Week #5-6 – Lecture series

Lecture slides for internal use only

D. Baroudi, Dr. & Eng. (DI)
All right reserved Version 6.4.2021
Torsion of thin cylinders
Content
• What makes shells imperfection-sensitive structures? Why Plates are not?
➢ Recall: types of bifurcational instabilities

• Buckling of axisymmetric cylindrical shells

• Equilibrium equation of axisymmetric cylindrical shells
➢ Large deflection Donnell-type theory
• Energy criteria for stability loss of thin cylindrical shell
• Deriving stability loss equation
• The linear stability loss equations
• Axisymmetric buckling of circular cylindrical shells under uniform axial compression
• Buckling solution using Donnell’s equations for axially compressed thin cylinder
• Computational Linear buckling analysis
➢ Finite Element Example Buckling of thin-walled cylindrical shells
• Post-buckling behavior of thin shells
➢ Effect of imperfection on post-buckling behavior International Journal on Bifurcation & Chaos
➢ Effects of initial geometric imperfections on stability of thin shells
in Applied Science Engineering
• FE-based (non-linear) F.E.M. analysis of imperfection sensitivity
DO NOT MISS this course:
❑ CIV-E4080: New course on material modelling – constitutive modellings
❑ CIV-E4080 - Material Modelling in Civil Engineering L, 15.04.2019 to 27.05.2019
 This course textbook Must read classics
e-book

This week
Chapter 9. Buckling of
Thin Cylindrical
Elements
Thin shell example - Ariane
Buckling of thin shells in
aeoronautics
• many launchers of space structures
such cryogenic containers made of thin
aluminium shells with extreemly light
thick insulating material (thick foam).
This is a sandwich-type of
(multilayered) thin cylindrical shells.

• the ratio R/t can be more than 650

• various load combinations: internal

pressure, wind load (bending & shear),
own weight and weight of the liquid
oxygene and hydrogen (axial load) in
the static regime. For dynamic regimes,
we should add acceleration forces

http://theses.insa-lyon [J. Didier], [2014], INSA de Lyon

 Bifurcation points
• The nature of post-buckling behavior determines
to a large extend safety and the robustness of
the structural design

Basic types bifurcations Haarautuminen

• Stable symmetric
✓ Structures having this type of behavior are
always imperfection insensitive and have
consequently a reserve of resistance
• Unstable symmetric
✓ This gives imperfection sensitive structures
• Asymmetric or unsymmetrical
✓ This gives much more imperfection sensitive
structures than above

• Snap-through
✓ Such dynamic behavior is pathological not
desired behavior and is locally like an Limit point Limit point
Rajapiste
asymmetric branching on equilibrium path
 Localised point
forces

Brutal local
changes in
rigidities or
curvatures

stiffer supports
(additional local
bending)
Knock-down fa

cylindrical shells

onsequence Localised point forces

Brutal local
changes in
rigidities or
curvatures

Stiffer supports
(additional local bending)
A key experimental fact about buckling of thin shells

Limit load = Perfect * reduction factor

Reduction factor =
knock down factor

Deflection of-mid-plane

cylindrical shells
Plates (& columns) are not imperfection-
sensitive structures
Shells are imperfection-
sensitive structures

reduction
Knockdown or
Experimental evidence
Thin Cylindrical Shells
or reduction
Knockdown
Buckling of axisymmetric
cylindrical shells
 Buckling of axisymmetric cylindrical shells

N N
R
w

N N

a) b) asymmetric buckling
axisymmetric mode
buckling mode
Buckling of axisymmetric
cylindrical shells

Deriving loss of stability equations

Buckling of axisymmetric cylindrical shells
Coordinate system,
displacements and stress
resultants
Equilibrium equation of axisymmetric cylindrical shells
Large deflection Donnell-type theory
Kinematics: membrane Physical problem: thin-walled tubular shell with both axial
deformations and curvatures: loading and transversal pressure p

Isotropic elastic material:

Constitutive relations
Equilibrium equation of axisymmetric cylindrical shells
Large deflection Donnell-type theory

Large-deflection Donnell-
type equilibrium
equations for the analysis
of cylindrical shells

