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Internet and Computer Networks

The document discusses the hierarchical organization of the Internet and computer networks. It begins with an overview of end users, end servers, and the physical infrastructure that connects them. It then covers the standardized protocols that allow communication across this infrastructure. It describes the layers of the 7-layer model and how responsibilities are distributed between layers, using the postal system as an analogy. It also discusses concepts like IP addressing, routing tables, TCP and UDP, and how reliable and unreliable connections are established over the network.

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Ayatakshi Roy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views

Internet and Computer Networks

The document discusses the hierarchical organization of the Internet and computer networks. It begins with an overview of end users, end servers, and the physical infrastructure that connects them. It then covers the standardized protocols that allow communication across this infrastructure. It describes the layers of the 7-layer model and how responsibilities are distributed between layers, using the postal system as an analogy. It also discusses concepts like IP addressing, routing tables, TCP and UDP, and how reliable and unreliable connections are established over the network.

Uploaded by

Ayatakshi Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internet and Computer Networks

The Internet

End-server

End-user
The Internet

Physical infrastructure
The Internet

Standardized Protocols

Physical infrastructure
The Hierarchical Organization
mobile network
national or global ISP

local or
Internet
regional ISP

home network content


provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
Distribution of responsibilities
between layers: The post-office
example
The 7-layer model
To
From
user
user

To physical
medium From physical
medium
Header and Payload
The 7-layer model

2.9
Process-to-process delivery
(Transport layer)
Process-to-process delivery using Port
Process-to-process delivery
(Transport layer Socket)
Hop-to-hop delivery (Routing
Layer)
The TCP /IP model
The TCP /IP model
Addresses
App

OS

H/W
H/W Addresses
IP Addresses
Process level addresses
IP Address format
IP Address classes
IP Address classes
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
IP Address classes
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111

Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C
address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
Private and public addresses
IP Address classes: concept of
Mask
IP Address classes

What is a loop-back address?


Net ID & Host ID
Net ID & Host ID & Subnetting
Net ID & Host ID & Subnetting
Subnetting
Note

Slash notation is also called


Classless Inter-
Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)
notation.
NAT
Routing Table
Routing Table
Adding an entry
route add 10.10.10.0 mask 255.255.255.0 10.10.29.1
It indicates that any packets to 10.10.10.0 (in class C – 255.255.255.0) network
should be forwarded to 10.10.29.1 router (gateway). But it would disappear
with shutdown.

route add –p 10.10.10.0 mask 255.255.255.0 10.10.29.1

P will make it persistent


Deleting an entry

route delete 10.10.10.0


Reliable connection oriented transport :
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Like a
telephone
call

Ex:
Browsing,
E-mail, etc.
Best Effort Transport : User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
Like Telegram

Ex: Browsing, E-mail, etc. Ex: VoIP

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