“Time-Study Schedule and Academic Performance of Accountancy, Business and

Management (ABM) Students of Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation- Science and

Technology Education Center”

A Thesis Proposal
Submitted to the Faculty of
Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation –
Science and Technology Education Center
Banaba, Guinsay, Danao City, Cebu

In Partial Fulfillment for the

Academic Requirements for
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
(Quantitative/Qualitative Research)

ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT (ABM)

NIÑA MAE ALMADEN

RASEL CASAS
IVY CASONA
RIKKA FAITH LAO
HEART MUÑOZ
LORENZRAL AMISTOSO
XAVIER LAO

May 2022
i.
 Republic of The Philippines
Department of Education
REGION V11- CENTRAL VISAYAS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF DANAO CITY

RAMON M. DURANO SR. FOUNDATION- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION CENTER

BANABA, GUINSAY, DANAO CITY

APPROVAL SHEET
This Research entitled “Time-Study Schedule and Academic Performance of
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Students of Ramon M. Durano Sr.
Foundation- Science and Technology Education Center” prepared and submitted by Niña Mae
Almaden, Rasel Casas, Ivy Casona, Rikka Faith Lao, Heart M. Muñoz, Lorenzral Amistoso and
Xavier Niño Lao in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Inquiries, Investigations and
Immersion (Quantitative/Qualitative Research) has been examined and hereby recommended
for approval and acceptance.
Mrs. Nenianeth J.
Barriga
(Research Adviser)

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _______.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
_______________
Chairman
_______________ _______________
(Member) (Member)

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS AND

IMMERSION (QUANTITATIVE/QUALITATIVE RESEARCH).

Maribeth B. Noya
(School Principal)
ii.
 ABSTRACT

Academic performance has always been a priority and an objective of the students as well as to

the parents. As the demand for such excellency in academics is on the roll, students are pressured

to do their best just to prove and meet the expectations of their teachers, family and peers. In

relation to that, the researchers thought of a study to help lessen the burden that the students feel

and shoulder just to improve their academic performance. This study was initiated to help the

students in assessing the right amount of time needed to have an effective result in their studies.

The researchers gathered the data from the 50 respondents of grade 12 ABM students in RMDSF-

STEC. The data was obtained through conducting a survey questionnaire containing a summative

test type questionnaire. Experimental design was utilized as the research design which aims to

investigate the connection and effectiveness of time-study schedule to academic performance.

Random sampling technique was employed in determining the respondents that will be answering

the questionnaires. The data was interpreted with the use of Microsoft Excel and t-test. After

analyzing, it was discovered that there is a significant difference with the academic performance

of control and experimental group. Furthermore, it was also proven that assigning a time-study

schedule scheme has an impact and a positive effect on the academic performance of the students.

iii.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their warmest thanks to the Heavenly God for giving

them the enlightenment, knowledge, skills, abilities and opportunity to embark on this research

study and complete it effectively. A big thanks also to the researchers’ parents, family and friends

for giving them incomparable support, encouragement and words of affirmation that made them

pursue and persevere this study until the end. We would not be able to go through and overcome

all the hardships without all of them.

We would also like to express our thanks to our research respondents of Ramon M. Durano

Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center for participating even if they are also

confronted with their own schoolwork.

Lastly, the researchers want to wholeheartedly convey their message of appreciation to

their research adviser, Mrs. Nenianeth Barriga for giving us suggestions, for correcting us so we

could be better and for guiding us from the beginning of our research journey up to its

completion. We would not be able to do this without you.

iv.
 DEDICATION

This research study was the outcome of sleepless nights, utmost dedication, patience,

passion and time. Through the researchers’ unbent efforts, this work is wholeheartedly poured to

the people who serve as inspiration and aspiration. This is dedicated to our beloved parents,

Christabel and Alix Almaden, Jenlie Casona, Jinky and Genesis Lao, Roselyn and Randy Casas,

Lolita and Radin Amistoso, Maria and Jose Lao, and Genevieve Medalle who have been a

constant source of moral support. To our teachers, especially our research adviser, Mrs.

Nenianeth Barriga who has given us the drive and discipline to undertake this study. Our school,

RMDSF-STEC and friends who have been our source of serotonin boost , enthusiast and energy.

Without their undying love and support, this research study would not have been made possible

nor completed.
 v.

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Conceptual Framework 4
Table 2: Research Respondents Distribution 16
Table 3: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Age 20
Table 4: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Gender 21
Table 5: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Monthly Income 22
of the Household
Table 6: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Distance 23
of School from Home
Table 7: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Availability of Internet 25
Table 8: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Availability of Gadgets 26
Table 9: The Academic Performance of Control Group 27
Table 10: The Academic Performance of Experimental Group 28
Table 11: Significant Difference of Control and Experimental Group 29
Table 12: Significant Difference of Control and Experimental Group (1) 30
Table 13: Time-Study Schedule 36

LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure 1: RMDSF-STEC Map 15
Figure 2: Sample Microsoft Excel’s Descriptive Statistics 19
 vi.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
1
Theoretical Background
3
Conceptual Background
4
THE PROBLEM
Statement of The Problem
5
Statement of The Hypothesis 6
Scopes and Delimitation 6
Significance of the Study 7
DEFINITION OF TERMS 8

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature and Articles 9

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Design
14
Environment
14
Respondents
16
Instruments 16
Procedure
17
Statistical Treatment of Data
19
 IV. PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
20
V. SUMMARY,FINDINGS,CONCLUSIONS,AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary and Findings
31
Conclusions
32
Recommendations
32
BIBLIOGRAPHY
33
APPENDICES
A. Time-study Schedule
36
B. Questionnaires
38
C. Permission Letter
42
CURRICULUM VITAE
43
DOCUMENTATION
50
 1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

In today’s era in a modernized world, the demands and standards of the global society

for excellence in academics are exponentially increasing. Almost every school, academic

achievement is the top priority not just to students but also to the teachers and faculties.

