Important Questions for Class 12

Maths
Chapter 7 - Integrals

Very Short Answer Questions 1 Mark

Evaluate the following integrals

  sin x  cos 1 x dx 
1
1.

Ans: We know that sin 1 x  cos 1 x is .


  sin 
x  cos 1 x dx   dx
1
This implies
2
Solving we get,
 
 2 dx  2 x  C .

2.  e x dx
1

1

Ans: Let I   e x dx
1

Now, f  x   e x

f  x   e  x  e x  f  x 

So, . f  x  . is an even function.

1 1

 e dx  2 e dx
x x

1 0

 2  e x dx  as, x  x, x  0 
1

1
 2 e x  0

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 2  e  1
 2e  2

1
3.  1  sin 2 x dx
Ans:
1
 1  sin 2
x
dx

1
 dx
cos 2 x
  sec 2 xdx
 tan x  C

 8 x
4.   8x  x8   dx
 x 8
Ans:
8 x
8 dx   x 8dx   dx   dx
x

x 8
x 9 2
8 x x
   8log x 
log8 9 16

x
99
5. cos4 xdx
1

Ans:
f  x   x 99 cos 4 x
f  x    x   cos   x  
99 4

  x 99 cos 4 x  f  x 
a

We know that property  f  x dx  0 , when f  x   f  x 

a

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 1

x cos 4 xdx  0
99
So,
1 2

1
6.  xlog xlog  log x  dx
Ans:
1
I dx
x log x log  log x 
1  dx 
I  
log  log x   x.log  x  

Let log  log x   t

1 1
 . .dx  dt
log x x
dx
  dt
x.log  x 
Hence,
dt
I
t
 log t  C
 log log  log x   C


2
 4  3sin x 
7.  log   dx
0  4  3cos x 


 4  3sin x 
2
Ans: I   log  .....1
0  4  3cos x 

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   

 4  3sin   x 
  dx
2
2
I   log 
0  4  3cos    x  
  
2 


 4  3cos x 
2
 I   log  dx..... 2 
0  4  3sin x 
Adding (1) and (2),


 4  3sin x   4  3cos x  
2
2I   log    dx
0  4  3cos x   4  3sin x  

2
   log1 dx
0

2
   0  dx
0

0

 e  exloga  dx
alog x
8.

Ans: We know that

a log x  ln x a
x log a  ln a x

 e
a log x

 ex loga  dx   eln x  eln a dx
a x


 f x
ln  f  x  
Also, we know that e

 f  x a  a x  dx
x a 1 ax
  c
a  1 ln a

 cos 2x  2sin 2 x 
9.   dx
 
2
cos x

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Ans: We know that cos 2x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
 cos 2x  2sin 2 x   cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin 2 x 
  dx   
 cos 2 x   cos 2 x 
 cos x  sin x 
2 2
 1 
   dx     dx
   
2 2
cos x cos x
(As cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1 )
  sec2 xdx  tan x  C


2

 sin
7
10. xdx


2

Ans: Let f  x   sin 7 x

f   x   sin 7   x    sin 7 x
This implies that f(x) is an odd function.

2

 sin xdx  0
7



2

[  f  x  dx  0 if f(x) is an odd function].

a

 x  cx  dx
c
11.

Ans: Using the properties,

x n 1 nx
 x dx  n  1  C,  n dx  ln n  C
n x

x c1 cx
  x  c  dx  c  1  ln c  C
c x

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 d
12.   f  x  dx 
dx 
Ans: Differentiating and integrating a function at a time leaves the function itself.
So,
d
  f  x  dx   f  x   C
dx 

1
13.  sin 2 xcos 2 x dx
1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Ans:  2 2
dx   2 2
dx (Using cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1 )
sin x cos x sin x cos x
sin 2 x cos 2 x
 2 dx   2 dx
sin x cos 2 x sin x cos 2 x
1 1
 2
dx   2 dx
cos x sin x
  sec xdx   cos ec 2 xdx
2

 tan x  cot x  C

1
14.  x  x1
dx

Ans: Rationalizing we have,

1 x  x 1
 x  x 1

x  x 1
dx

x  x 1
 dx
x  x 1
 x  x  1dx
3 3

x 2  x  1 2
  C
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 3 2 3
 x 2   x  1 2  C
3 3

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 e
 log e x
15. dx

Ans: We know that log e x  x

Hence,  e  log e dx   e  x dx
x

Now, put u   x
du
 1
dx
 dx  du

e dx   e u du
x

   e u du  e u  C
 e  x  C

ex
16.  x dx
a
Ans:
x
ex e
 a x dx    a  dx
x
e
 
   C
a
e
log  
a
 x mx 
 m   C
 log m 

17.  2x exdx

Ans:

2 e x dx    2e  dx
x x

1
 . 2e   C
x

log  2e 

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  2e   C
x


log  2e 
2x ex
 C
log  2e 

x
18.  x1
dx

Ans: Let u  x  1,du  dx

u 1 u 1
 u du   u du   u du
u 1
  1 du   1 du
u2 u2
1 1

  u du   u du
2 2

1 1
1  1
u 2
u 2
  C
1 1
1  1
2 2
3 1

u 2
u 2
  C
3 / 2 1/ 2
2 3 1

 u 2  2u 2  C
3
Substituting the value of u we have,
x 2 3 1

 dx   x  1 2  2  x  1 2  C
x 1 3

x
19.  dx
 x  1
2

Ans: Let us assume that u  x  1,du  dx

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Now, substituting in the given integral we get,
u 1 1 1 
 u2
du     2  du
u u 
Now, by using the power formula of integration we get,
u 21
 ln  u   c
2  1
u 1
 ln  u   c
1
1
 ln  u    c
u
Now replacing the value of u we get,
1
 ln  x  1  c
x 1

ex
20.  dx
x
Ans: Let us assume u  x  u 2  x
Now differentiating on both sides,
2udu  dx
Now, substituting in the given expression we get,
eu
  2udu 
u2
eu
 2. du
u
ex
By using the formula  dx  Ei  x  we get,
x
 2Ei  u   c
Substituting back in terms of x we have,

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 2Ei  xc

21.  cos 2 dx

Ans: We know that cos 2  is a constant.

So,  cos 2 dx  x cos 2   C

1
22.  xcos   1 dx
1
Ans: I   dx
x cos   1
Let xcos   1  t
cos dx  dt
dt
dx 
cos 
1 dt
I .
t cos 
1 dt 1
.I   
cos  t cos 
log t  C .

log x cos   1
I C
cos 

23.  secx.log  secx  tanx dx

Ans: Substitute u  log  sec x  tan x 

sec x tan x  sec2 x sec x  tan x

du  dx & dx  du
sec x  tan x sec x tan x  sec2 x
sec x  tan x
I   sec x.u. du
sec x tan x  sec2 x

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 sec x  tan x
I   sec x.u. du
sec x  tan x  sec x 
I   udu
1 2
.I  u C .
2
1
I  log 2  sec x  tan x   C
2
 log sec x  tan x 
2

I C
2

1
24.  cos   xsin dx
Ans: Substitute u  cos   xsin 
1 1
 cos   x sin  dx   u sin du
1 1
 . du   a.f  x  dx  a. f  x  dx 
sin  u

 u du  ln  u 
1
Now, use

1
 log u
sin 
1
 log cos   x sin   C
sin 

25.  cot x.logsin xdx

Ans: We know the formula of cotangent ratio as,

cosx
cotx 
sinx
By using the above formula for given expression we get,

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 cos x log  sin x 
 sin x
dx

