1) Nature of Inquiry and Research - Gather additional references

- Write the introduction and literature review

Research -it is a systematic inquiry that explains or describes a - Plan the research methodology
Phenomenon, predicts an outcome and poses a questions for - Develop/ adopt/ modify research instruments.
further studies. It involves looking in a phenomenon which has - Gather and analyze data.
not been investigated yet or is underexplored, gathering data to - Revisit and revise the introduction and literature review
- Write the results and discussion
address and answers problems, and reporting results to an
- Write the summary, conclusion, and recommendations.
audience. - Consolidate the full paper and add reference list
- Edit full paper
Inductively vs. deductively
- Disseminate research findings.
- Inductively if it starts with analyzing a phenomenon and
ends with identifying its underlying principles, theories, Research Ethics
or processes. It refers as the moral principles and code of conduct that
- Deductive begin with specifying hypothesis and define what good and acceptable research practice is.
continues with verifying these through evidence or data.
Characteristics of Research General Research Practice:
Recursive- it involves performing steps in cyclical and - Be objective in your research. Do not let your personal
non-linear way. biases cloud your judgement.
Empirical- it is based on verifiable evidence, observation, - Disclose any potential conflict of interest.
or exploration.
Logical- it is based on sound principles and sound Data Management and Plagiarism
procedures. - Avoid fabricating or making up data or results.
Higher-order thinking skills- it involves interpreting data - Avoid falsifying data, or changing or deleting data just to
and drawing conclusions from the gathered data. prove your point of view
Replicable- it can be repeated by other researchers as long - Always cite your sources. Avoid taking another person’s
as its methodology is sufficiently detailed. idea as your own.
Solution-oriented- it aims to address a particular problem - Avoid self-plagiarism or reusing your own research.
Objective- it requires accurate recording of data through - Avoid ghostwriting or asking someone to write your
observation, interviews, experiments, and other means. research paper for you.
- Requires sufficient sources of data. - Ensure confidentially of collected data.
The Importance of Research
- It transcends even to the smallest details of our everyday Authorship
lives. Research is critical to our economic, sociopolitical, Remember that authorship is neither a commodity nor a
environmental, and medical development. Economically, gift. Avoid including someone as author if he or she did
research can be used in developing human capital, new not have any significant contribution to the paper.
product, technology and services.
- Sociopolitical development, research can provide Use of Humans and Animals:
information relevant to policy-making and governance, - Inform and ask permission from the people who will be
as well as the improvement of relations among people. the subject of you research.
- Environmental perspective, research findings provide -Refrain from inflicting harm on human participants.
necessary information on how to attain sustainable -Animals can only be harmed if there legitimate scientific
development without degrading our natural resources. benefits from doing so.
- It promotes a better understanding of health issues and -When it comes to personal information, collect only those
lead to advancements in medical practices. that are relevant to the study.
- It helps us better to understand our culture and values, -Refrain from forcing anyone to participate in your
as well as others. research.
Benefits that you can get in research as a Student -Avoid choosing participants based on convenience alone.
- It will increase your understanding of a phenomena that you find 11- ABM 1 NOTE# : 1 Practical Res FIRST SEM
interesting and relevant.
- It will teach you some values like; values of discipline,
resourcefulness , hard work, and patience.
- It will improve your communicative, organizational, and
practical skills.

Research Process
- Select and narrow down the topic
- Conduct preliminary research
- Formulate thesis and research questions.
- Develop a preliminary outline
2)ABM1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH note#2 • Relevance- A relevant topic addresses the needs of
Further Understanding about Research target audience of the research paper.
• Interest- An interesting topic should be appealing both to
Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research your readers and to you as researcher.
Problem • Manageability- topic can be explored under or within
your abilities and certain time limit. Furthermore, this
1. Researcher‘s area of interest topic is neither too broad nor too narrow.
2. Availability of funds • Availability of Resources- this refers to the accessibility
of financial resources, references and human resources
3. Investigator‘s ability and training.
required for the completion of the research.
Background of the study
Ethics in Research • Establishing the reasons why your study should be
Ethical considerations in conducting research: conducted, and the context in which is your study is
1. Objectivity and integrity suited.
2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and • This section also describes the current state of your field
dignity and protection of subjects from personal harm of study and the issues that compelled you undertake
3. Presentation of research findings your research.
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and
assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

