MAGNETISM

MAGNETIC POLE
❖ the part of a magnet that exerts the
strongest force on other magnets or
magnetic material, such as iron.

A bar magnet with

paper clips attracted
to the two poles.

❖ if a bar magnet is suspended so

that it rotates freely, one pole of the
magnet will always turn toward the
north, with the opposite pole facing
south.

❖ north pole The pole of the magnet that orients

northward
❖ south pole opposite pole of the magnet
2
 Laws of
magnetic and
repulsion
• Like magnetic poles repel each other
• Unlike magnetic poles attract each
other
• Closer together, greater the force
3
Earth itself is a
huge magnet

4
 What happens if you
cut a bar magnet in
half?
Do you obtain one magnet
with two south poles and one
magnet with two north poles?

all magnets have two opposite poles, from the smallest, such as subatomic particles, to
the largest, such as stars. 5
magnetic dipoles have properties that are analogous to electric dipoles.
Magnetic Materials
Diamagnetic

▪ Magnetic moment of every

atom is zero Substances which are
▪ Weakly repelled by external
magnetic field
weakly magnetized examples
when placed in an Copper, gold,
▪ When placed to a non- external magnetic Antimony,
uniform magnetic field, they field, in a direction Bismuth, Silver,
tend to move form stronger opposite to the Lead, Silicon,
to weaker part of the field applied field Mercury, Water,
▪ Relative permeability 𝜇𝑅 < 1 air, Hydrogen,
▪ No Curie point Nitrogen
▪ Solid, Liquid, gas

6
Magnetic Materials
Paramagnetic

▪ Every atom is a magnetic

dipole having a resultant
magnetic moment Substances which are
▪ They are weakly attracted
by an external magnetic
weakly magnetized examples
when placed in an Aluminum,
field external magnetic Platinum,
▪ When placed to a non- field, in a same manganese,
uniform magnetic field, they direction to the Tungsten,
tend to move form stronger applied field Oxygen, Sodium,
to weaker part of the field Calcuim
▪ Relative permeability 𝜇𝑅 > 1
▪ No Curie point
▪ Solid, Liquid, gas

7
Magnetic Materials
Ferromagnetic

▪ They do not lose magnetism

when the external magnetic Substances which are
strongly magnetized in
field is removed
▪ Strongly attracted by an external magnetic examples
field in the same Iron,
external magnetic field
direction as the external Cobalt
▪ Tent to move from weaker to field and retain its
strongest part of the field. magnetic moment even Nickel
▪ When heated above Curie after the removal of the
temperature they become external field
paramagnetic
▪ Relative permeability 𝜇𝑅 ≫ 1
▪ Curie point
▪ Only solid

8
 Microscopic
scale

Regions within the material

called domains act like small
bar magnets.

❖An unmagnetized piece of iron—or other

ferromagnetic material—has randomly
oriented domains.
❖ When magnetized by an external magnet,
the domains show greater alignment, and
some grow at the expense of others.
Individual atoms are aligned within domains;
each atom acts like a tiny bar magnet.
9
Magnetic Fields
❖ to describe how the magnetic force is
distributed in the space around and
within something magnetic

❖ empty region of space if a charge

moving through that region can
experience a force due to its motion.
Frequently, a magnetic field is detected
by its effect on a compass needle.
❖ Area around where poles experience
force of attraction and repulsion.

10
magnetic field

as a vector field
This vector field can be plotted directly as a set
of many vectors drawn on a grid. Each vector
points in the direction that a compass would
point and has length dependent on the
strength of the magnetic force.
(the strength and direction)

with the use of field lines

dispense with the grid pattern and connect the
vectors with smooth lines.

11
Magnetic Flux
❖ Lines of Force
❖ lines which go to make up a magnetic
field showing the direction and intensity
❖ direction for the magnetic flux flow is
from the North ( N ) to the South ( S )
pole
❖ these magnetic lines form closed loops
that leave at the north pole of the
magnet and enter at the south pole.
Magnetic poles are always in pairs.
❖ does not actually flow from the north to
the south pole or flow anywhere for that
matter as magnetic flux is a static region
around a magnet in which the
magnetic force exists. In other words
magnetic flux does not flow or move it is
just there and is not influenced by
gravity 12
Magnetic Flux

❖ When two north poles are approached

together, the magnetic field lines repel
each other and the two magnets
experience a repulsive force. The same
occurs if two south poles are
approached together.
❖ If opposite poles are approached
together, the magnetic field lines
become denser between the poles and
the magnets experience an attractive
force.