Substitute u  sin x
Now, differentiating on both sides we get,
du  cosxdx
Now substituting in the given expression we get,
log u
 du
u
Substitute v  log u so that by differentiating we have,
1
dv  du
u
Now substituting in the above integral we get,
  vdv
v2

2
log 2  sin x 

2
 logsin x 
2

 C
2

3
 1
26.   x   dx
 2
Ans:
 3 3x 2 3x 1 
3
 1
  x  2  dx    x  2  4  8 dx
 
3x 2 3x 1
  x dx  
3
dx   dx   dx
2 4 8
4 3 2
x x 3x 1
    xc
4 2 8 8

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 1
27.  x  2  3log x dx
Ans: Substitute u  2  3log x
1 1
 x  2  3log x  dx   3u du
1 1
  du
3 u
1  1 
 log u   du  log u 
3  u 
1
 log 2  3log x  C
3

1  sin x
28.  x  cos xdx
Ans: Substitute u  x  cos x
1  sin x 1
 x  cos x dx   u du
 log u
 log x  cos x  C

1  cos x
29.  sin x dx
Ans: Separating each term in the numerator with the denominator of the
1  cos x
expression we get,
sin x
1  cos x 1 cos x
 sin x
dx   
sin x sin x
dx

By sum rule,
1 cos x
 dx   dx
sin x sin x

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  csc xdx   cot xdx

By using the standard results of differentiation we get,

x
 log tan  log sin x  C
2

x e 1  e x 1
30.  e dx
x  ex
Ans: Let us take the given integral as,
ex
x  e 1
x e1  e x 1 e
 x e  e x dx   x e  e x dx
ex e1  e x
 dx
e  x e  ex 

Now, let us take, x e +e x =k , then differentiating on both sides we have,

 ex e-1
+ex  dx  dk

So, we have the given expression as,

1 dk
 
e k
1
 ln  k   c
e
 ln  x e  e x   c
1
e

 x  1
31.   x  log x  dx
x
Ans: Substitute u  x  log x
Differentiating both sides,

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du 1
1
dx x
 1
 1   dx  du
 x
 x  1
  x  log x dx   udx
x
u2
 udu  2
 x  log x 
2

 C
2

2
 1 
32.   ax   dx
 ax 
Ans: Simplifying we have,
2
 1  1
  ax  ax  dx   ax  2  ax dx
 
1
  axdx   2dx   dx
ax
2
ax 1
  2x  log ax  C
2 a

33.  cos xdx

0


 2 

Ans:  cos x dx   cos xdx    cos xdx

0 0 
2

We know that

2

 cos xdx  1,
0

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

  cos xdx  1

2

11
2

34.   xdx
0
where [] is greatest integer function.

Ans: We know that when 0  x  1 we have,

 x  0
Similarly when 1  x  2 we have,
 x  1
Therefore,
2 1 2

   x dx    x dx    x dx

0 0 1
1 2

  0dx  1dx
0 1

 0   2  1
1

  x dx where [] is greatest integer function.

2
35.
0

Ans: When
0  x 1
 0  x2  1
  x 2  =0

Similarly, when

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1 x  2
1  x2  2
 x 2   1

Therefore, the integral is,

2 1 2

   x 2 dx    x 2 dx    x 2 dx

0 0 1

1 2

  0dx   1dx
0 1

0  2 1 
 2 1

b
f  x
36. a f  x   f  a  b  x dx
Ans: Let us assume the given integral as,
b
f x
I dx ……….(1)
a f  x  +f  a+b-x 

We know the standard formula of differentiation as,

b b

 f  x  dx   f  a+b-x  dx
a a

Using this formula for given integral we get,

b
f  a+b-x 
I dx …………(2)
a f  a+b-x  +f  x 

Now, adding both equations (1) and (2) w get,

b
f  x  +f  a+b-x 
2I   dx
a f  a+b-x  +f  x 

2I   dx
a

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 b-a
I
2

1
x
37. 
2 x
dx

Ans: Eliminating absolutes we have,

1
x 0
x 1
x

2 x
dx   dx   dx
2 x 0 x

On solving the above integrals we get,

0
x 1
x
2 x dx  2  0 x dx  1
 2  1
 1

38.  x xdx
1

Ans: Eliminating absolutes we have,

1 0 1

 x x dx   x   x  dx   x.xdx
1 1 0

Also,
0
1
 x   x  dx   3,
1
1
1
 x.xdx  3
0

1 1
 
3 3
0

a
1 
39. If  1 x
0
2

4
then what is value of a.

Ans:
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 18
 1
1 x 2
 tan 1 x  C
a
1
1 x 2
 tan 1  a 
0


tan 1  a  
4

tan a
4
 a 1

b a

40.  f  x  dx   f  x dx
a b

q p

Ans: Using the property  f  x dx    f  x dx we have,

p q

b a b b

 f  x dx   f  x dx   f  x dx   f  x dx

a b a a

0

Long Answer Questions 4 Marks

41. Evaluate:
xcsc  tan 1 x 2 
(i)  1  x4
dx

dt 2x
Ans: Let tan 1 x 2  t   . Substitute the values in the given expression.
dx 1  x 4
x csc  tan 1 x 2  dt
 dx   csc  t  
1  x4 2
x csc  tan 1 x 2  1
 dx  log csc  t   cot  t    C
1 x 4
2
Substitute the value of t in the above equation.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 19

 x csc  tan 1 x 2 
dx  log csc  tan 1 x 2   cot  tan 1 x 2    C
1
 1 x 4
2
x csc  tan x 
1 2
1 1 
 dx  log csc  tan 1 x 2   2   C
1 x 4
2 x 

x csc  tan 1 x 2  1 
log csc  tan 1 x 2   2
1
Hence the value of  1 x
dx is 
2  C.

4
x

x1  x1
(ii)  x1  x1
dx .

Ans: Rationalize the fraction by multiplying and dividing with x 1  x 1 .

x 1  x 1 x 1  x 1 x 1  x 1
 x 1  x 1
dx  
x 1  x 1

x 1  x 1
dx

 
2

x 1  x 1 x 1  x 1
 dx   dx
x 1  x 1    
2 2
x 1  x 1


x 1  x 1
dx  
2x  2 x 2  1
dx
 
x 1  x 1 2

x 1  x 1
 dx   xdx   x 2  1dx
x 1  x 1
Apply the integration formula
x 2 a2
 x  a dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C in the above equation.
2 2 2

2 2
x 1  x 1 x2  x 2 1 
 dx    x  1  log x  x 2  1   C
x 1  x 1 2 2 2 
x 1  x 1 1
 dx   x 2  x x 2  1  log x  x 2  1   C
x 1  x 1 2 

x 1  x 1
Hence the value of  x 1  x 1
dx is

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 20

1 2
x  x x 2  1  log x  x 2  1   C .
2 

1
(iii)  sin  x  a  sin  x  b  dx
Ans: Write the given expression as

1 1 sin  x  b    x  a  
 sin  x  a  sin  x  b  dx  
sin  a  b  sin  x  a  sin  x  b 
dx