Unethical practices in conducting research

1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study
2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her
extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by
remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent • Description of the current state of the field- it states the
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects without general area where your study belongs currently remains
their knowledge a significant area of research, and continues to be of
interest to researchers, practitioners, and leaders in the
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the
field.
facts, presenting facts out of context, falsifying findings or • Statement of the problem-refers to particular issues
offering misleading presentation such as lying with which you will address to your study as well as the
statistics. specific area of your research.
STEPS THAT YOU CAN FOLLOW IN IDENTIFYING YOUR RESEARCH
Qualitative and Quantitative Research PROBLEM.
A. Identify your area of interest.
B. Conduct preliminary research- provides you initial
information about your topic.
1. Primary Sources- are direct and firs-hand evidences
about a phenomenon.
Examples: legal documents, audio or videos.
2. Secondary Sources-interpret, describe, evaluate, or summarize
data from sources of primary sources.
Examples: textbooks, reviews, newspaper and magazine articles.
3. Create a concept map- is a technique where visuals and
graphics are used for generating ideas. Helps you to create a
visual representation of the ideas related to your general research
topic. CREATE A CONCEPT MAP
• Statement of the problem- formally points out the issues
that your study wants to address.
C. Description of the current practices and conventions used in
addressing the issue.
It explains the current practices used by researchers,
IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE PROBLEM practitioners, or authorities in your field, specifically in relation in
Identifying the inquiry and stating the problem your study.
Research Topic D. Research Gap- it refers to an issue or area of your research that
• Is an area of interest you will explore in your study. has yet to be addressed or explored extensively.
Considerations in Choosing a Research Topic
It also states that the current practices and conventions in your beneficiaries but based on the relevance of the contribution or
field of study have not addressed in other areas related to the the sequencing of specific research questions.
issues or topic that you are researching on.
E. Your current study- fills the research gap you have identified.
For instance, you may say that your study offers a new
methodology, approach, or solution to the issue. • Enumeration Form- where the contents are arranged
according to the beneficiaries. This is done by arranging
STATING THE GENERAL QUESTION this section from general to specific.
General Research Question
Is the question form of the focused topic of your topic. You may
have more than one version of the general research question.