In overcoming this huge pressure, young minds need to utilize certain skills and ways

that would make them adapt and keep up with the bombarding expectations set on them.

While it is commonly known that grades are the chief parameter in measuring one’s

academic performance, several studies have indicated that some factors including study

time also influences a student’s academic achievement. It is not a knowledge concealed

to people that sufficient time invested in something somehow increases their efficiency

and effectiveness of performance. However, no lone factor can be taken in solitude in

presaging one’s excellence as there are other physical, personal and environmental

factors that contribute to his/her academic performance. In a study conducted by Nonis

and Hudson (2005) using personal variables, it was described that self-reported time per

credit hour spent on academic activities explains a significant share of the distinction in

the semestral grade point average (GPA) for senior students. In addition, Brookshire and

Palocsay (2005) also investigated the achievement of undergraduate students in public

management and science courses, and it was noted that overall academic achievement as

calculated by one’s GPA has a significantly greater impact on achievement as measured

by their study time scores. While time might be the same for everyone but it is perceived
 2

distinctly on a personal basis. Filipino learners often engage in time management systems

as they believe that it not only boosts their proficiency in academic outputs but it also

improves their management skills as well. It is without a doubt, agreeable that students

can learn more and better if they put utmost effort and time, however, our mental grasp

on the means on how study time behavior impact one’s performance is not enough—this

drives the researchers to conduct a study on whether short or long investment time spent

in different learning areas of concern directly influences their primeness in academic

performance. This study delves into the extent to which study time behavior could

resolve achievement problems crawling on the ABM students of RDMSF-STEC.

Furthermore, if properly done, this may also help in reducing the procrastination levels of

students.
 3

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is anchored on theories of time spent in studying such as the Palm-Beach

Study-Tine Learning Theory that was postulated by Professor Palm Beach in the year

1864. It states that, “The more a student consumes time while studying, the more

accurately his/her retention of the materials studied and the less his/her anxiety towards

the test of examination.” This theory provides a basis for the impact of study time on a

student’s learning outcomes. The theory elucidates that study time is a useful tool for

predicting and controlling learning outcome behaviors. It can be taken into context

towards the research study since it accentuates the value of time in a student’s academic

performance. This further implies that students’ progress depends on the time they spend

studying.

Watson (2013) suggested a theory to explain the behaviors and actions of people.

Behaviorism expresses that a learner begins as a ‘clean slate’ which will then act on a

corresponding stimulus. Because of this, it was then believed that all behaviors are

caused by certain stimulus. This theory can be a guide in this study by relating certain

behaviors to the time allocated in studying and the stimulus that is acting upon it is the

academic performance which is usually represented by grades. In this case, summative

tests that will be provided by the researchers are the means to express the level of

academic performance of the students.

 4

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

•The academic performance •Creating of questionnaires. •Interpreting the data.

represented by the
•Actual Administering of •Conclusion.
summative test scores of the
questionnaires.
grade 12 RMDSF-STEC •Recommendation.
Students. •Encoding and Analyzing of
Data.
•The study time behavior of
grade 12 ABM students.

Table 1: Conceptual Framework

As we can see, the inputs for the study would be the academic performance of grade

12 ABM Students of RMDSF-STEC which is represented by the summative test scores

and the study time behavior shown by the said students. As for the process, it consists of

the creation of questionnaires, actual administration of those questionnaires and the

encoding and analyzing of the data gathered. For the output, it would be composed of the

interpretation of the obtained data, drawing of conclusions and providing of

recommendations.
 5

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study will investigate the effect of time-study schedule on the academic

performance of grade 12 ABM Students of Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science

and Technology Education Center (RMDSF-STEC) for the S.Y 2021-2022 in which

academic performance is expressed through summative test scores, in particular in this

paper.

Specifically, this research aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Monthly Income of The Household

1.4 Distance of School from Home

1.5 Availability of Internet

1.6 Availability of Gadgets

2. What is the academic performance of the control group who are not exposed to

time-study schedule?

3. What is the academic performance of the experimental group who are intervened

and are exposed to time-study schedule?

4. Is there any significant difference between the academic performance of the

control and experimental group?

5. Based on the results, what intervention or plan of action can be made?

 6

STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS

HO1. There is no significant difference between the academic performance of the

control and experimental group.

SCOPES AND DELIMITATION

The general intent of this study is to know whether time-study schedule has an

effect on the academic performance of the students. This study will mainly focus on

one factor affecting one’s academic performance which is the study time. The socio-

economic profiles of the respondents such as their age, gender, monthly income of

their family, distance of their homes to school, the availability of their internet as well

as the availability of their gadgets are also being considered in this study. The

variables used in this research are the dependent and independent variables where

academic performance is the dependent variable while the time-study schedule serves

as the independent variable. Moreover, the respondents will be divided into two: the

experimental and control group in which the data would be coming from.

Furthermore, the data will be gathered through conducting questionnaires which will

be held in online platforms and utilizing google meet since the time-study schedule

prepared by the researchers must be thoroughly incorporated. The obtained data will

then be computed, analyzed and summarized. However, this study limits its coverage

on the 12th grade ABM Students only of Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science

and Technology Education Center. Lastly, the estimated duration of the conduct of

study is said to be 30 minutes.