1
 dx 
sin  x  a  sin  x  b 
1 sin  x  b  cos  x  a   sin  x  a  cos  x  b 
sin  a  b 
 sin  x  a  sin  x  b 
dx

1 1

sin  x  a  sin  x  b 
dx   cot  x  a   cot  x  b  dx
sin  a  b  

1 1
 dx  log sin  x  a   log sin  x  b    C
sin  x  a  sin  x  b  sin  a  b  

1 1 sin  x  a 
 dx  log C
sin  x  a  sin  x  b  sin  a  b  sin  x  b 

1 1 sin  x  a 
Hence the value of  sin  x  a  sin  x  b  dx is
sin  a  b 
log
sin  x  b 
 C.

cos  x  a 
(iv)  cos  x  a  dx
Ans: Modify the above expression as
cos  x  a  cos  x  a  2a 
 cos  x  a  dx   cos  x  a  dx

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 21

 cos  x  a  cos  x  a  cos 2a  sin  x  a  sin 2a
 dx   dx
cos  x  a  cos  x  a 

cos  x  a 
 dx   cos 2adx  sin 2a  tan  x  a  dx
cos  x  a 

cos  x  a 
 dx  x cos 2a  sin 2a log sec  x  a   C
cos  x  a 

cos  x  a 
Hence the value of  cos  x  a  dx is x cos 2a  sin 2a log sec  x  a   C .

(v)  cos xcos 2xcos 3xdx

Ans: Modify the given expression as

1
 cos x cos 2x cos3xdx    2cos x.cos3x  cos 2xdx
2
Use the trigonometric formula 2cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  in the
above equation.
1
 cos x cos 2x cos3xdx  2   cos 4x  cos 2x  cos 2xdx

 cos 4x.cos 2x  cos 2 2x dx

1
  cos x cos 2x cos3xdx  
2

 2cos 4x.cos 2x  2cos 2 2x dx

1 1
  cos x cos 2x cos3xdx  
2 2
Use the trigonometric formula cos 2  2cos 2   1 in the above equation.
1
 cos x cos 2x cos3xdx  4   cos6x  cos 2x  cos 4x  1 dx
1 sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x 
  cos x cos 2x cos3xdx   x    C
4 2 4 6 
1
  cos x cos 2x cos3xdx  12x  6sin 2x  3sin 4x  2sin 6x   C
48

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 22

Hence the value of  cos x cos 2x cos3xdx is

1
12x  6sin 2x  3sin 4x  2sin 6x   C .
48

(vi)  cos5 xdx

Ans: Rewrite the given expression as

 cos xdx   cos 4 x cos xdx

5

  cos5 xdx    cos 2 x  cos xdx

2

Use the trigonometric identity sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 in the above equation.

xdx   1  sin 2 x  cos xdx

2
 cos
5

Assume the substitution u  sin x  du  cos xdx in the above equation.

 cos xdx   1  u  du
5 2 2

  cos5 xdx   1  2u 2  u 4  du

2 1
  cos5 xdx  u  u 3  u 5  C
3 5
Resubstitute the value u  sin x in the above equation.
2 1
  cos5 xdx  sin x  sin 3 x  sin 5 x  C
3 5
2 1
Hence the value of  cos5 xdx is sin x  sin 3 x  sin 5 x  C .
3 5

(vii)  sin 2 xcos4 xdx

Ans: Rewrite the given expression as

x cos 4 xdx    4sin 2 x cos 2 x  2cos 2 x  dx

1
 sin
2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 23

  x  dx
1 
  sin 2 x cos 4 xdx    
2 2
 2sin x cos x 2cos
8
Use the trigonometric formulas 2sin AcosA  sin 2A and cos 2A  2cos 2 A  1 in
the above equation.
1
 sin x cos 4 xdx    sin 2x  1  cos 2x  dx
2 2

8
1
  sin 2 x cos 4 xdx   sin 2 2x 1  cos 2x  dx
8
Rewrite the above equation as

 2sin 2 2x  1  cos 2x  dx
1
 sin x cos 4 xdx  
2

16
Use the trigonometric formula cos 2x  1  2sin 2 x in the above equation.
1
 sin x cos 4 xdx   1  cos 4x 1  cos 2x  dx
2

16
1
  sin 2 x cos 4 xdx 
16
 1  cos 4x  cos 2x  cos 4x cos 2x dx
Use the trigonometric formula 2cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  in the
above equation.
1  1 
 sin
2
x cos 4 xdx   1  cos 4x  cos 2x   cos6x  cos 2x  dx
16  2 
1
  sin 2 x cos 4 xdx 
32
  2  cos 2x  2cos 4x  cos6x  dx
1  sin 2x 2sin 4x sin 6x 
  sin 2 x cos 4 xdx   2x    C
32  2 4 6 

Hence the value of  sin 2 x cos 4 xdx is

1 1 1 1 
 2x  sin 2x  sin 4x  sin 6x   C .
32  2 2 6 

(viii)  cot 3 xcsc4 xdx

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 24

Ans: Rewrite the given expression by using trigonometric identity
csc2 x  cot 2 x  1 .

 cot
3

x csc4 xdx     cot 2 x  cot 2 x  1 csc 2 xdx
1
Assume the substitution u  cot x  dx   du in the above equation.
csc2 x

 cot
3
x csc4 xdx   u 3  u 2  1 du

  cot 3 x csc4 xdx    u 5  u 3  du

 u6 u4 
  cot 3 x csc4 xdx       C
6 4
Resubstitute the value u  cot x in the above equation.
 cot 6 x cot 4 x 
 cot x csc xdx    6  4   C
3 4

 
 cot 6 x cot 4 x 
Hence the value of  cot x csc xdx is  
3
4
 C.
 6 4 

sin xcos x
(ix)  a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x
dx

Ans: Assume the substitution

1
u  a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x  dx  du in the above
2a cos x sin x  2b 2 cos x sin x
2

equation.
sin x cos x 1
 a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x
dx  
2  a 2  b2  u
du

sin x cos x 1 1
 dx  2 
du
a sin x  b cos x
2 2 2 2
2a  b  u
2

sin x cos x 1
 dx  2 u C
a 2 sin 2 x  b2 cos 2 x 2  a  b2 
2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 25

Resubstitute the value u  a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x in the above equation.
sin x cos x 1
 a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x
dx 
a b
2 2
a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x  C

sin x cos x 1
Hence the value of  a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x
dx is
a b
2 2
a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x  C

1
(x)  dx
cos 3 xcos  x  a 

Ans: Use the trigonometric formula cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin Asin B in the
above expression.
1 1
 dx   dx
cos x cos  x  a 
3
cos x  cos x cosa  sin x sin a 
3

1 1
 dx   dx
cos3 x cos  x  a  cos 4 x  cosa  tan x sin a 

1 1
 dx   dx
cos3 x cos  x  a  cos x cosa  tan x sin a
2

1 sec2 x
 dx   dx
cos3 x cos  x  a  cosa  tan x sin a

Assume the substitution u  cosa  sin a tan x  du   sin a sec2 xdx since the
terms sin a , cosa are constants.
1 1
 dx    du
cos3 x cos  x  a  sin a u

1
 dx  2csca u  C
cos3 x cos  x  a 

Resubstitute the value u  cosa  sina tan x in the above equation.