Physical problem: thin-walled tubular shell with both

axial loading and transversal pressure p N.B. Now, membrane
• given the external pressure p (external loads) we can stress-resultants depend
solve uniquely all the displacement components and on the deflection w and
internal force from the non-linear coupled equilibrium the displacement
equations for elasticity and given the kinematic components u and v as
relations + boundary conditions well [coupling].
• This set of coupled non-linear equations represents
large-deflection equilibrium equations which are also
valid for the post-buckled configuration, naturally.
• known as Large-deflection Donnell-type equations
(some time the name of von-Karman is associated
(see also von-Karman large deflection plate theory)
Stability equations
 + Constitutive relations

Loss of Stability
equations:

• The unknown displacements u, v and w are now coupled

• This is a set of three coupled partial differential equations for the u, v and w

• Eliminating u, v from the third equation of equilibrium using the reaming

Cf. To buckling equations of rings and two equations leads to the well-known Donnell-type large-deflection
arches in the Emeritus prof. J. Paavola pdf- equation (ref. Donnell report):
material

Similar equation for torsion buckling of

thin-walled tube by Donnell, see ref:
Some classical solutions
 Classical results

Axisymmetric buckling
of Buckles
wrinkles
circular cylindrical shells
under
uniform axial compression
 We assume that the length of the
shell is enough for the boundary
• Isotropic thin cylindrical conditions to not perturb such
shell of radius R under buckling patterns to form.
uniform axial compression
buckling

• In general, the out-of-plan-

mid-plane displacement is

• To derive the formula for of

Euler buckling stress we
investigate separately ring
patterns and chessboard
modes separately

• The Euler buckling stress

will be the smallest of the
two
For the geometrically ideally
perfect shell
 Cf. the textbook, there they solve the critical
stress from the Donnell-equations. The result
for this case is the same as when solving these
simplified Equations
1(3) • Isotropic thin cylindrical shell of radius R
under uniform axial compression buckling Chess-board
in an axisymmetric mode (ring mode) mode:

cylindrical shell under uniform compression

Timoshenko
Ring mode

This means that both solutions

are also mathematically similar Chess-board
mode
• consider an isotropic thin cylindrical (N > 0, compression)
shell of radius R under uniform axial
compression (N > 0)
• consider buckling in an axisymmetric
mode (ring mode)

Trial solution in the form

(kin. admissible)
(Ring patterns)

= 0.6 (steel)

Ring mode 1(3)

 • consider an isotropic ideally perfect (N > 0, compression)
thin cylindrical shell of radius R under
uniform axial compression (N > 0)
• consider buckling in an axisymmetric
mode (ring mode)

Obtained using
Ring patterns
mode as trial
• The critical stress does not depend on the length for
relatively long cylinders (L > 2R)
• Using the chess-board mode as a trial, one obtains the
same result as above (exercise)
Ring mode
= 0.6 (steel)

This is a famous classical result 1(3)

• consider an isotropic thin cylindrical (N > 0, compression)
shell of radius R under uniform axial
compression (N > 0)
• consider buckling in an axisymmetric
mode (ring mode)

Timoshenko

Trial solution in the form

(kin. admissible)
(Ring patterns)

Note the ring

mode of the
wrinkles in this
experiment Ring mode
 • consider an isotropic thin cylindrical (N > 0, compression)
shell of radius R under uniform axial
compression (N > 0)
• consider buckling in an axisymmetric
mode (ring mode)

chessboard
patterns
Trial solution in the form
(kin. admissible)

Cchessboard patterns
Very shallow surface in m and n: Note the mode accumulation
2(3)
Mode accumulation - sensitivity

= 0.1
Note that many buckling
modes are close to each
other (yellow region)

This explains partly

Imperfection-sensitivity
Practically the
Very shallow surface in m and n :
Note the mode accumulation same buckling
stress of many
modes
Kinimetaically The relative length is reflected
admissible trial: well in this parameter

3(3)
This is a famous classical result
Ref: Doctoral thesis - FR
Finite Element Example

Buckling of thin-walled
cylindrical shells
Computational example
A relatively
longer shell

Note how close to each other imperfection-sensitivity

the Eigen-values are
FE Computational example

A shorter shell

Note how close to each other imperfection-sensitivity

the Eigen-values are
Effect of imperfections
All real structural systems are imperfect