 7

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is initiated to know the effectiveness and impact of allocating study time to

one’s academic performance. If handled properly, this research would be useful to the

following:

The researchers, who also happened to take up the strand/ area of study being

covered would benefit from this study because they would be able to scrutinize the

amount of time that must be allocated in studying the different subjects under modular

learning modality.

Students in general, especially ABM Students, would benefit from this study since

this will help them in determining whether utilizing their time on studying would have a

positive effect on their performance in school. In addition, this would help them to come

up with suitable study habits that will boost their academic performance.

Incoming ABM Students as well would also benefit from the study since it will give
them heads up on what to prepare and how much time is needed to be spent out in order
for them to manage their studies efficiently.

Aspiring honor students can also benefit from this through using the results of this
research as a basis on how to properly manage their academic performance with the help
of appropriate allotment of study time.
 8

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Study time. The amount of time assigned for one’s private study in order to gain knowledge.

Academic Performance. The outcome of invested efforts of students as measured by

their grades on each subject and/or GPA.
Academic Achievement. The performance outcomes that indicate the extent to which a
person has accomplished specific goals that were the focus of instructional environments,
specifically school, college and university.
Time-study Schedule. It is an organized schedule that is set by the researchers outlining
study times and learning goals whose main purpose is to intervene in the experimental
group.
Experimental Group. It is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being
tested. In this case, experimental group are the respondents that are exposed to the time-
study schedule.
Control Group. It is a group that is used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship by
isolating the effect of an independent variable. In this case, the control group are the
respondents that are not given the intervention nor being exposed to a time-study
schedule.
Socio-demographic Profile. Socio-demographics are nothing more than characteristics
of a population. Generally, characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, education level,
income, type of client, years of experience, location, etc. are being considered as socio-
demographics and are being asked in all kinds of surveys.
 9

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This section gives an overview of previous studies between time study allotment and
academic performance. This also provides relevant and credible literature that
corroborate the proposed study.

RELATED LITERATURE AND ARTICLES

Importance of Time

Time plays an important role in our lives. Time helps us to make a good habit of

organizing and structuring our daily activities. Activities, when performed on time, will

be fruitful, and the results will be great. If we better understand the value of time, then it

can help us gain experience and develop our skills over time. The best proverb associated

with time is, “Time and tide wait for none.” Indeed, just like the tide even time does not

wait for anyone. Time is very precious partly for the reason that we are only allowed a

certain amount of time in our lives, and so we need to make sure that we use it effectively

and to the fullest. (iaspaper.net)

Moreover, time is the only thing that never returns once you have spent it doing any

work. Once you have expended time, there’s no turning back because it always flow in a
 10

forward direction, which means that time is beyond our reach for it is irreversible. Most

of us know that time can never be brought back, but we still use it doing unnecessary

things or doing nothing at all. Nonetheless, time is one of the most valuable things we

have and it should be used wisely. The bad thing is that time flies but the good thing that

remains is that we are the pilot of it. (www.aplustopper.com)

Time as Perceived by Different Group of People

Not only is time perceived differently among individuals, it is also perceived

differently among cultures. For Americans, they view time as a material. “Time is

money.” They have this materialistic approach to achievements and time. As for the

perspective of Russian, time is elastic for them. A Russian proverb says, “Seven people

do not wait for one.” They do not consider being late as a rude one and their deadlines are

flexible. (studocu.com)

Western culture tends to view time as linear, with a definite beginning and end. Time

is viewed as limited in supply, so Western people structure their lives by milestones and

deadlines. (hbr.org)
 11

Unlike the Western time orientation that accentuates the objectiveness, absoluteness,

and fixation of time, the Chinese traditional cultural time orientation conceives time to be

subjective, relative and flexible. (web.uri.edu)

 12

Relevance of Time Management

The majority of students nowadays brawl with managing their time effectively tending

to a drop in their productivity levels along with a heightened rise in stress. Time

management is an art that not only initiates students towards discipline but also optimizes

their overall growth. For Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, and Phillips (1990), the most

significant aspect of time management is “perceived control of time”—in their research

study, they discovered that students who perceived that they were in control of their own

time reported a significantly greater work-life balance; a lower sense of work overload;

and less tension than their peers.

Time management for students is of utmost importance to balance their studies with

other daily essential tasks. Here are few reasons why time management is of utmost

importance to students: it increases your productivity—assigning a fixed time for all the

tasks to be done in a day lets you plan your day in advance and enables you to do more

tasks in less time; it keeps your work organized—the best way of time management is to

create and follow a fixed timetable for each day which gives you clear idea of the

different tasks to do, allows you to switch with easier to difficult tasks, and mark what

tasks are already done, thus, making your daily tasks organized; it helps in stress

reduction—not completing your studies, assignments and projects can cause you to be

stressed and worn out, effective time management can help you in lessening this mental

pressure which will also boost your confidence and energy levels. (leverageedu.com)
 13

Significance of Academic Performance and Achievement

The significance of academic performance is not only present to the students but also

to the universities and educators as it is an indicator of the success of their education

process. Academic performance is the product of students’ efforts in examinations.

Through academic performance, one will be able to tell the intensity of the effort exerted,

how well the tasks are done, the progress and the overall development of a student in the

school environment.