1
 dx  2csca cosa  sin a tan x  C
cos x cos  x  a 
3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 26

 1
Hence the value of  dx is 2csca cos a  sin a tan x  C .
cos3 x cos  x  a 

sin6 x  cos6 x
(xi)  dx
sin 2 xcos 2 x
Ans: Modify the given expression as

 sin 2 x    cos 2 x 
3 3
sin 6 x  cos 6 x
 sin 2 x cos 2 x dx   sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
Use the formula a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  b2  ab  in the above equation.

sin 6 x  cos6 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 4 x  cos 4 x  sin 2 x cos 2 x 

 sin 2 x cos2 x dx   sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx

sin 6 x  cos 6 x
 dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
 sin x    cos x 
2 2
2 2
 2sin 2 x cos 2 x  2sin 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x cos 2 x
 dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x

 sin 2 x  cos 2 x   3sin 2 x cos 2 x

2
sin 6 x  cos 6 x
 dx   dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
sin 6 x  cos6 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
 dx     3 dx
 sin x cos x 
2 2 2 2
sin x cos x

sin 6 x  cos6 x
 2 2
dx   sec2 xdx   csc2 xdx   3dx  C
sin x cos x
sin 6 x  cos6 x
 dx  tan x  cot x  3x  C
sin 2 x cos 2 x
sin 6 x  cos6 x
Hence the value of  dx is tan x  cot x  3x  C .
sin 2 x cos 2 x

sin x  cos x
(xii)  sin 2x dx

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 27

Ans: Assume the substitution sin x  cos x  t   sin x  cos x  dx  dt and the
value of t 2 will be
t 2   sin x  cos x 
2

 t 2  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x

 sin 2x  1  t 2
Substitute all the values in the given expression.
sin x  cos x 1
 sin 2x dx   1  t 2 dt
sin x  cos x
 dx  sin 1 t  C
sin 2x
Substitute the value t  sin x  cos x in the above equation.
sin x  cos x
 sin 2x dx  sin  sin x  cos x   C
1

sin x  cos x
Hence the value of  dx is sin 1  sin x  cos x   C .
sin 2x

42. Evaluate
x
(i)  x4  x2  1 dx
Ans: Assume the substitution x 2  t  2xdx  dt in the above equation.
x 1
x 4
 x 1
2
dx  
2  t  t  1
2
dt

x 1 1
 dx   2 dt
x  x 1
4 2
2  1 2  3 
t    
 2  2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 28

  1
x 1 2  t  
 4 dx   tan 1
 2 C
x  x2 1 2 3  3 
 
 2 
x 1 1  2t  1 
 dx  tan  C
x4  x2  1 3  3 
Substitute t  x 2 in the above equation.

1  2x  1 
2
x 1
 4 dx  tan  C
x  x2  1 3  3 

1  2x  1 
2
x 1
Hence the value of  x4  x2  1 dx is tan  C.
3  3 

1
(ii)  dx
x  6  log x   7 log x  2 
2

 
1
Ans: Assume the substitution t  log x  dt  dx in the above equation.
x
1 dt
 dx  
x 6  log x   7log x  2  6t 2  7t  2
2

 
1 dt
 dx  
x 6  log x   7log x  2  6t  3t  4t  2
2 2

 
1 1
 dx   dt
x 6  log x   7 log x  2 

2


 3t  2  2t  1
1 2  3t  2   3  2t  1
 dx   dt
x 6  log x   7log x  2 
2
 3t  2  2t  1
1 2dt 3dt
 dx   
x 6  log x   7 log x  2  2t  1 3t  2
2

 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 29

 1
 dx  log  2t  1  log  3t  2   C
x 6  log x   7log x  2 
2

 
1 2t  1
 dx  log C
x 6  log x   7log x  2  3t  2
2

Substitute the assumed value t  log x in the above equation.

1 2log x  1
 dx  log C
x 6  log x   7log x  2  3log x  2
2

 
1 2log x  1
Hence the value of  dx is log  C.
x 6  log x   7log x  2  3log x  2
2

 

dx
(iii)  1 x  x 2

Ans: Simplify the given expression as

dx dx
1 x  x  2 2
1 1 1
2

x  2   x        1
2

2 2 2

dx 1
   dx
1  x  x2
2
 1 5
 x   
 2 4
1
Assume the substitution u  x   du  dx in the above equation.
2
dx 4
1 x  x 2

4u 2  5
du

5
Assume the substitution u  v  du  dv in the above equation.
3
dx 1
 1  x  x 2  2 5  v 2  1 dv
 4
 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 30

 dx 1 1
  4  dv
1 x  x 2
2 5 v  1
2

  log v  1  log v  1   C
dx 2 1
 
1 x  x 2
5 2
2 1
Resubstitute v  u and u  x  in the above equation.
5 2

dx 1   2  1   2  1  
1 x  x  log 
5  5
 x    1  log 
2 
 x    1   C
 5 2  
2

dx 1 5  1  2x
  log C
1 x  x 2
5 5  1  2x

dx 1 5  1  2x
Hence the value of 1 x  x 2
is
5
log
5  1  2x
 C.

1
(iv)  dx
9  8x  x 2
Ans: Simplify the above equation as
1 1
 dx   dx
9  8x  x 2 9  2  4  x  x 2  42  42

1 1
 dx   dx
9  8x  x 2 25   x  4 
2

1 1
 dx   dx
9  8x  x 2 5   x  4
2 2

1 1  x 
Apply the integration formula  a2  x2
dx  sin    C in the above
a
equation.
1 1  x  4 
 9  8x  x 2
dx  sin 
 5
C


Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 31

 1 1  x  4 
Hence the value of  9  8x  x 2
dx is sin 
 5 
  C.

1
(v)  dx
 x - a  x - b 
Ans: The given integral can be written as
1 dx
 dx  
 x  a  x  b  x 2  bx  ax  ab

dx

x 2  x  a  b   ab

dx

ab ab ab
2 2

x  2x 
2
     ab
 2   2   2 
dx

a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2 
2

x     ab 
 2   4 
dx

a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
2

x   
 2  4
dx

ab ab
2 2

x    
 2   2 

ab ab ab

2 2
 
 log  x   x     C
 2   2   2 

After simplifying we get,

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 32

 1 ab
 dx  log x   x 2  x  a  b   ab  C
 x  a  x  b  2
Thus, we’ll have
1 ab
 dx  log x    x  a  x  b   C , where C is an
 x  a  x  b  2
integration constant.

sin  x   
(vi)  sin  x   

Ans: Multiply and divide the fraction with sin  x    .

sin  x    sin  x   
 sin  x   
dx   dx
sin  x    sin  x   

sin  x    sin x cos   cos x sin 

 dx   dx
sin  x    sin 2 x  sin 2 

sin  x    sin xdx cos x

 dx  cos    sin   dx
sin  x    1  cos2 x   1  cos2   sin x  sin 2 
2

sin  x    sin xdx cos x

 dx  cos    sin   dx
sin  x    cos 2   cos 2 x sin 2 x  sin 2 
Assume u  cos x  du   sin xdx and v  sin x  dv  cos xdx in the above
equation.