DEVELOPING THE THESIS STATEMENT

• Is a one-sentence answer to the general research
question. It is idea of your research and serves as a road
map of your paper.
• General Research Question: How does heavy traffic
impact senior high school students in Metro Manila?
• Thesis Statement: Heavy traffic impacts senior high
school students in Metro Manila psychologically,
financially, and academically. WRITING THE SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
• Thesis statement gives or allows us to have an in-depth • are two elements of a research paper or thesis. The
exploration of the topic and details you wish to scope of a study explains the extent to which the
investigate research area will be explored in the work and specifies
• It also contains one subject and two or more details; the parameters within which the study will be operating.
Explicit or Implied • It set the boundaries of your research
• Explicit is an adjective that describes information that is • Topic or subject matter
stated directly and clearly, without any question about • Objectives
the meaning • Issues being addressed
• Example: Heavy traffic impacts the senior high school • Principal Variables
students psychologically, financially, and academically. • Locale, setting or area
• Implicit is, “implied or understood though not plainly or • Time Frame
directly expressed.” Something is, • Participants(age, sex, population ,size, and traits)
therefore, implicit when it is not directly stated but is WRITING THE RESEARCH TITLE
either suggested in the wording or necessary to It summarize the main idea of the whole paper. It is the part of
effectuate the purpose. the paper that is read first and frequently. . A good title contains
Example: the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents
Heavy traffic impacts the senior high school students in and/or purpose of your research paper.
several ways. Guidelines in writing your research title.
Stating the specific research questions - Write your title in the declarative or question form
To create specific research questions, come up with a question for - Indicate the subject and scope of your study by specifying
each detail of your thesis statement. variables. Dependent and Independent variables.
• Thesis Statement: Heavy traffic impacts senior high 1.Dependent Variable is the one which is affected or influenced in
school students n Metro Manila psychologically, the study.
financially, and academically. 2.Independent Variable is the one that influences the dependent
Specific Research Questions: variables.
1.How does heavy traffic impact SHS students psychologically? Example: A Case Study of Psychological Behavior of Second Born
2.How does heavy traffic impact SHS students Financially? Child
3.How does heavy traffic impact SHS students academically? -Avoid abbreviations unless they are commonly known.
WRITING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY -Use the currently acceptable terminology in your field of study.
• Details the specific contribution of your study as well as -Avoid using phrases such as “A study… and An investigation.
its benefit people and organization. This section has two Example The Study on the Psychological Impact of Noise Pollution
formats: Paragraph and Enumeration form. on Children, it should be “ A Qualitative Analysis of the
Paragraph Form- Where the contents are sequenced topically. Psychological Impact of Noise Pollution on Children”
This means that contents are not arranged based on the -Refrain from indicating year.
-Avoid using general title such as “ Traffic in Metro Manila”
-Avoid using titles appropriate only for quantitative studies. These
include “ The Relationship between X and y” or “The Effects
between X and Y”
 meaning of the event, situation or experience and arrive at a
more profound understanding of the phenomenon.
NARRATIVE RESEARCH is a term that subsumes a group
of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or
visual representation of individuals. These approaches typically
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories
Research Design A CASE STUDY is a research strategy and an empirical inquiry
It is an overall strategy taken by the researcher to logically and that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Case
coherently integrate the various component of a study. studies are based on an in-depth investigation of a single
Major Qualitative Research Design individual, group or event to explore the causes of underlying
Ethnography principles.
Grounded theory Sampling Refers to the process of systematically selecting
Phenomenology individuals, units, or setting to be examined in your study.
Historical or Narrative Approach Data saturation It is appoint reached when the data are
Case Study sufficient that additional data will no longer affect the patterns
ETHNOGRAPHY is a qualitative research study looking at the observed.
social interaction of users in a given environment. This research Sampling Methods
provides an in-depth insight into the user’s views and actions - Non-probability sampling
along with the sights and sounds they encounter during their day. - Purposive sampling.
It provides the researcher with an understanding of how those - Random Sampling
users see the world and how they interact with everything around - Quota Sampling
them. - Snowball Sampling
Grounded theory - Convenience sampling
is a well-known methodology employed in many research studies. Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the
Qualitative and quantitative data generation techniques can be samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the