According to Janelle Regier, academic success is important because it is strongly

linked to the positive outcomes that we value. Academic achievement is essential for the

successful development of young people in society. Students who do well in school are

better able to make a smooth transition into adulthood and to achieve occupational and

economic success.

In addition, academic achievement is important in its own right as a marker of positive

adjustment during adolescence but also because academic achievement sets the stage for

future educational and occupational opportunities. The most serious consequence of a

school failure is the high risk of unemployment or underemployment in adulthood that

follows. High achievement can set the stage for college or future vocational training and

opportunities. (courses.lumenlearning.com)
 14

Impact of Study Time Investment on Academic Performance and Academic

Achievement

Following the conventional wisdom, time spent in studying is expected to be greatly

related to academic performance. Several studies have shown that factors such as study

time and motivation have impacted on students’ success. (Cate & Levine, 2000) (Singth,

Granville & Dika, 2002). In a study conducted by Grave (2010) entitled, “The Effect of

Student Time Allocation on Academic Achievement”, the results suggest that time

devoted to courses is positively associated with educational achievement especially for

females. Spending time on self-study and on other study-related activities is also

positively correlated with grades for almost all students. Other researchers such as

Owolabi (1996) and Adeyemo (2005) justified that students’ academic excellence was

the aftermath of the combination of study time behavior and other factors across any

course of study. It is believed that students who lack effective and efficient means of

studying would be building on a shaking foundation and consequently have a weak

foundation.

According to a recent study conducted by Siew Foen Ng, Razini Zakaria, See May Lai

and Gary J. Confessore (2016), it was reported that the findings have shown a positive

and significant correlation between time spent in studying and academic achievement. It

is important to note that positive correlations were found only for academic achievement

and studying alone as well as studying with friends, however, negative correlation was

discovered between academic achievements and studying with family members.

 15

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research study used experimental research design that is a scientific approach

which involves gathering of quantitative data and conducting statistical analysis for the

research purpose. In this design, a set of variables are kept constant while the other set of

variables are being manipulated. Experimental design was used because it would help the

researchers to have a closer and clearer approach in conducting the study and would help

them make sure that the time-study plan is being employed properly. This design was

suitable because the goal was to examine a cause-effect relationship, specifically, the

cause and effect association of time-study schedule and academic performance.

Research Environment

This study was conducted through limited face-to-face administration of

questionnaires. Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education

Center was chosen for the conduct of study since the researchers are official students

from the mentioned school. It is one of the top rate place listed as campus building which

is situated in Banaba, Guinsay, Danao City Cebu. It was established on June 01, 2003.

This school is divided into 4 departments which are: the pre-school, elementary, junior

high school and senior high school department. With the decision of choosing RMDSF-

STEC—SHS Department wherein the researchers are attending to, the researchers will be

provided with convenience and chance to help and give back to their alma mater.
 16

Figure 1. RMDSF-STEC Map

 17

Research Respondents

The respondents of this research study will be 50 grade 12 ABM Students of RMDSF-

STEC. A random sampling method will be employed in identifying the respondents that

will be taking the questionnaires. The 50 respondents will then be divided into two which

would result in 25 participants for the experimental group and 25 participants for the

control group.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS DISTRIBUTION

GRADE 12 ABM GRADE 12 ABM

STUDENTS STUDENTS
TOTAL RESPONDENTS

(Experimental Group) (Control Group)

25 25 50

Table 2: Research Respondents Distribution

Research Instrument

A set of standardized questionnaires was used as the instrument in gathering the

necessary data. The first part of the questionnaire was most likely designed to know the

socio-demographic profiles of the respondents. The second part of the questionnaire was

a summative test type for Business Finance subject containing 10 items with multiple

choices.
 18

Research Procedure

1. Asking for Permission to the School Principal

A letter of permission will be submitted to the research coach and will be approved

by the school head of RMDSF-STEC to ask for consent upon the conduct of research

study among the grade 12 ABM Students.

2. Conceptualizing the Survey Questionnaires

The researchers prepared a set of questionnaires that targets the variables namely, time-

study schedule and academic performance of the students in order to gather raw data that

will be needed to support the study.

3. Validity and Reliability of Questionnaires

The second part of the conceptualized questionnaire was the summative test type that was

derived from Oxford University Press’ Self-test Questionnaire on Business and Finance

— Oxford University Press is the biggest university press in the world, producing in 70

languages and 190 countries. After all the questionnaires were made, it was submitted to

the research adviser for further corrections.

4. Administering of Survey Questionnaires

The researchers of the research study will provide the survey questionnaire to the selected

random respondents through online distribution and administration. The students will be

answering a set of questions and are free to ask the researchers for clarifications and
 19

queries regarding the study. The researchers together with the respondents will do a

google meet so that the researchers can properly monitor the respondents and the time-

study schedule will be followed properly. After all the anticipated participants have

answered the questionnaires, the digital answer sheets will then be checked and encoded

by the researchers. However, the names, personal information and the test results of the

respondents will remain anonymous to the public.

 20

Statistical Treatment of Data

The obtained data will be analyzed using computer information technology

specifically, Microsoft Excel. Excel offers a wide range of statistical functions you can

use to calculate a single value or an array of values in your Excel worksheets. The

gathered data will be converted into descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics are used

to describe or summarize the characteristics of a sample or data set, such as a variable’s

mean, standard deviation, or frequency. Descriptive statistics enables us to present the

data in a more meaningful way, which allows simpler interpretation of the data.
 21

Figure 2. Sample Microsoft Excel’s Descriptive Statistics

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This section shows the findings of the study as well as the discussions and

interpretations regarding the implications of the findings.

