloroplast Lysosomes centrioles

One large vacuole rectangular Small vacuoles

Needs the sun for energy rounded

Needs food for energy

ORGANELLES BOTH PLANT AND

ANIMAL CELL

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Golgi Aparatus

Nucleus

Nucleolus

SELF TEST

Cell Matching Quiz

Directions: Place the letter that correct identifies the organelle in the space to
the left.

E. 1. Area that stores and J. 2. Bubble-like storage vessel.

packages chemicals. F. 3. Control center of the cell.

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 13

 I. 4. Stores chlorophyll; used in
photosynthesis. d. rough endoplasmic
reticulum
K. 5. Releases energy from
nutrients. e. golgi bodies
C. 6. Internal transport system
f. nucleus
with ribosome attached.
B. 7. Jelly-like materials g. nucleolus
between the nucleus and cell
h. cell wall
membrane
M. 8. Only found in animal cells; i. chloroplast
used during cell division.
j. vacuoles
A. 9. Membrane surrounding
nucleus and organelles. k. mitochondria
D. 10. Internal transport system
without ribosomes attached. l. ribosome

H. 11. Located within nucleus.

m. centrioles
G. 12. Stiff outer covering of a
plant cell.
L. 13. Site of protein synthesis.

a. cell (plasma) membrane

b. cytoplasm

c. smooth endoplasmic SUMMARY / RECAP

reticulum
A cell is the smallest structure in all living organism
 All living structures in the human body are made of cells.
 There are hundreds of different types of cells in the human body, which vary in
shape (e.g. round, flat, long and thin, short and thick) and size (e.g. small
granule cells of the cerebellum in the brain (4 micrometers), up to the huge
oocytes (eggs) produced in the female reproductive organs (100 micrometers)
and function.
 However, all cells have three main parts, the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 14

  The plasma membrane (often called the cell membrane) is a thin flexible
barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the environment outside the
cell and regulates what can pass in and out of the cell.
There are two types of cell according to its number unicellular organism or
one celled organism like the bacterias and multicellular or organisms with
many cells such as the plant and animals. There are also cells that are called
Eukaryotes or the nucleus is bound in a membrane, while a Prokaryotes
nucleus is not bound in a nuclear membrane.

References

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00zz7gU2z9xg8sq-
LEafI3vVOEZjw:1591348975914&source=univ&tbm=isch&q=venn+diagram+of+plant+and+anim
al+cell&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit4LDzrOrpAhUBH3AKHW-
ABcwQsAR6BAgKEAE&biw=1242&bih=597#imgrc=K4jOWQIUYdqHHM

https://www.ck12.org/book/human-biology-lives-of-cells/section/3.1/

https://www.quia.com/jg/173659list.html

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-parts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwAJ8ByQH2U

https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/answerno/cells/5.html

https://www.easyteacherworksheets.com/pages/pdf/science/answerno/cells/16.html

Module 1/Week 1&2 by: Mrs. Dinah R. Tabo Page 15