sin  x    du dv
 dx  cos    sin   2
sin  x    cos  u
2 2
v  sin 2 

sin  x     u 
 dx   cos  sin 1    sin  log v  v  sin 
2 2

sin  x     cos  
Substitute the values of u and v in the above equation.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 33

 sin  x     cos x 
 dx   cos  sin 1    sin  log sin x  sin x  sin   C
2 2

sin  x     cos  

sin  x   
Hence the value of  sin  x   
dx is

 cos x 
 cos  sin 1    sin  log sin x  sin x  sin   C .
2 2

 cos  

5x  2
(vii)  3x2  2x  1 dx
5 11
Ans: Write 5x  2 as  6x  2   and split.
6 3

5x  2  5  6x  2  11 
 3x 2  2x  1 dx    6  3x 2  2x  1 3 3x 2  2x  1  dx
 
 
1
Assume the substitution u  3x 2  2x  1  dx  du in the above equation.
6x  2
5x  2 5 1 11 1
 3x  2x  1
dx   du   2 dx
 
2 2
6 u 3  1  2
 3x    3 
 3  
 1 
 3x  
5x  2 5 11 1 3
 2 dx  ln u   tan 1
 C
3x  2x  1 6 3  2  2 
   
 3  3 

5x  2 5 11 1  3x  1 
 dx  log 3x 2
 2x  1  tan  C
3x 2  2x  1 6 3 2  2 
5x  2
Hence the value of  3x 2
 2x  1
dx is

5 11  3x  1 
log 3x 2  2x  1  tan 1  C.
6 3 2  2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 34

 x2
(viii)  2 dx
x  6x  12
Ans: Perform long division method and simplify the above fraction as
x2  6x  12 
 x 2  6x  12dx   1  x 2  6x  12  dx
x2 6x  12
 2 dx   du   2 dx
x  6x  12 x  2  3 x  32  32  12

x2 6x  12
 dx  x   dx
x 2  6x  12    
2
x 3 2

Assume the substitution u  x  3  du  dx in the above equation.

x2 6u  6
 x 2  6x  12dx  x   u 2  3 du
x2 2u 1
 2 dx  x  3 2  6 2 du
x  6x  12 u 3 u  3
2
 
x2 1  u 
 2 dx  x  log u 2  3  6  tan 1  C
x  6x  12 3  3
x2  x 3
 2 dx  x  3log x 2  6x  12  2 3 tan 1  C
x  6x  12  3 
x2
Hence the value of  2 dx is
x  6x  12
 x 3
x  3log x 2  6x  12  2 3 tan 1  C.
 3 

x2
(ix)  4x  x 2
dx

Ans: Simplify the given expression as

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 35

 x2 x2
 dx   dx
4x  x 2
 x 2  2  2  x  22  22

x2 x2
 dx   dx
4x  x 2   x  2  4
2

Assume the substitution u  x  2  du  dx in the above equation.

x2 u4
 4x  x 2
dx  
u 2  4
du

x2 u 1
 dx   du  4 du
4x  x 2 u 2  4 u 2  22
x2 1  u 
 dx    u 2
 4  4sin  
4x  x 2 2
Substitute the value u  x  2 in the above equation.
x2 1  x  2 
     C
2
dx 4x x 4sin 
4x  x 2  2 
x2 1  x  2 
      C.
2
Hence the value of dx is 4x x 4sin 
4x  x 2  2 

(x)  x 1  x  x 2 dx

1 1
Ans: Write the term x as  1  2x  in the above expression.
2 2
  x 2  x  1 1  2x   x 2  x  1 
 x 1  x  x dx     dx
2

2 2 
 
1 1
  x 1  x  x 2 dx    2x  1 x 2  x  1dx   x 2  x  1dx
2 2
1
Assume the substitution u   x 2  x  1  dx  du in the above equation.
1  2x

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 36

 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
 x 1  x  x dx  2   udu  2  x  2  2  x   2    2   1dx
2 2

3 2
1 2u 2 1  5  
2
1
  x 1  x  x dx   
2
     x   dx
2 3 2  2   2

x 2 a 2 1  x 
 a  x dx  a  x  sin    C in the
2 2 2
Apply the integration formula
2 2 a
above equation.
 1
 x 
1  2
 x 1  x  x dx   3   x  x  1  2  2
3
1 1
2 2 2
x 2  x  1 
2
5  1
 x 
 4 sin 1  2 C
2  5 
 
 2 
 2x  1 
 
3
1 1 5
  x 1  x  x 2 dx   1  x  x 2 2
  2x  1 1  x  x 2  sin 1  C
3 8 16  5 

Hence the value of  x 1  x  x 2 dx is

 2x  1 
 1  x  x    2x  1 1  x  x 2  sin 1 
3
1 1 5
 C.
2 2

3 8 16  5 

(xi)   3x  2  x 2  x  1dx

3 7
Ans: Write the term 3x  2 as  2x  1  in the above expression.
2 2
 3 2x  1 x 2  x  1 7 x 2  x  1 
  3x  2  x  x  1dx     dx
2

 2 2 
 
3 7
   3x  2  x 2  x  1dx    2x  1 x 2  x  1dx   x 2  x  1dx
2 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 37

 1
Assume the substitution u  x 2  x  1  dx  du in the above equation.
2x  1
2 2
3 7 1 1 1
  3x  2  x  x  1dx    udu   x 2  2   x        1dx
2

2 2 2 2 2

2
1  3
2
3 2 32 7 
   3x  2  x  x  1dx   u    x    
2
 dx
2 3 2  2  2 

Apply the integration formula

x 2 a2
 x  a dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C in the above equation.
2 2 2

2 2

x  x  1dx   x  x  1
3

  3x  2 
2 2 2

 1 3 2 
 x   
2
 
2  x  1   3  4 log x  1   x  1   3   C
2 2
7
          
2 2  2  2  2 2  2  2  
 

 1 2 
  x   x  x  1 
7  2
x  x  1dx   x  x  1 
3
   3x  2  2 2 2 C
2 3 1 
  8 log x  2  x  x  1 
2

 

Hence the value of   3x  2  x 2  x  1dx is

7  1 
x  x  1   x   x 2  x  1  log x   x 2  x  1   C .
3
2 2
3 1
2  2 8 2 

(xii)  sec x  1dx

Ans: We know that,

1
secx=
cosx
So, the given integral can be written as

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 38

 1
 sec x  1 dx  
cos x
 1dx

1  cos x
 dx
cos x
Since, we have the half angle formulas as,
x
1  cos 2x  2cos 2
2
x
cos 2x  1  2sin 2
2
Using these formulas in the integral we get,

x
2cos 2
 2 dx
x
1  2sin 2
2
x
cos
 2 2 dx
x
1  2sin 2
2
Taking 2 out from the denominator we get,
x
2 cos
2
 
2  1 2  2
dx
x
    sin 2 
 2  
Now, let us assume,
x
sin k
2
Now, differentiating on both sides we have,
1 x
cos dx  dk
2 2
x
cos dx  2dk
2
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 39
Now the integral becomes,
2dk
 2
 1 
  k
2

 2
We know the formula,
dx 1  x 
 a2  x2
 sin  c
a
So, we get the integral value as,
 
 k 
 2sin 1  c
  1  
 2 
 

 x
 sin 
 2sin 1  2 c
 1 
 2 
 x
Hence,  sec x  1 dx  2sin 1  2 sin   c , where c is an integration
 2
constant.