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 1 .1

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Age

Variables Frequency Percentage

15-16 0 0%

17-18 47 94 %

19-20 3 6%

21 or more 0 0%

Total 50 100 %
 22

Table 3: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Age

In the category of age, it can be seen that most of the respondents accumulating 94

% who were involved in the study are between 17-18 years old, while 6 % of the

respondents are in the age bracket of 19-20 years old. It can also be depicted that there

are no respondents ages between 15-16 and 21 or more.

This age profile is relevant as it manifests the current age demographics for the

Filipino Senior High School Student of the Philippines according to World Education

News+ Reviews (WENR). SHS consists of two years of specialized upper secondary

education (grades 11 and 12, ages 16 to 18).

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 1. 2

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Gender

Variables Frequency Percentage

Female 32 64 %

Male 15 30 %

Prefer not to say 3 6%

Total 50 100 %

Table 4: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Gender

 23

Table 4 reveals that 64 % of the respondents are female while 30 % are composed

of male respondents. There are also 6 % of the respondents who did not specify as to

what their gender might be due to a lot of factors including being somehow offended,

awkward or uncomfortable to state and for privacy purposes. This table also mirrors the

current gender distribution of The Philippines population.

According to Data Reportal, the total population of the Philippines was 111. 8

million in January 2022. 49.8% of these are identified as female while 50.2% are male.

According to Our World In Data, The ratio between the number of males and females in

a society is referred to as the gender ratio. This ratio is not stable but instead shaped by

biological, social, technological, cultural, and economic forces. The sex-ratio or gender

ratio at birth is not equal: in every country births are male-biased. There are biological

reasons why there are slightly more boys born every year than girls. The ‘natural’ sex-

ratio at birth is around 105 boys per 100 girls.

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 1.3

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Monthly Income of the

Household

Variables Frequency Percentage

Below P10 000 8 16 %

P10 000- P20 000 19 38 %

 24

P20 000- P30 000 13 26 %

P30 000 or more 10 20 %

Total 50 100 %

Table 5: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Monthly Income of the Household

Table 5 shows that 38% of the respondents’ monthly income of their respective

households falls between P10 000-P20 000 while 26% is in the monthly income bracket

of P20 000-P30 000. There are also an absolute 20% of the respondents whose family’s

income generates about P30 000 or more compared to 16 % of the respondents whose

household’s monthly income is below P10 000. This distribution serves as the reflection

of the average household monthly income distribution of the Philippines.

According to the Philippines Statistics Authority, average family income is

estimated at P22 000 monthly (results from Family Income and Expenditure Survey). The

survey results showed that the average annual family income of Filipino families was

approximately P267 000.

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 1.4

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

 25

Distance of School from

Home

Variables Frequency Percentage

Below 5 km 20 40 %

5 km-10 km 19 38 %

10 km or more 11 22 %

Total 50 100 %

Table 6. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Distance of School from Home

In the distance category, 40% of the respondents’ distance of school from their

homes is below 5 kilometers, 38% of the respondents answered 5 kilometers to 10

kilometers while 22% of the respondents’ distance of school from home is 10 kilometers

or more. This is important as this distribution serves as the representative of the current

distance demographics of Filipino Students’ Homes to their respective schools.

It can be seen that a lot of respondents choose RMDSF-STEC as a school to study

despite its large distance gap to their homes (e.g. 5-10 km, 10 km or more).

According to collegevine.com, the reasons why some students prefer schools far from

home includes: they can make their own decisions and be accountable for themselves,

possibility of being exposed to new cultures and lifestyles, and a chance to broaden your

horizon.
 26

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 1.5

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Availability of Internet

Variables Frequency Percentage

Mobile Data 7 14 %

WiFi 16 32 %

Both Mobile Data and WiFi 27 54 %

No Mobile Data nor WiFi 0 0%

Total 50 100 %
 27

Table 7: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Availability of Internet

Table 6 shows that 54 % of the respondents use both mobile data and WiFi for

internet surfing while 32% possess WiFi connection. Another 14% of respondents were

revealed to have mobile data while surfing the internet. This implies that most students

heavily rely on the internet in relation to their school activities. According to a study

conducted by Rahman (2020), it was discovered that the majority of the respondents

(59.33%) who are students use the internet for both academic and non-academic

purposes. It indicates that the Internet has a great impact on the lives of students. Most of

the respondents (64.66%) agree that the usage of the Internet increases academic

performances/CGPA.

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 1.6

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Availability of Gadgets

Variables Frequency Percentage

Smartphone 50 100 %

Tablet 8 16 %

iPad 5 10 %

Laptop 28 56 %
 28

Personal Computer 5 10 %

Table 8: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Availability of Gadgets

It is worth noting that the availability of gadgets section can have 1 or more

answers, therefore, the table varied differently from the past tables. Table 7 reveals that

100% of the respondents or the 50 total number of respondents themselves own a

smartphone. About 56% of the respondents possess laptops, 16% of the respondents

possess a tablet while 10% of them own an iPad. Another 10% of respondents are

perceived to have a personal computer. This implies the over dependency of students in

using electronic gadgets for different purposes—be it for academic intent or personal

reasons. According to New Launches (newlaunches.com), gadgets help to fulfill merely

every academic assignment and very fast. Students receive instant access to information

sources that help to complete their tasks. Such speed and productivity greatly motivate

them. Students become active participants in the learning process and can improve all

kinds of learning skills.