13
Properties of Field
lines
❖ Magnetic field lines never cross.
❖ Magnetic field lines naturally bunch
together in regions where the magnetic
field is the strongest. This means that the
density of field lines indicates the strength
of the field.
❖ Magnetic field lines don't start or stop
anywhere, they always make closed loops
and will continue inside a magnetic
material
❖ require a way to indicate the direction of
the field.
❖ Field lines can be visualized quite easily in
the real world.
14
Properties of Field
lines
❖ NEVER cross
❖ CONTINUOUS
❖ always form individual CLOSED
LOOPS around the magnet.
❖ have a definite DIRECTION from North to
South.
❖ force that are close together indicate
a STRONG magnetic field.
❖ force that are farther apart indicate
a WEAK magnetic field.

15
Magnetic Field

❖ Magnetic fields occur whenever charge is in motion. As more charge is put

in more motion, the strength of a magnetic field increases.

❖ current flow through a wire (connecting to a battery)

❖ Ampere’s Law
As we increase the current (amount of charge in motion) the field
increases proportionally. As we move further away from the wire, the
field we see drops off proportionally with the distance.

where I is the current in the wire in amperes

The SI unit for magnetic field is the tesla (T)
μ0 —read “mu-zero”—is a constant called the “permeability
of free space” and is given by

μ0=4π×10−7T⋅m/A
16
Magnetic Field
❖ right-hand-grip-rule

- coffee-mug rule or the corkscrew-rule.

- To use this rule imagine gripping your
right hand around the wire with your
thumb pointing in the direction of the
current. The fingers show the direction of
the magnetic field which wraps around
the wire.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2V0yiK4tfk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAnRTNwrFMo 17
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBoasyx8C_Y
Magnetic Field
❖ right-hand-grip-rule

- convince yourself that, inside the coil,

the magnetic field points from left to
right.

- curl your right-hand fingers around the

coil in the direction in which the current
flows.
- Your right thumb then points in the
direction of the magnetic field inside
Selenoid (coil)
the coil: left to right in this case.
Now imagine winding a wire
around a cylinder with the
cylinder then removed. 18
Magnetic Field
❖ Each loop of wire contributes to the magnetic field inside the solenoid.
Because the magnetic field lines must form closed loops, the field lines close
the loop outside the solenoid. The magnetic field lines are much denser inside
the solenoid than outside the solenoid.
❖ magnetic field strength deep inside a solenoid is

where N is the number of wire loops in the solenoid and ℓℓ is the length of the solenoid.

19
 Magnetic Force
Electron in
՜ − 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑞
𝑉
Magnetic Field
՜ − 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐵
F − magnitude of the force a charge moving through the
𝜃 − the angle between the velocity of the charge
and the magnetic field. magnetic field produced by
another object should experience
sin 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 a force
That moves parallel to the magnetic field
𝜃 = 0, sin 0 = 0
The maximum force a charge can experience is when it
moves perpendicular to the magnetic field,
𝜃 = 90, sin 90 = 1 20
Example 1
Find the direction of the force of a proton moves through a uniform magnetic field

Using right hand rule

the force on the proton is found to be directed into the page.

21
 Magnetic Force
Current in
Magnetic Field

a steady current I moving through

a straight wire
Length of wire
angle between the current If the charged move in a distance
velocity and the magnetic field l in a time t, then speed is v=l/t
vector.
Magnetic field of strength

22
Example 2
Find the direction of the force of the current moves through a uniform magnetic field

Using right hand rule

The direction of the force is determined in

the same way as for a single charge.
Curl your right fingers from the vector
for I to the vector for B, and your right
thumb will point in the direction of the
force on the wire.

the force on the proton is found to be directed into the page.

23
Example 3
A proton enters a region of constant magnetic field, as shown, The magnetic field is
coming out of the page. If the electron is moving at 3x10^6 m/s and the magnetic field
strength is 2.0 T, what is the magnitude and direction of the force on the proton?
𝑞 = 1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶

𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝐹 = (1.6𝑥10−19 𝐶)(3𝑥106 𝑚/𝑠) (2T) sin 90
𝐹 = 9.6𝑥10−13 𝑁
Direction of the force is downward

A proton enters a region of uniform magnetic field. The magnetic

field is coming out of the page—the circles with dots represent
vector arrow heads coming out of the page.