43. Evaluate:
dx
(i)  x x7
 1

Ans: Assume the substitution u  x 7  du  7x 6dx in the above equation.

dx 1 1
 xx 7
 1
  6 du
x  x  1 7x
7

dx 1 1
   du
x  x 7  1 7 u  u  1

Perform the partial fraction decomposition in the above equation.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 40
 dx 1 1 1 
 xx 7
    du
 1 7  u u  1 

dx 1
  log u  log u  1   C
x  x 7  1 7 

dx 1 x7
  log 7 C
x  x 7  1 7 x 1

dx 1 x7
Hence the value of  is log 7  C.
x  x 7  1 7 x 1

sin x
(ii)   1  cos x  2  3cos x  dx
Ans: Assume the substitution cos x  t  sin xdx  dt in the above equation.
sin x dt
 1  cos x  2  3cos x  dx   1  t  2  3t 
On performing the partial fraction decomposition, the above fraction is modified
as
sin x  1 3 
 1  cos x  2  3cos x  dx    1  t  2  3t  dt
sin x
 dx  log 1  t  log 2  3t  C
1  cos x  2  3cos x 
sin x 1 t
 dx  log C
1  cos x  2  3cos x  2  3t

sin x 1  cos x
 dx  log C
1  cos x  2  3cos x  2  3cos x

sin x 1  cos x
Hence the value of  1  cos x  2  3cos x  dx is log
2  3cos x
 C.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 41

 sin  cos 
(iii)  cos 2
  cos   2
d

Ans: Assume the substitution u  cos   du   sin d in the above equation.
sin  cos  u
 cos2   cos   2 d   u 2  u  2 du


Perform partial fraction decomposition in the above equation.

sin  cos   1 2 
 cos2   cos   2 d    3 u  1 3 u  2  dx
 
 
sin  cos  1 1 2 1
 d    du   du
cos   cos   2
2
3 u 1 3 u2
sin  cos  1 2
 d   log u  1  log u  2  C
cos   cos   2
2
3 3
Substitute the value u  cos  in the above equation.
sin  cos  2 1
 cos 2
  cos   2
d   log cos   2  log 1  cos   C .
3 3
sin  cos  2 1
Hence the value of  cos 2
  cos   2
d is  log cos   2  log 1  cos   C
3 3

x1
(iv)   x  1 x  2  x  3  dx
Ans: Let us represent the above expression in the partial fractions as,
x 1 A B C
  
 x  1 x  2  x  3 x  1 x  2 x  3
Taking the LCM in above equation and representing as the coefficients of x we
get,
x  1  x 2  A  B  C   x  A  4B  C    6A  3B  2C 

Comparing the coefficients on both sides of equation we get,

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 42

ABC0
A  4B  C  1
6A  3B  2C  1
On solving the above three equations we get,
1
A
3
1
B
15
2
C
5
So, the integral becomes,

x 1  1 1 2 
  x  1 x  2  x  3 dx    3 x  1 15  x  2  5  x  3  dx
 
 
x 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
 dx   dx   dx   dx
 x  1 x  2  x  3 3 x 1 15 x  2 5 x 3

x 1 1 1 2
 dx  log x  1  log x  2  log x  3  C
 x  1 x  2  x  3 3 15 5

x 1
Hence the value of the integral   x  1 x  2  x  3 dx is

1 1 2
log x  1  log x  2  log x  3  C .
3 15 5

x2  x  2
(v)   x  2  x  1 dx
Ans: Simplify the given expression by performing long division.

x2  x  2  4x 
  x  2  x  1 dx     x  2  x  1  1dx
 
x2  x  2 x
 dx  4 dx  1dx
 x  2  x  1  x  2  x  1
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 43
Perform partial fraction decomposition in the above equation.
x2  x  2  2 1 
  x  2  x  1 dx  4  x  2  x  1  dx  x

x2  x  2  1 1 
 dx  4  2 dx   dx   x
 x  2  x  1  x2 x 1 

x2  x  2
 dx  8log x  2  4log x  1  x  C
 x  2  x  1
 x  2  C
2
x2  x  2
 dx  x  4log
 x  2  x  1 x 1

 x  2  C .
2
x2  x  2
Hence the value of  dx is x  4log
 x  2  x  1 x 1

(vi) 
x 2
 1 x 2  2 
dx
x 2
 3  x 2  4 

Ans: Assume the substitution t  x 2 in the given fraction.

x 2
 1 x 2  2 
 t  1 t  2 

x 2
 3 x  4   t  3 t  4 
2


x 2
 1 x 2  2 

t 2  3t  2
x 2
 3 x 2  4  t 2  7t  12

Perform log division on the above fraction, then we will get

x 2
 1 x 2  2 
1
4t  10
x 2
 3 x  4 
2
t  7t  12
2

Perform the partial fraction decomposition to the above fraction, then we will have

x 2
 1 x 2  2 
1
2

6
x 2
 3 x 2  4  x2  3 x2  4

Apply integration on both sides of the above equation.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 44

 x 2
 1 x 2  2   2 6 
 x 2
 3 x  4 
2
dx   1  2  2
 x 3 x 4
 dx


x 2
 1 x 2  2 
dx  1dx  2
1
dx  6
1
dx
x 2
 3 x  4 
2
x2   3
2
 x  22 
2


x 2
 1 x 2  2 
dx  x 
2  x  1  x 
tan 1    3tan  2   C
x 2
 3 x  4 
2
3  3  

Hence the value of 

x 2
 1 x 2  2 
dx is x 
2  x  1  x 
tan 1    3tan  2   C .
x 2
 3 x 2  4  3  3  

dx
(vii)   2x  1  x2  4 
Ans: On performing partial fraction decomposition to the given expression we
will have

dx  4 2x  1 
  2x  1  x 2  4    17  2x  1 17  x 2  4  dx
  
 
dx 4 1 1 2x  1

 2x  1  x 2  4  17  2x  1 
 dx  dx
17 x 2  4

dx 4 1 1  2x 1 
   log 2x  1    2 dx   2 dx 
 2x  1  x  4  17 2
2
17  x  4 x 2 
2

dx 2 1  1  x 
  log 2x  1  log x 2  4  tan 1     C
 2x  1  x  4  17
2
17  2  2 

dx 2 1 1 1  x 
  log 2x  1  log x 2
 4  tan  C
 2x  1  x 2  4  17 17 34 2

dx
Hence the value of   2x  1  x 2  4  is

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 45

 2 1 1 x
log 2x  1  log x 2  4  tan 1    C .
17 17 34 2

dx
(viii)  sin x  1  2cos x 
Ans: Simplify the given fraction as
dx dx sin x
 sin x 1  2cos x    2cos x  1 sin x sin x
  

Use the trigonometric identity sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 in the above equation.

dx sin xdx
 sin x 1  2cos x     2cos x  1  cos 2
x  1

Assume the substitution u  cos x  du   sin xdx in the above equation.

dx 1
 sin x 1  2cos x     2u  1  u 2
 12 
du

dx 1
  du
sin x 1  2cos x   2u  1 u  1 u  1
Perform partial fraction decomposition in the above equation.