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 2

THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTROL GROUP WHO ARE

NOT EXPOSED TO TIME-STUDY SCHEDULE

Variables N Mean Standard Variance

Deviation

Control Group 25 3.4 1.55 2.40

 29

Table 9: The Academic Performance of Control Group

Table 9 shows the academic performance of the control group expressed in

descriptive statistics. The N or the total number of respondents is 25 together with its

mean which is 3.4. This just means that the average score of respondents who do not

intervene with the time-study schedule is 3.4 out of 10. The standard deviation which

tells us how dispersed or how spread out the data is in relation to the mean of the said

group is 1.55. It is a low standard deviation which means that the data are clustered

around the mean and are in fact, more reliable. Lastly, the variance of the control group

which tells us how far the data are spread out is 2.40.

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 3

THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP WHO

ARE EXPOSED TO TIME-STUDY SCHEDULE

Variables N Mean Standard Variance

Deviation
 30

Experimental 25 9.16 0.49 0.24

Group

Table 10: The Academic Performance of Experimental Group

Table 10 shows the academic performance of the experimental group expressed in

descriptive statistics. The N or total number of respondents is 25 alongside its mean

which is 9.16. This just means that the average score of respondents who followed the

time-study schedule is 9.16 out of 10. The standard deviation which signifies how spread

out a set of values is in relation to the mean is 0.49. A 0.49 SD is considered as low

standard deviation which is narrowly spread around the mean and further implies that it is

reliable. Lastly, the variance which explains the distance of each data set relative to its

mean is 0.24. A 0.24 variance value indicates that the data points tend to be very close to

the mean, and to each other.

SPECIFIC PROBLEM NO. 4

THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

Variables N Mean Standard Variance

Deviation
 31

Control Group 25 3.4 1.55 2.40

Experimental
25 9.16 0.49 0.24
Group

Difference 5.76 1.06 2.16

Table 11: Significant Difference of Control and Experimental Group

Table 11 reveals the significant difference of control group and experimental group

in terms of academic performance. Both control and experimental group has 25

respondents each for a fair distribution of samples. The mean of control group who are

not affected with time-study schedule is 3.4 while experimental is 9.16 which is very

close to the perfect score, 10. Their mean difference is 5.76 that indicates a huge gap. The

standard deviation of control group is 1.55 while experimental has 0.49. A lesser standard

deviation value is the more reliable one according to the principles of statistics. As for the

variance, control group grabbed a 2.40 value while experimental has 0.24 value. Based

on the presented data, it can be deduced that the group which is exposed to time-study

schedule clearly has an advantage over those who are not intervened with time-study

schedule.

CRITICAL T-
N MEAN T-STATISTICS
TEST

Control Group 25 3.4 17.7165 ±2.0106

 32

Experimental
25 9.16
Group

Table 12: Significant Difference of Control and Experimental Group(1)

Table 12 reveals that t-statistics= 17. 7165 is not in the 95% region of acceptance:

(-2.0106 : 2.0106). This means that the null hypothesis, there is no significant difference

between the academic performance of the control and experimental group, is

REJECTED. Therefore, we can deduce that there is a significant difference between the

control group and experimental group in terms of their academic performance.

Chapter 5
 33

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This section contains the summary of findings. Based on the results, conclusions

were formed and recommendations were formulated.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between time-study schedule and

academic performance of the students. One of its intent is to also know if there is a

significant difference between the academic performance of the respondents who are

exposed to time-study schedule and those who are not. An experimental design was

utilized to determine the effects of time-study schedule to a student’s academic

performance. The respondents who were chosen as the subjects of the study were the 12 th

grade ABM Students of Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology

Education Center during the school year, 2021-2022. The results depicted in the

presentation, data analysis and interpretation implies that:

1. There is a significant difference between the academic performance represented

by the summative test scores of the control group and experimental group. This is

supported by an infogram stating that there is a positive correlation between the

number of hours a student spends studying (following a time-study schedule) with

the grade the student earns on exams (academic performance). The more time a

student spends studying, the higher you would expect the student’s grade to be.

(infogram.com)

Conclusions
 34

Based on the findings and results, the researchers arrive with a conclusion that

employing a time-study schedule has positive effects to the student’s academic

performance. This is supported by the Palm-Beach Study-Time Learning Theory which

states that academic achievement is a function of the time spent on a task needed to

complete the task. The students progress or not progress depending on the time they

allocate in studying. This further suggests that the more a learner engage in a specific

time-study schedule or plan, the more the chances for her to excel or ace the test or exam.

Recommendations

After considering some factors and putting the conclusion as the core in drawing

out suggestions, the researchers came up with some recommendations:

1. Plan and employ a time-study schedule to improve one’s academic

performance.

2. Encourage parents to have an active participation in ensuring that time-study

schedule is being done and followed at home by their children.

3. The number of hours spent on studying must be inlined with a student’s study

habits.