used in a grounded theory study. Grounded theory sets out to individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.
discover or construct theory from data, systematically obtained Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective, or
and analysed using comparative analysis. While grounded theory subjective sampling, is a form of non-probability sampling in
is inherently flexible, it is a complex methodology. Thus, novice which researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing
researchers strive to understand the discourse and the practical members of the population to participate in their study.
application of grounded theory concepts and processes. Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which
Objective: each sample has an equal probability of being chosen. A sample
The aim is to provide a contemporary research framework chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased representation of
suitable to inform a grounded theory study. the total population.
Result: Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique
It provides an overview of grounded theory illustrated through a wherein the researcher ensures equal or proportionate
graphic representation of the processes and methods employed in representation of subjects depending on which trait is considered
conducting research using this methodology. The framework is as basis of the quota.
presented as a diagrammatic representation of a research design Snowball sampling is where research participants recruit other
and acts as a visual guide for the novice grounded theory participants for a test or study. It is used where potential
researcher. participants are hard to find. It's called snowball sampling because
Discussion: (in theory) once you have the ball rolling, it picks up more “snow”
As grounded theory is not a linear process, the framework along the way and becomes larger and larger.
illustrates the interplay between the essential grounded theory Convenience Sampling is probably the most common of all
methods and iterative and comparative actions involved. Each of sampling techniques. With convenience sampling, the samples are
the essential methods and processes that underpin grounded selected because they are accessible to the researcher. Subjects
theory are defined in this article. are chosen simply because they are easy to recruit. This technique
Conclusion: is considered easiest, cheapest and least time consuming.
Rather than an engagement in philosophical discussion or a Data Collection
debate of the different genres that can be used in grounded It is an activity where the researcher obtains relevant information
theory, this article illustrates how a framework for a research to address the research question or objectives of the study.
study design can be used to guide and inform the novice nurse Four Methods of Data Collection
researcher undertaking a study using grounded theory. Research Observation
findings and recommendations can contribute to policy or Interviews
knowledge development, service provision and can reform Group discussion
thinking to initiate change in the substantive area of inquiry. Document Analysis
PHENOMENOLOGY Finding Answers through Data Collection and Analysis
is an approach to qualitative research that focuses on the Interviews:
commonality of a lived experience within a particular group. ...
Qualitative Interview
Through this process the researcher may construct the universal
Formal Interview
Structured Interview maintaining basic interview structure. Even if it is a guided
Semi-structured interview conversation between researchers and interviewees – an
Unstructured Interview appreciable flexibility is offered to the researchers. A researcher
Qualitative interviewing provides a method for collecting rich can be assured that multiple interview rounds will not be required
and detailed information about how individuals experience, in the presence of structure in this type of research interview.
understand and explain events in their lives. This tip sheet offers - Keeping the structure in mind, the researcher can follow any
an introduction to the topic and some advice on carrying out idea or take creative advantage of the entire interview. Additional
effective interviews. respondent probing is always necessary to garner information for
Structured Interviews: a research study. The best application of semi-structured
Structured interviews are defined as research tools that are interview is when the researcher doesn’t have time to conduct
extremely rigid in their operations are allows very little or no research and requires detailed information about the topic
scope of prompting the participants to obtain and analyze results. Advantages of semi-structured interviews:
It is thus also known as a standardized interview and is ● Questions of semi-structured interviews are prepared
significantly quantitative in its approach. Questions in this before the scheduled interview which provides the
interview are pre-decided according to the required detail of researcher with time to prepare and analyze the
information. questions.
Structured interviews are excessively used in survey research ● It is flexible to an extent while maintaining the research
with the intention of maintaining uniformity throughout all the guidelines.
interview sessions. They can be closed-ended as well as open- ● Researchers can express the interview questions in the
ended – according to the type of target population. Closed-ended format they prefer, unlike the structured interview.
questions can be included to understand user preferences from a ● Reliable qualitative data can be collected via these
collection of answer options whereas open-ended can be included interviews.