24
Example 4
Now suppose we run a wire through the uniform magnetic field from the previous
example, as shown. If the wire carries a current of 1.5 A in the y direction and the
region with magnetic field is 4.0 cm long, what is the force on the wire?

Solution:
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝐹 =(1.5 A)(0.040m)(1T)Sin 90
𝐹 = 0.12 N downward

25
26
 Determine the direction of
the force of a proton

1 2 3 Activity
A proton moves
north with a speed A current of 20 A A 15A current flows
of 2x10^6m/s. A 5T flows east through Solve for the magnitude and
though South
magnetic field is a 50cm long wire. direction of the magnetic
through a 2m wire
directed west. A magnetic field of with a magnetic field force
Determine the 4T is directed out of of 10T directed into
magnitude and the the page. What is the page what is the
direction of the magnitude magnitude of the
magnetic force and direction of force per unit length
acting on the magnetic force acting on the wire?
proton. acting on the wire?
27
ELECTRIC MOTORS,
GENERATORS, AND
TRANSFORMERS

a current-carrying wire in a magnetic

field experiences a force—recall

28
 ❖ Discovered by Michael Faraday
❖ Revealing the intimate relationship
between the observed phenomena
of magnetism and electricity.
❖ It is the production of
electromagnetic force across an
ELECTRO MAGNETIC electrical conductor in a changing
magnetic field.
INDUCTION ❖ Designed to accurately predict and
measure how a magnetic field will
interact with electric circuit to
produce an electromotive force
(EMF)
❖ EMF – converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy

29
 Electric motors
which convert electrical energy
into mechanical energy, are the
most common application of
magnetic force on current-carrying
wires. Motors consist of loops of
wire in a magnetic field. When
current is passed through the
loops, the magnetic field exerts a
torque on the loops, which rotates
a shaft. Electrical energy is
converted to mechanical work

30
Basic Part of Electric Motors

❖ Armature
-standard armature is made up of solenoid
-the more selonoid coils and the more current running
through them, the stronger the electromagnet.
-the stronger the interacting magnetic fields the more
powerful the motor.
❖ Electromagnet
❖ Stator
- The stationary part of a motor
- Magnet/row of magnets lining the edge of the motor
casing
❖ Rotor
- Usually consisting of copper wire wound into a coil
❖ Commutator
- A metal ring divided into 2 halves
- It ensures that the end of the coils do not move in opposite
directions and ensures that the axles spin in one direction.
❖ Brushes
- Send electrical current to the commutator
- Typically made of graphite 31
 How does electric motor works?

32
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWulQ1ZSE3c
 Generators
❖ A device such as this that
converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy
❖ When this coil is rotated through
one-fourth of a revolution, the
magnetic flux Φ changes from
its maximum to zero, inducing
an emf, which drives a current
through an external circuit.

33
 • Generator induce electric current when the wire moves between the poles of a magnet
• By rotating loop of wire between two poles of a magnet, electric current is created.
• This is how steam turbines, wind turbines and hydroelectric turbines convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
34
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ylgb8FFMgd4
 Transformer
❖ They do what their name implies—they
transform voltages from one value to
another; the term voltage is used
rather than emf because transformers
have internal resistance.
❖ On the left is a common laminated-
core transformer, which is widely used
in electric power transmission and
electrical appliances. On the right is a
toroidal transformer, which is smaller
than the laminated-core transformer
for the same power rating but is more
expensive to make because of the
equipment required to wind the wires
in the doughnut shape.
35
How transformer works?

36
Transformer
Manufacture to be step up and step down and these are used to increase
or decrease the voltage simply by using different number of turns within a
coil in the secondary side

Voltage increase
Current decrease

Voltage decrease
Current increase

37
 Step up Transformer
Increase the voltage and reduce the current as it
Power station need to will reduce the loses for the long transmission
transport the electricity cable
it is generated over the
city

City
Step down
Transformer
Voltage will be reduce to
make it safe and usable by
buildings and homes

38
THANK YOU

39