4. Conduct further research regarding the mutualistic relationship of time-study

schedule and academic performance in a larger sample size, free from time-

restrictions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 35

Websites:

https://via.library.depaul.edu/buspubs/63/

https://saskschoolboards.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/2011SIAST.pdf

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/adolescent/chapter/academic-achievement/

https://www.iaspaper.net/importance-of-time/

https://www.aplustopper.com/speech-on-value-of-time/

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-cebu/bs-accountancy/

https://hbr.org/2016/05/different-culture-sees-deadlines-differently

https://leverageedu.com/blog/time-management-for-students/

https://wenr.wes.org/2018/03/education-in-the-philippines

https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-philippines

https://ourworldindata.org/gender-ratio

https://psa.gov.ph/survey-annual-poverty-indicator

https://blog.collegevine.com

https://www.newlaunches.com/archives/

Research papers:
 36

Macan, Shahani, Dipboye and Phillips (1990). College Students’ Time

Management:

Correlation with Academic Performance and Stress. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760

Brookshire and Palocsay (2005). Factors Contributing to the Success of

Undergraduate

Business Students in Management Courses. Retrieved from

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1063538

Nonis and Hudson (2005). Academic Performance of College Students: Influence

of Time

Spent Studying and Working. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254344820

Mengyu Li (2008). The Unique Values of Chinese Traditional Cultural Time

Orientation:

In Comparison with Western Cultural Time Orientation. Retrieved from

https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/07-Mengyu-Li.pdf

Grave (2010). The effect of student time allocation on academic achievement.

Retrieved

From https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2011.585794
 37

Siew Foen Ng, Razini Zakaria, See May Lai and Gary J. Confessore (2016). The

Relationship Between Smartphone Use and Academic Performance: A Case of

Students

In a Malaysian Tertiary Institution. Retrieved from

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1156718.pdf

Impact of Using the Internet on Students: A Sociological Analysis at

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University,

Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Retrieved from

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=105715

APPENDIX A
 38

Time-study Schedule

Since face-to-face class is limited, there is no time in administering the questionnaires

personally, thus, an online survey questionnaire and google meet will be employed.

On the data gathering allotment, the summative test will first be given to the control

group and they have 15 minutes to answer while the experimental group will be given a

reviewer materials provided by the researchers and they will be given 15 minutes to

review and study. While they are scanning the reviewer, they will also join a google meet

with a provided link from the researchers to properly observe and be assured that the

time-study schedule went as planned. After the 15-minute mark, the researcher will

collect the answers from the control group and at the same time, the researchers will be

handing out the same questionnaire given to the control group earlier to the experimental

group and the time intended for answering is 10 minutes only. After the time limit is up,

the researcher will once again collect the answers of the experimental group.

Here is a simpler plan on the time-study schedule:

15 minutes The control group will answer the

questionnaire. At the same time, the

experimental group will review and study the

review materials given to them

10 minutes The researchers will be collecting the answer

 39

sheets of control group while they will

distribute the same questionnaire to the

experimental group. The experimental group

will have to answer it in 10 minutes.

Table 13: Time-Study Schedule

APPENDIX B
 40

Standardized Questionnaire for “Time-Study Schedule and Academic Performance

of Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Students of Ramon M. Durano

Sr. Foundation- Science and Technology Education Center”

Part 1. Profiling. Put a check mark on every item that applies.

1.1 Age

•15-16

•17-18

•19-20

•21 and more.

1.2 Gender

•Female

•Male

•Prefer not to say

1.3 Monthly Income of The Household

•Below P10 000.

•P10 000-20 000.

•P20 000-P30 000

•P30 000 and more.

 41

1.4 Distance of School from Home

•Below 5 km.

•5 km-10 km.

•10 km and more.

1.5 Availability of Internet

•We use mobile data for internet surfing.

•We have WiFi connection for internet surfing.

•We use mobile data and WiFi connection for internet surfing.

•We don’t have mobile data nor WiFi.

1.6 Availability of Gadgets (You can have 1 or more answers here.)

•Smartphone

•Tablet

•iPad

•Laptop

•Personal Computer

Part II. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Financial theory’s great deal is based on the concept of free markets and in

particular, based on the theory of?

 42

a. Perfect competition b. monopolistic competition c. monopoly d.

oligopoly

2. The following are the characteristic of wholesale market except:

a. Firms deal with other firms.

b. Lending and Borrowing is coordinated through banks.

c. Borrowing and Lending are not intermediated.

d. Very large quantities of money are at stake.

3. In the case of risk, which of the following is correct?

a. Debt is risky for investors while equity is risky for the firms.

b. Both are equally risky for the investors.

c. Both are equally risky for the firms.

d. Debt is risky for the firm while equity is risky for the investors.

4. The following would be financed from working capital except one, which is it?

a. Cash float b. Accounts Receivable

b. Credit Sales d. A new personal computer for the office

5. The following are the metric to use for measuring the length of cash cycle except:

a. Acid test days b. Accounts receivable days

b. Accounts payable days d. Inventory days

6. Which of the following statements does not make a firm more prone to financial

distress?

a. High sensitivity of the company revenues to the general level of economic

activity.

b. High proportion of fixed to variable costs.

 43

c. Physical capital assets which are relatively illiquid and difficult to market.

d. The tax shield

7. A tax shield is_______.

a. The tax shield is a benefit which accrues to companies which are able to

channel their funds through tax havens.

b. The tax shield is the benefit which accrues to firms which are located in

special enterprise areas.

c. The tax shield is the phenomenon whereby allowable expenses such as

interest and depreciation reduce taxable profit.

d. The tax shield allows initial capital expenditure to be offset against tax.

8. How does a stakeholder view a firm?

a. Stakeholders should eventually be returned their stake in the firm.

b. The firm must honor its wider social obligations as well as making money.

c. The only obligation on the firm is to maximize profit.

d. The firm exists to maximize returns.