to gain details about a particular section in the interview. ● Flexible structure of the interview.
Advantages of structured interviews: Disadvantages of semi-structured interviews:
● Structured interviews focus on the accuracy of different ● Participants may question the reliability factor of these
responses due to which extremely organized data can be interviews due to the flexibility offered.
collected. Different respondents have different type of ● Comparing two different answers becomes difficult as
answers to the same structure of questions – answers the guideline for conducting interviews is not entirely
obtained can be collectively analyzed. followed. No two questions will have the exact same
● They can be used to get in touch with a large sample of structure and the result will be an inability to compare
the target population. are infer results. 
● The interview procedure is made easy due to the Unstructured Interviews:
standardization offered by structured interviews. ● Also called as in-depth interviews, unstructured
● Replication across multiple samples becomes easy due to interviews are usually described as conversations held
the same structure of interview. with a purpose in mind – to gather data about the
● As the scope of detail is already considered while research study. These interviews have the least number
designing the interview, better information can be of questions as they lean more towards a normal
obtained and the researcher can analyze the research conversation but with an underlying subject.
problem in a comprehensive manner by asking accurate ● The main objective of most researchers using
research questions. unstructured interviews is to build a bond with the
● Since the structure of the interview is fixed, it often respondents due to which there are high chances that
generates reliable results and is quick to execute. the respondents will be 100% truthful with their answers.
● The relationship between the researcher and the There are no guidelines for the researchers to follow and
respondent is not formal due to which the researcher can so, they can approach the participants in any ethical
clearly understand the margin of error in case the manner to gain as much information as they possibly can
respondent either degrees to be a part of the survey or is for their research topic.
just not interested in providing the right information. ● Since there are no guidelines for these interviews, a
Disadvantages of structured interviews: researcher is expected to keep their approach in check so
● -Limited scope of assessment of obtained results. that the respondents do not sway away from the main
● The accuracy of information overpowers the detail of research motive. For a researcher to obtain the desired
information. outcome, he/she must keep the following factors in
● Respondents are forced to select from the provided mind:
answer options. Intent of the interview.
● The researcher is expected to always adhere to the list of - The interview should primarily take into consideration the
decided questions irrespective of how interesting the participant’s interest and skills.
conversation is turning out to be with the participants. - All the conversations should be conducted within permissible
● A significant amount of time is required for a structured limits of research and the researcher should try and stick by these
interview. limits.
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS: - The skills and knowledge of the researcher should match the
Semi-structured interviews offer a considerable amount of purpose of the interview.
leeway to the researcher to probe the respondents along with
- Researchers should understand the do’s and don’ts of - Identify the number of participants in your focus group
unstructured interviews. discussion.
Advantages of Unstructured Interviews: - Invite more than the number of participants your originally
● Due to the informal nature of unstructured interviews – planned.
it becomes extremely easy for researchers to try and - Select your participants based on the criteria that will fit your
develop a friendly rapport with the participants. This study.
leads to gaining insights in extreme detail without much - Have the participants sign an informed consent form.
conscious effort. You may offer tokens or incentives to your participants.
● The participants can clarify all their doubts about the - Assign a moderator who can facilitate the discussion.
questions and the researcher can take each opportunity - Prepare a set of predetermined questions to guide the
to explain his/her intention for better answers. discussions.
● There are no questions which the researcher has to abide - Prepare for the other aspects of your focus group discussion.
by and this usually increases the flexibility of the entire - During focus group discussion,cover all of the predetermined
research process. questions.
Disadvantages of Unstructured Interviews: - Demonstrate good manners as you conduct the focus group
● As there is no structure to the interview process, discussion,
researchers take time to execute these interviews.
● The absence of a standardized set of questions and
guidelines indicates that the reliability of unstructured
interviews is questionable.
● In many cases, the ethics involved in these interviews are
considered borderline upsetting.
Classification of Questions
- Demographic Questions
- Behavior SUMMARIZING AND PARAPHRASING
- Emotion Summary
- Knowledge ● It is a short or abbreviated version of a longer text. To be able
- Opinion or Values to shorten something (to about a quarter of its original length)
and still be faithful to its content, you should express only the