dx  4 1 1 
 sin x 1  2cos x      3 2u  1  6  u  1  2  u  1 du
 
dx 4 1 1 1
    log 2u  1  log u  1  log u  1  C
sin x 1  2cos x  3 2 6 2

dx 1 1 2
   log 1  cos x  log 1  cos x  log 1  2cos x  C
sin x 1  2cos x  2 6 3

dx
Hence the value of  sin x 1  2cos x  is

1 1 2
 log 1  cos x  log 1  cos x  log 1  2cos x  C .
2 6 3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 46

 sin x
(ix)  sin 4x dx
Ans: Use the trigonometric formulas sin 2A  2sin AcosA in the above equation.
sin x sin x
 sin 4x dx   2sin 2x cos 2x dx
sin x sin x cos x
 dx    dx
sin 4x 2  2sin x cos x  cos 2x cos x

sin x 1 cos x
 dx   dx
sin 4x 4 cos 2 x cos 2x
Use the formula sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 and cos 2A  1  2sin 2 A in the above equation.
sin x 1 cos xdx
 sin 4x dx  4  1  sin x 1  2sin x 
2 2

Assume the substitution sin x  t  cos xdx  dt in the above equation.

sin x 1 1
 sin 4x dx  4  1  t 1  2t  dt
2 2

Perform partial fraction decomposition.

sin x 1  1 2 
 sin 4x dx  4   1  t 2

1  2t 2 
dt

sin x 1 1 2 1
 dx    dt   2 dt
4 1 t  
2
sin 4x 4 1  2t

sin x 1 1 1 t 1 1 1  2t
 dx    log   log C
sin 4x 4 2 1 t 2 2 2 1  2t

sin x 1 1  sin x 1 1  2 sin x

 dx   log  log C
sin 4x 8 1  sin x 4 2 1  2 sin x

sin x 1 1  sin x 1 1  2 sin x

Hence the value of  sin 4x dx is  log
8

1  sin x 4 2
log
1  2 sin x
 C.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 47

 x2  1
(x)  4 dx
x  x2  1
Ans: Simplify the above expression as
1
x2 1 1 2
 x 4  x 2  1 dx   2 x 1 dx
x 1 2
x
 1 
 1 2 
x 1
dx   
x 
2

 4 dx
x  x 1
2
 
2
1
 x   1
 x
1  1 
Assume the substitution t  x   dt  1  2  dx in the above equation.
x  x 
x2 1 dt
 x 4  x 2  1 dx   t 2  1
x2 1 1 2dt
 4 dx  
x  x 1
2
2  t  1 t  1
Perform partial fraction decomposition in the above equation.
x2 1 1 dt 1 dt
 x 4  x 2  1 dx  2  t  1  2  t  1
x2 1 1 1
 4 dx  log t  1  log t  1  C
x  x2  1 2 2
x2 1 1 t 1
 4 dx  log C
x  x2  1 2 t 1

x2 1 1 x2  x 1
 4 dx  log 2 C
x  x2  1 2 x  x 1

x2 1 1 x2  x  1
Hence the value of  4 dx is log 2 C.
x  x2  1 2 x  x 1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 48

(xi)  tan xdx

2tdt 2tdt
Ans: Assume the substitution tan x  t 2  dx   in the given
sec x 1  t 4
2

expression.
 2t 
 tan xdx    t 
 1 t 
4 
dt

2t 2
 tan xdx   dt
1 t4
2
  tan xdx   dt
1
t  2
2

t
 1  1
1  2   1  2 
tan xdx   
t   t 
 dt
1
t  2
2

t
1 1
1 2
1 2
 tan xdx   t dt  t dt
1  1
t2  2 t2  2
t t
1  1
Assume the substitutions t   u  1  2  dt  du and
t  t 
1  1
t   v  1  2  dt  dv in the above equation.
t  t 
1 1
 tan xdx   2 du   2 dv
 1  1
t    2 t   2
 t  t
1 1
  tan xdx   du   dv
 2  2
2 2
u 
2
v 
2

1  u  1 v 2
  tan xdx  tan 1   log C
2  2  2 2 v  2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 49

Substitute the values of u , v and t in the above equation.
 1 1
 t   t   2
1 t 1 t
 tan xdx   C
1
tan  log
2 2 2 2 1
  t  2
  t

1  t  1  t 2  2t  1
2
1 1
 tan xdx  tan   log 2
2  2t  2 2 t  2t  1

1  tan x  1  1 tan x  2 tan x  1

  tan xdx  tan 1   log C
2  2 tan x  2 2 tan x  2 tan x  1

Hence the value of  tan xdx is

1  tan x  1  1 tan x  2 tan x  1

tan 1   log  C.
2  2 tan x  2 2 tan x  2 tan x  1

x2  9
(xii)  4
x  81
Ans: Simplify the given expression by taking x 2 as common from the both
numerator and denominator.
9
x 92 1
2

 x 4  81   2 x81dx
x  2
x
9
x 9 2 1
 4  x2 dx
x  81
2
 9   9   9 
x2     2 x    2 x  
x x x
9
x 9 2 1
 4  x2 dx
x  81
2
 9 
 x    18
 x

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 50

 9  9 
Assume the substitution x   t  1  2  dx  dt in the above equation.
x  x 
x2  9 dt
 4 
x  81  
2
t2  3 2

x2  9 1  t 
 4  tan 1  C
x  81 3 2 3 2 
9
Substitute the value t  x  in the above equation.
x
 9
x2  9 1  x 
 4  tan 1  x C

x  81 3 2  3 2 
 
x2  9 1 1  x  9 
2

 4  tan  C
x  81 3 2  3 2 

44.
(i)  x5 sin x3dx

Ans: Simplify the above expression as

x
5
sin x 3dx   x 3 sin  x 3 x 2dx

Assume the substitution x 3  t  3x 2dx  dt in the above equation.

dt
x sin x 3dx   t sin t 
5

3
To use the integration by parts rule, assume the functions u  t  du  dt and
dv  sin tdt  v   cos t . Now use the integration by parts formula in the above
equation.
1
x
5
sin x 3dx   t   cos t      cos t  dt 
3
1
  x 5 sin x 3dx    t cos t   cos tdt 
3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 51

 1
  x 5 sin x 3dx   t cos t  sin t   C
3
Substitute the value t  x 3 in the above equation.

x
5
sin x 3dx 
1
3
 
x 3 cos  x 3   sin  x 3   C

Hence the value of  x 5 sin x 3dx is

1
3
 
 x 3 cos  x 3   sin  x 3   C .

(ii)  sec3 xdx

Ans: Separate the function in the given expression as

 sec
3
xdx   sec x  sec2 x  dx

To use the integration by parts rule, assume the functions

u  secx  du  secx tan xdx and dv  sec2 xdx  v  tan x . Now substitute the
values in the integration by parts formula.

 sec
3
xdx  sec x tan x   tan x  sec x tan x  dx

Use the trigonometric identity sec2 x  tan x 2  1 in the above equation.

 sec
3
xdx  sec x tan x   sec x  sec2 x  1 dx

  sec3 xdx  sec x tan x   sec3 xdx   sec xdx

  sec3 xdx   sec3 xdx  sec x tan x   sec xdx

1
  sec3 xdx  secx  tan x  ln sec x  tan x   C
2
1
Hence the value of  sec3 xdx is secx  tan x  ln sec x  tan x   C .
2