9. Except for one, the following are a money market instrument, what is it?

a. Bonds b. Treasury Bills c. Certificates of Deposits d. Commercial

Papers

10. Which of the following does not define the qualities that a bond possesses?

a. Dividend yield b. Maturity

c. Face Value d. Coupon Payment Frequency

 44

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION V11- CENTRAL VISAYAS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF DANAO CITY

RAMON M. DURANO SR. FOUNDATION-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION CENTER

BANABA, GUINSAY, DANAO CITY

May 20, 2022

Maribeth E. Noya

School Principal, RMDSF-STEC

Banaba, Guinsay, Danao City

Maam,

We, the researchers from Grade 12- ABM Sy of Ramon M. Durano Sr.. Foundation-STEC, conducted a study entitled
“Time-Study Schedule and Academic Performance of Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Students of Ramon M.
Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center, would like to ask consent to allow us to conduct a survey among
the grade 12 ABM students of RMDSF-STEC.

Since the reign of the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 disease, there are strict protocols to be followed and some
limitiations that would not allow the researchers to conduct a face-to-face survey, thus, the researchers will gather the data through
online means such as the Google Forms which is convenient and a perfect suited tool for this situation. This study’s objective is to
find out the effects of designating time-study schedule to the academic performance of the students. This will be helpful to students as
it enlightens them on the right amount and proper utilization of study time.

We are hoping for a favorable response.Thank you and more power!

Respectfully,

NIÑA MAE S. ALMADEN RASEL CASAS IVY CASONA RIKKA LAO

Researcher Researcher Researcher Researcher

HEART MUÑOZ LORENZRAL AMISTOSO XAVIER LAO

Researcher Researcher Researcher

Contents Noted:

NENIANETH J. BARRIGA

Research Adviser

Approved

MARIBETH E. NOYA

School Principal, RMDSF-STEC

Curriculum Vitae

Niña Mae S. Almaden

Age: 18
 45

Birthdate: January 12, 2004

Father: Alix D. Almaden

Mother: Christabel S. Almaden

Address: Dunggoan, Danao City, Cebu

Contact No: 09332607964

Email: [email protected]

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School 2020-2022

Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center

Academic Track- Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Banaba Guinsay, Danao City

Junior High School 2016-2020

Guinsay National High School

Guinsay, Danao City

Elementary School 2010-2016

Dunggoan Elementary School

Dunggoan, Danao City

Curriculum Vitae

Rasel L. Casas

Age: 18
 46

Birthdate: September 18, 2003

Address: Hagnaya, Carmen Cebu

Contact No: 09751254759

Email: [email protected]

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School 2020-2022

Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center

Academic Track- Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Junior High School 2016-2020

Ubaldo Iway Memorial National High School

Cambanay, Danao City

Elementary School

Hagnaya Elementary School 2014-2016

Hagnaya, Carmen Cebu

S. Duterte Elementary School 2010-2014

Triumfo, Carmen Cebu

Curriculum Vitae

Ivy M. Casona

Age: 18
 47

Birthdate: March 08, 2004

Father: Dande R. Casona

Mother: Jenlie M. Casona

Address: Togonon, Danao City

Contact No: 09485954412

Email: [email protected]

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School 2020-2022

Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center

Academic Track-Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Banaba Guinsay, Danao City

Junior High School 2016-2020

Eduardo Gorre Memorial Integrated School

Ibo, Danao City

Elementary School 2010-2016

Fortunato Ralota Elementary School

Togonon, Danao City

Curriculum Vitae

Rikka Faith C. Lao

Age: 18
 48

Birthdate: August 19, 2003

Father: Genesis B. Lao

Mother: Jinky C. Lao

Address: Beatriz D. Durano St. Danao City

Contact No: 09323508073

Email: [email protected]

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School 2020-2022

Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center

Academic Track-Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Banaba Guinsay, Danao City

Junior High School 2016-2020

Hosanna Learning Center Inc.

Taboc Looc, Danao City

Elementary School 2010-2016

Northeastern Cebu Colleges Learning Center Inc.

P.G Almendras St. Danao City

Curriculum Vitae

Heart Muñoz
 49

Age: 18

Birthdate: February 01, 2004

Father: Lou Ryanne G. Muñoz

Mother: Genevieve P. Medalle

Address: Lang-lang, Cogon Cruz, Danao City

Email: heartmuñ[email protected]

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School 2020-2022

Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center

Academic Track-Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Banaba Guinsay, Danao City

Junior High School 2016-2020

Northeastern Cebu Colleges Learning Center Inc.

P.G Almendras St. Danao City

Elementary School 2010-2016

Danao City Central School

Ralota St. Danao City

Curriculum Vitae

Lorenzral Amistoso

Age: 18
 50

Birthdate: September 18, 2003

Father: Radin P. Amistoso

Mother: Lolita D. Amistoso

Address: Taytay, Danao City

Contact No: 09692115069

Email: [email protected]

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School 2020-2022

Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center

Academic Track-Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Junior High School 2016-2020

D.T Durano Memorial Integrated School

Upland National Road, Danao City

Elementary School 2010-2016

Taytay Integrated School

Taytay, Danao City

Curriculum Vitae

Xavier P. Lao

Age: 18

Birthdate: April 03, 2003

Father: Jose R. Lao

 51

Mother: Maria Nelia P. Lao

Address: Sitio Sambag, Guinsay Danao City

Contact No: 09533381865

Email: [email protected]

Nationality: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School 2020-2022

Ramon M. Durano Sr. Foundation-Science and Technology Education Center

Academic Track-Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Banaba, Guinsay, Danao City

Junior High School 2016-2020

Sto. Thomas College-Danao City

Bonifacio St. Danao City

Elementary School 2010-2016

Saint Anthony Child Development School Inc.

DOCUMENTATION