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Fluid Mechanics WK 5

This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts like the mass, Bernoulli, and energy equations. It explains how to use the energy equation to determine turbine power output and pumping power requirements. Key topics covered include the general energy equation, energy transfer by heat and work, shaft work, work done by pressure forces, and the kinetic energy correction factor. Examples are provided on hydroelectric power generation, fan selection, and pumping water from a lake to a reservoir.

Uploaded by

JAMES CLEAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
51 views

Fluid Mechanics WK 5

This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts like the mass, Bernoulli, and energy equations. It explains how to use the energy equation to determine turbine power output and pumping power requirements. Key topics covered include the general energy equation, energy transfer by heat and work, shaft work, work done by pressure forces, and the kinetic energy correction factor. Examples are provided on hydroelectric power generation, fan selection, and pumping water from a lake to a reservoir.

Uploaded by

JAMES CLEAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

NSE 325: Fluid Mechanics and

Machinery

MASS, BERNOULLI AND ENERGY EQUATIONS -II

WK 5

Lt Col Md. Altab Hossain, PhD, CEng (UK), FIEB


Associate Professor & Postgraduate Coordinator, NSE Dept.
Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST)
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Cell: 01769024180, 01731734481
Objectives
• Work with the energy equation expressed in
terms of heads, and use it to determine turbine
power output and pumping power requirements.

2
5–5 ■ GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION

The first law of The energy


thermodynamics (the change of a
conservation of energy system during a
principle): Energy process is equal to
cannot be created or the net work and
destroyed during a heat transfer
process; it can only between the
change forms. system and its
surroundings. 3
Energy Transfer by Heat, Q
Thermal energy: The sensible
and latent forms of internal
energy.
Heat Transfer: The transfer of
energy from one system to
another as a result of a
temperature difference.
The direction of heat transfer is
always from the higher-
temperature body to the lower-
temperature one.
Adiabatic process: A process
during which there is no heat
transfer. Temperature difference is the driving
force for heat transfer. The larger the
Heat transfer rate: The time
temperature difference, the higher is
rate of heat transfer.
the rate of heat transfer. 4
Energy Transfer by Work, W
• Work: The energy transfer associated with a force acting through a
distance.
• A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the
system boundaries are all associated with work interactions.
• Power: The time rate of doing work.
• Car engines and hydraulic, steam, and gas turbines produce work;
compressors, pumps, fans, and mixers consume work.

Wshaft The work transmitted by a rotating shaft


Wpressure The work done by the pressure forces on the control surface
Wviscous The work done by the normal and shear components of
viscous forces on the control surface
Wother The work done by other forces such as electric, magnetic, and
surface tension
5
Shaft A force F acting through a moment
arm r generates a torque T
Work
This force acts through a distance s

Shaft
work
The power transmitted through the shaft is the shaft work done per unit time:

Shaft work is proportional to the


Energy transmission through rotating shafts torque applied and the number
is commonly encountered in practice. 6
of revolutions of the shaft.
Work Done by Pressure Forces

The pressure force


acting on (a) the moving
boundary of a system in
a piston-cylinder device,
and (b) the differential
surface area of a
system of arbitrary
shape. 7
The conservation of energy equation is
obtained by replacing B in the Reynolds
transport theorem by energy E and b by e.

8
In a typical engineering problem, the
control volume may contain many
inlets and outlets; energy flows in at
each inlet, and energy flows out at
each outlet. Energy also enters the
control volume through net heat
transfer and net shaft work.

9
5–6 ■ ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY FLOWS

The net rate of energy transfer to a control


volume by heat transfer and work during steady
flow is equal to the difference between the rates
of outgoing and incoming energy flows by mass
flow.

single-stream devices

A control volume with


only one inlet and one
outlet and energy
interactions.

10
Ideal flow (no mechanical energy loss):
The lost mechanical
energy in a fluid flow
Real flow (with mechanical system results in an
energy loss): increase in the internal
energy of the fluid and
thus in a rise of fluid
temperature.

11
A typical power plant
has numerous pipes,
elbows, valves, pumps,
and turbines, all of
which have irreversible
losses.
12
Energy equation in terms of heads

13
Mechanical energy flow chart for a fluid flow system that involves a
pump and a turbine. Vertical dimensions show each energy term
expressed as an equivalent column height of fluid, i.e., head. 14
(5-74)

Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No


Mechanical Work Devices and Negligible Friction
When piping losses are negligible, there is negligible dissipation of
mechanical energy into thermal energy, and thus hL = emech loss, piping /g
≅ 0. Also, hpump, u = hturbine, e = 0 when there are no mechanical work
devices such as fans, pumps, or turbines. Then Eq. 5–74 reduces to

This is the Bernoulli equation derived earlier using Newton’s


second law of motion.
Thus, the Bernoulli equation can be thought of as a degenerate
form of the energy equation.
15
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, 
The kinetic energy of a fluid stream obtained
from V2/2 is not the same as the actual kinetic
energy of the fluid stream since the square of
a sum is not equal to the sum of the squares
of its components.
This error can be corrected by replacing the
kinetic energy terms V2/2 in the energy
equation by Vavg2/2, where  is the kinetic
energy correction factor.
The correction factor is 2.0 for
fully developed laminar pipe
flow, and it ranges between 1.04 The determination of the kinetic energy correction
and 1.11 for fully developed factor using the actual velocity distribution V(r) and
turbulent flow in a round pipe. the average velocity Vavg at a cross section.

16
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19
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Example: Hydroelectric Power Generation from a Dam

21
Example: Fan Selection for Air Cooling of a Computer

Energy equation between 3 and 4

Energy equation between 1 and 2

22
Example: Pumping Water from a Lake to a Reservoir

Energy
equation
between 1
and 2

For the
pump

23
Summary
• Introduction
 Conservation of Mass
 The Linear Momentum Equation
 Conservation of Energy
• Conservation of Mass
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
 Conservation of Mass Principle
 Moving or Deforming Control Volumes
 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
 Special Case: Incompressible Flow
• Mechanical Energy and Efficiency

24
Summary

• General Energy Equation


 Energy Transfer by Heat, Q
 Energy Transfer by Work, W
 Shaft Work
 Work Done by Pressure Forces
• Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
 Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical
Work Devices and Negligible Friction
 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, 

25

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