Personal and Impersonal Passive

I'm sure you know all about passive and passive constructions for all verb forms. But do you
know special passive forms such as personal and impersonal passive? Even if you are an
advanced learner, you may have doubts about these constructions. So, let’s try to look at this
topic one more time.

When do we use personal and impersonal passive forms?

Like most passive sentences, these passive forms are used when we want to avoid mentioning
the doer of the action. They are most commonly used in news reports.

Look at this sentence:

They say he is a good man.

Now look at its impersonal passive construction:

It is said that he is a good man.

Structure: It + passive verb + that clause with the reporting verb

We can state the same using a personal passive construction:

He is said to be a good man.

Structure: subject + passive form + to-infinitive

You can use these structures with a number of verbs such as believe, expect, know, think,
report, consider, understand, say, consider, decide, allege, recommend, propose,
assume, mention, suggest, hope, find, show, etc.

Personal and impersonal passive constructions in different tenses

Simple Present Tense

Active: This company makes a lot of profit.

Impersonal passive: It is assumed that this company makes a lot of profit.

Personal passive: This company is assumed to make a lot of profit.

Present Continuous Tense

Active: The sea level is rising every day.

Impersonal Passive: It is well known that the sea level is rising every day.

Personal passive: The sea level is well known to be rising every day.
Future Simple Tense

Active: They predicted that the weather will change soon.

Impersonal passive: It is predicted that the weather will change soon.

Personal passive: The weather is predicted to change soon.

Simple past Tense

Active: Columbus discovered America.

Impersonal passive: It is known that Columbus discovered America.

Personal passive: Columbus is known to have discovered America.

Past Continuous Tense

Active: The famous rock star was having breakfast when the news about the accident arrived.

Impersonal passive: It is mentioned that the famous rock star was having breakfast when the
news about the accident arrived.

Personal passive: The famous rock star was mentioned to be having breakfast when the
news about the accident arrived.

Present Perfect Simple

Active: This school has always had good teachers.

Impersonal passive: It is said that this school has always had good teachers.

Personal Passive: This school is said to have always had good teachers.

Present Perfect Continuous:

Active: Sean has probably been waiting in the queue for hours.

Impersonal passive: It is believed that Sean has probably been waiting in the queue for hours.

Personal passive: Sean is believed to have been waiting in the queue for hours.

Be supposed to

We also use be supposed to in this way say what is arranged or expected.

● I was supposed to finish this report today, but I'm afraid I won't have time.
● Janet is supposed to be at work before nine.
● We are not supposed to wear casual clothes in this company.
● Mum, you are not supposed to lift anything heavy. Remember what the doctor said.
Exercise:

Make personal and impersonal passive constructions using the reported verb in the brackets:

1) We expect them to arrive on time. (expect)

2) The charity is building a block of flats for the homeless. (find)

3) The government has reached their decision about the new law. (report)

4) Thomas hit a man in the pub last night. (allege)

5) Tom is a very considerate man. (believe)

6) The fans would like the Red Socks to win the match. (hope)

7) The thieves got in through the window. (report)

8) Brenda speaks three languages. (mention)

9) The presidents of two countries have a meeting. People hope that they will find a common
language. (hope)

10) John knows Maths well. (think)

11) The town was hit by an earthquake. (report)

12) The press thinks that the government is planning a new law on advertising. (assume)
Exercise key:

1) We asked them to arrive on time. (expect)

It is expected that they arrive on time.

They are expected to arrive on time.

2) The charity is building a block of flats for the homeless. (find)

It is found that the charity is building a block of flats for the homeless.

The charity is found to be building a block of flats for the homeless.

3) The government has reached their decision about the new law. (report)

It is reported that the government has reached their decision about the new law.

The government is reported to have reached their decision about the new law.

4) Thomas hit a man in the pub last night. (alleged)

It is alleged that Thomas hit a man in the pub last night.

Thomas is alleged to have hit the man in the pub last night.

5) Tom is a very considerate man. (believe)

It is believed that Tom is a considerate man.

Tom is believed to be a considerate man.

6) The fans would like the Red Socks to win the match. (hope)

It is hoped that the Red Socks win the match.

The Red Socks are hoped to win the match.

7) The thieves got in through the window. (report)

It is reported that the thieves got in through the window.

The thieves are reported to have got in through the window.

8) Brenda speaks three languages. (mention)

It is mentioned that Brenda speaks three languages.

Brenda is mentioned to speak three languages.

9) The presidents of two countries have a meeting. People hope that they will find a common
language. (hope)
It is hoped that the presidents of the two countries will find a common language.

The presidents of the two countries are hoped to find a common language.

10) John knows Maths well. (think)

It is thought that John knows Maths well.

John is thought to know Maths well.

11) The town was hit by an earthquake. (report)

It is reported that the town was hit by an earthquake.

The town is reported to be hit by an earthquake.

12) The press thinks that the government is planning a new law on advertising. (assume)

It is assumed that the government is planning a new law on advertising.

The government is assumed to be planning a new law on advertising.