- Sensory Perception
text’s essential points.
Guidelines in Conducting an Interview
How to Write a Summary
● Decide on how you will conduct the interview ● Proficient students understand that summarizing, identifying
● If you are conducting a focus group discussion, it is deal what is most important, and restating the text (or other media)
to have two research assistants who will take notes in your own words, is an important tool for college success.
during the session ● After all, if you really know a subject, you will be able to
● Choose comfortable venue summarize it. If you cannot summarize a subject, even if you
● Decide on the length of your interview have memorized all the facts about it, you can be absolutely
● Prepare an interview guide and master it. sure that you have not learned it. And, if you truly learn the
● Make your interview questions as specific as possible. subject, you will still be able to summarize it months or years
from now.
● Make your interview questions focused on directly
● Proficient students may monitor their understanding of a text
related to your specific research questions. by summarizing as they read. They understand that if they can
● Pilot-test interview guide on a group of people. write a one- or two-sentence summary of each paragraph after
● Make sure you ask permission to your respondents. reading it, then that is a good sign that they have correctly
● Determine what kind of recorder you will use in the understood it. If they cannot summarize the main idea of the
interview. paragraph, they know that comprehension has broken down
During the Interview and they need to use fix-up strategies to repair understanding.
- Explain the purpose of the study. Summary Writing Format
● When writing a summary, remember that it should be in the
- Remain as neutral as possible.
form of a paragraph.
- Establish rapport with your interviewees. ● A summary begins with an introductory sentence that states
- Observe good manners through the interview. the text’s title, author, and the main point of the text as you
- Help the interviewees participate as easily as possible. see it.
- Make sure that interviewees participate as much as possible. ● A summary is written in your own words.
- Be firm , but gentle throughout the interview. ● A summary contains only the ideas of the original text. Do not
- End the interview by thanking the interviewees for the insert any of your own opinions, interpretations, deductions, or
participation. comments into a summary.
Focus Group Discussion ● Identify in order the significant sub-claims the author uses to
defend the main point.
- FGD is similar to interview, but with a several respondents and a
● Copy word-for-word three separate passages from the essay
moderator facilitating the conversation. It usually used to collect that you think support and/or defend the main point of the
data about specific and to reveal the shared experiences of the essay as you see it.
respondents. ● Cite each passage by first signaling the work and the author,
Guidelines in Conducting a Focus Group Discussion put “quotation marks” around the passage you chose and put
 the number of the paragraph where the passages can be found ⮚ citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to
immediately after the passage. find out more about your ideas and where they came
● Using source material from the essay is important. Why? from
Because defending claims with the source material is what you ⮚ not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may
will be asked to do when writing papers for your college
often be more accurate or interesting than those of your
professors.
● Write the last sentence that “wraps” up your summary; often a sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap
simple rephrasing of the main point for someone else's bad ideas
⮚ citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
Paraphrasing ⮚ citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside
● Using your own words to express someone else's message or support to your ideas
ideas. In a paraphrase, the ideas and meaning of the original WHEN DO I NEED TO CITE?
source must be maintained; the main ideas need to come
⮚ Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to
through, but the wording has to be your own.
Guidelines for Paraphrasing acknowledge their source. The following situations
● Read the original two or three times or until you are sure you almost always require citation:
understand it. ⮚ whenever you use quotes
● Put the original aside and try to write the main ideas in your ⮚ whenever you paraphrase
own words. Say what the source says, but no more, and try to
reproduce the source's order of ideas and emphasis. ⮚ whenever you use an idea that someone else has
● Look closely at unfamiliar words, observing carefully the exact already expressed
sense in which the writer uses the words. ⮚ whenever you make specific reference to the work
● Check your paraphrase, as often as needed, against the original of another
for accurate tone and meaning, changing any words or phrases
THREE TYPES OF CITATION
that match the original too closely. If the wording of the
paraphrase is too close to the wording of the original, then it is ⮚ APA
plagiarism. The American Psychology Association
● Include a citation for the source of the information (including - Use this style for education, psychology, sociology, and other
the page numbers) so that you can cite the source accurately. social sciences.
Even when you paraphrase, you must still give credit to the - Example of APA style for a book with one author:
original author. Doe, J. (1999). Causes of the Civil War. Ohio: Smith Books.