✓ in form,
✓ in material properties,
✓ in the sense of residual stresses
✓ in the way the loads are applied
• consider an isotropic ideally perfect (N > 0, compression)
thin cylindrical shell of radius R under
uniform axial compression (N > 0)
• consider buckling in an axisymmetric
mode (ring mode)

Timoshenko

Trial solution in the form

(kin. admissible)
(Ring patterns)

= 0.6 (steel)
 Buckling modes

Snap through

Axial displacement Deflection of-mid-plane

Cylindrical shell
Shells are
imperfection-
sensitive
structures

Tests by A. Niemi and

V.A. Hakala & J. Piironen
(Civil Engineering
department, Otaniemi)
Shells are imperfection-
sensitive structures

Mode accumulation
makes imperfection-
and
perturbation sensitive
Shells are imperfection-
sensitive structures
 Euler buckling stress for
Shells are an ideally perfect shell
imperfection-
sensitive structures

Experimental evidence
Mode accumulation
makes sensitive

Collapse stress for real

imperfect shell
 Euler buckling stress for
Shells are an ideally perfect shell
Ideally perfect
imperfection- cylindrical shell:
sensitive structures

Collapse stress for real

imperfect shell

imperfect shell

or
 Relative amplitude of the
geometrical imperfection

Koiter:
Effects of initial
geometric imperfections

translation, Air Force Flight Dym. Lab. Tech. Rep.,

on buckling load

summary), Delft, H.J. Paris, Amsterdam. English

Koiter, W.T., 1945. On the stability of elastic
equilibrium. Thesis (in Dutch with English

AFFDL-TR-70-25.

REF: https://www.google.com/search?q=koiter+imperfection+effect&client=firefox-b-
ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ-
YfLwJbhAhWt5aYKHcE4CQ8Q_AUIDigB&biw=1322&bih=894#imgdii=-
0mMZY5cHanl2M:&imgrc=cbVas1JWSyUzdM:
Effects of initial geometric imperfections on stability of thin shells

Ideal strength: classical Experiments

elastic critical stress

Empirical lower bound:

Collapse stress for real

imperfect shell

Example: cylindrical thin shell under uniform

compression: lower bound:

Experimentally measured values of knockdown factor and empirically defined

lower bound curve, as a function of the radius to thickness ratio (Jones, 2006).
Shells are imperfection-

Take it with you

sensitive structures

reduction
Knockdown
Experimental evidence
Thin Cylindrical Shells
 FE-based (non-linear) F.E.M.
analysis of imperfection sensitivity Robust
knockdown
factors
• analysis the post-buckling behavior
• estimate the lime-load
• … and to obtain knockdown factors Example of initial shape imperfection patterns [Ref 1]
(reduction factor for imperfect • as separate buckling modes or a combination of them
On this figure, geometric imperfections are amplified to render the visible to the reader FE-simulation: example of
structures) axial loading collapse
• non-linear: this course only After experimental validation of the FE-model, it
geometrical can be used to make predictions
• non-linear: for more realistic FE-analysis
include material (plasticity , …) and all other

reduction
Knockdown
relevant non- linearities as friction, … Elastic
buckling
• To follow, for every choice of the initial
imperfection pattern, the unstable post-
buckling path after the limit-point an
incremental static analysis FE-
Typical imperfection
simulation a solid way: ABAQUS non- Plastic
sensitivity results
linear code is well-proven to do buckling
reliable job (RIKS algorithm). [of course
other specialized software can do also a good job ….
Ref 1:
But I am not familiar with them]
• Use the real geometry when available: the real geometry relative
can be our days obtained very accurately through direct imperfection value
laser scanning of real geometry when available or digital
image correlation techniques.
New course on material modelling – constitutive modellings

https://mycourses.aalto.fi/course/view.php?id=20530
Lecturer: Dr. Djebar BAROUDI
 Appendix

&

Miscellaneous
Enjoy for coming
spring
I hope this course
helped to you to learn
what is about in
stability and made you
curious toward
scientific based civil
engineering
Enjoy for coming spring

Photo: Djebar Baroudi, 2021

Lyon, 6/4/2021

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