Examples ⮚ MLA
Original sentence:
Modern Language Association
Her life spanned years of incredible change for women.
Paraphrased sentence: - Modern Language Association – Use this style for arts, literature
Mary lived through an era of liberating reform for women. and the humanities.
Original sentence: Example of MLA style for a book with one author:
Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay, and they can consume 75 pounds of Doe, John: “Causes of the Civil War.” Smith.
food a day.
Paraphrased sentence: ⮚ CMOS
A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay every day.   Chicago Manual of Style guide, or Turabian(CMOS)
Original: Any trip to Italy should include a visit to Tuscany to sample the - for most real-world subjects in magazines, books, newspapers
region's exquisite wines.
Paraphrase: Be sure to make time for a Tuscan wine-tasting experience
and many other non-scholarly publications.
when visiting Italy.
- Example of Chicago style for a book with one author:

Doe, John. 1999. Causes of the Civil War. Columbus, Ohio:

PRACTICAL RESEARCHHHHHHHH
CITATION
● is the way you tell your readers that certain material in
your work came from another source. It also gives your
readers the information necessary to find that source
again, including:
● information about the author
● the title of the work
● the name and location of the company that published
your copy of the source
● the date your copy was published
● the page numbers of the material you are borrowing.
WHY SHOULD I CITE SOURCES?
⮚ Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is
the only way to use other people's work without
plagiarizing.
 Statement of the Problem the main problem that the
research is trying to solve. It follows the formulation of the
title and should be faithful to it. It specifically points the
important questions that the study needs to answer. It also
serves as the bases of the questionnaire.

Qualitative Research
I. INTODUCTION
● It seeks a deeper understanding of a phenomenon,
introductory statement about the study
instead of providing numerical description of large
population. Its main goal are to describe and - presents a general statement about the study (can be an
explain relationships, individual experiences, group issue or claim) presents support about the general statement
norms, and other social phenomena. This means (organization or beneficiaries can be introduce also)
that qualitative research focuses on how we
- last paragraph contains either the aims or problems that the
understand the world; why things and events are study would want to achieve or solve
the way they are; why people behave the way they
do; how cultures, attitudes, values and opinions are a. Statement of the Problem
formed; how people ae influenced by their
b. Significance of the Study
environment and the events around them; and how
social groups differ from one another. c. Objectives of the Study
● It is typically conducted in the field and involves
first-hand experience. It requires a systematic d. Time and Place of the Study
collection of textual or visual through observation, e. Scope and Limitation
interviews, and/or document analysis.
● it involves the objective reporting of data collected Chapter II - Review of Related Literature
in a certain context in addition it most useful wen there should have a short introductory statement (could be
obtaining culturally specific data such as behaviors , one paragraph only) that describes what could be seen
values, beliefs, social contexts, and opinions of a under this part
particular group of people and it analyzed through Reminders
- get facts/ideas from a reliable source (encourage a source
recognizing themes , patterns, and categories. with author)
-jot down your source for reference writing later
- make rephrasing a habit
Parts of a Research Paper - write only those which are relevant to your study

Chapter II - Review of Related Literature

there should have a short introductory statement (could be

one paragraph only) that describes what could be seen
under this part
Reminders;

- get facts/ideas from a reliable source (encourage a source

with author)
-jot down your source for reference writing later
- make rephrasing a habit
- write only those which are relevant to your study
at the end of each topic, write a paragraph that explains its
significance or relevance to your topic

Chapter III -> Methodology

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS
discusses how the study was or will be conducted
BACKGROUND - there should have a short introductory statement (could be
one paragraph only) that describes what could be seen
Background of the Study includes purpose and reason under this part
behind the conduct of the study. (What made you conduct a. Research Design
the study?) Also serves as the introduction. b. Sources of Data
c. Data Gathering Procedure
d. Data Analysis

e. Statistical Treatment

F. Research instrument

Main Components of Chapter 3

1. Research question

2.Research design

3. Researcher's background, beliefs, and biases

4. Population, participants, and sampling technique

5.Procedure

6. Data processing

7. Quality assurance

5. CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
- The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the
collected data and the statistical treatment, and/or
mechanics, of analysis.

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

B. Summary of Findings

- This summarizes the interpretation of data

given in Chapter 4. These should directly

answer your statement of the problem.

C. Conclusions

This provides the answers for every

statement of the problem. This is where you

This is where you will prove your hypotheses and

assumptions.