(iii)  eax cos  bx  c  dx

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 52

Ans: To use the integration by parts rule assume the functions u  eax  du  aeax
1
and dv  cos  bx  c   v  sin  bx  c  . Now substitute the values in the
b
integration by parts formula.
1  1 
e
ax
cos  bx  c  dx  eax  sin  bx  c     aeax  sin  bx  c   dx
b  b 
eax a
  e cos  bx  c  dx  sin  bx  c    eax sin  bx  c  dx
ax

b b
Assume the integral value  eax sin  bx  c  dx separately from the above equation.
For this value also assume the functions to use integration by parts as
1
u  eax  du  aeax dx and dv  sin  bx  c   v   cos  bx  c  . Substitute the
b
values in the assumed value.
 1   1 
e
ax
sin  bx  c  dx  eax   cos  bx  c     aeax   cos  bx  c  dx
 b   b 
eax a
  e sin  bx  c  dx   cos  bx  c    eax cos  bx  c dx
ax

b b
Substitute the above value in the integral value of  eax cos  bx  c  dx .

eax a  eax a ax 
 e cos  bx  c  dx  b sin  bx  c   b  b cos  bx  c   b  e cos  bx  c dx 
ax

 
eax aeax a 2 ax
  e cos  bx  c  dx  sin  bx  c   2 cos  bx  c   2  e cos  bx  c dx
ax

b b b
a 2 ax
  eax cos  bx  c  dx   e cos  bx  c  dx
b2
eax
 2  bsin  bx  c   a cos  bx  c    C
b
 a 2  b2  ax eax
  e cos  bx  c  dx  bsin  bx  c   a cos  bx  c    C
2 
 
2
b b

eax
  eax cos  bx  c  dx  bsin  bx  c   a cos  bx  c   C
a 2  b2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 53

Hence the value of  eax cos  bx  c  dx is

eax
 bsin  bx  c   a cos  bx  c   C .
a 2  b2 

 6x 
(iv)  sin 1  2 
dx
 1  9x 
Ans: Assume the substitution 3x  tan t  3dx  sec2 tdt in the above equation.
 6x   2 tan t  1 2
 sin dx   sin 1   sec tdt
1
 2  2 
 1  9x   1  tan t  3
2 tan x
Use the formula sin 2x  in the above equation.
1  tan 2 x
 6x  1
 sin
1
 2 
dx   sin 1  sin 2t  sec 2 tdt
 1  9x  3

 6x  2
  sin 1  2 
dx   t sec 2 tdt
 1  9x  3
To use the integral by parts rule, assume the functions u  t  du  dt and
dv  sec2 tdt  v  tan t in the above equation.

1  6x  2
 sin  2 
dx   t  tan t    tan tdt 
 1  9x  3

 6x  2 2
  sin 1   dx  t tan t  log sec t  C
 1  9x 2
 3 3
Substitute the value 3x  tan t  t  tan 1  3x  in the above equation.

 6x 
 sin
1
  dx 
2
 tan 1
 3x    3x 
1
log 1  tan 2 t  C
 1  9x 
2
3 3

 6x  1
  sin 1  2 
dx  2x tan 1 3x  log 1  9x 2  C
 1  9x  3

 6x  1
Hence the value of  sin 1  2 
dx is 2x tan 1 3x  log 1  9x 2  C .
 1  9x  3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 54

(v)  cos xdx

1
Ans: Assume the substitution x t dx  dt in the given expression.
2 x

 cos xdx    cos t  2tdt

  cos xdx  2  t cos tdt

To use the integration by parts rule, assume the functions u  t  du  dt and

dv  cos tdt  v  sin t .
  cos xdx  2  t sin t   sin tdt 

  cos xdx  2  t sin t    cos t    C

Substitute the value of t  x in the above equation.

 cos xdx  2  x sin x  cos x   C

Hence the value of  cos xdx is 2  x sin x  cos x   C .

(vi)  x3 tan1 xdx

Ans: To use the integration by parts rule assume the functions

1 x4
u  tan x  du 
1
dx and dv  x dx  v  .
3

1  x2 4
 x4  x4  1 
 x tan xdx   tan x   4    4  1  x 2  dx
3 1 1

 

x 4 tan 1 x 1  x  1  1
4

  x tan xdx 
3 1
  dx
4 4 1  x2
x 4 tan 1 x 1  x  1 x  1  1
2 2

  x tan xdx 
3 1
  dx
4 4 1  x2
x 4 tan 1 x 1  
    x 2  1 dx  
1
  x tan xdx 
3 1
dx 
4 4 1 x 2


Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 55

 x 4 tan 1 x 1  x 3 
  x 3 tan 1 xdx     x  tan 1 x   C
4 4 3 
x4 x3 x 1
  x 3 tan 1 xdx  tan 1    tan x  C
4 12 4 4
 x 4  1  1 x4 x
  x tan xdx  
3 1
 tan x  12  4  C
 4 
 x 4  1  1 x4 x
Hence the value of  x tan xdx is 
3 1
 tan x  12  4  C .
 4 

 1  sin 2x 
(vii)  e 2x   dx
 1  cos 2x 
Ans: Use the trigonometric formulas sin 2x  2sin xcos x and
cos 2x  2cos 2 x  1 in the given expression.
 1  sin 2x  2x  1  2sin x cos x 
e  dx   e 
2x
  dx
 1  cos 2x   2cos 2 x 
 1  sin 2x  2x  1 2sin x cos x 
  e2 x   dx   e    dx
 1  cos 2x   2cos x 2cos 2 x 
2

 1  sin 2x  1 2x 2
  e2x   dx   e sec xdx   e tan xdx
2x

 1  cos 2x  2
Assume the functions u  e2x  du  2e2x dx , dv  sec2 xdx  v  tan x for the
first integral in the above equation.
 1  sin 2x  1 2x
e  dx  e tan x   2e tan xdx    e tan xdx
2x 2x 2x

 1  cos 2x  2

 1  sin 2x  1 2x
  e2x   dx  e tan x   e tan xdx   e tan xdx
2x 2x

 1  cos 2x  2
1
  e2 x tan xdx  e2 x tan x  C
2
1 2x
Hence the value of  e2x tan xdx is e tan x  C .
2
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 56
  x 1
(viii)  e x  2 
dx
 2x 
Ans: Simplify the given expression as
 x 1 1 x1 1 
e  2  dx   e   2  dx
x

 2x  2 x x 
1 1
Assume t   t '   2 in the above equation.
x x
 x 1
 2  dx   e  t  t  dx
1 x
e
x '

 2x  2

Use the integration formula e

x
f  x   f '  x dx  e x f  x   C in the above
equation.
 x 1 1 x1
e  2  dx  e    C
x

 2x  2 x

 x 1 ex
  e  2  dx 
x
C
 2x  2x

 x 1 ex
Hence the value of  e x  2  dx is  C.
 2x  2x

(ix)  2ax  x 2 dx

Ans: Simplify the given expression as

 2ax  x 2 dx   2  a  x  x 2  a 2  a 2 dx

  2ax  x 2 dx   a 2   x  a  dx
2

x 2 a 2 1  x 
 a  x dx  a  x  sin    C in the
2 2 2
Use the integration formula
2 2 a
above equation.
xa a2  x a 
 2ax  x 2 dx 
2
2ax  x 2  sin 1 
2  a
C


Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 57

 xa a 2 1  x  a 
 2ax  x dx is 2ax  x  sin    C.
2 2
Hence the value of
2 2  a 

(x)  e x x 2
 1
dx
 x  1
2

Ans: Simplify the given expression as

x 2
 1 x 2
 1  2x  2x 
e dx   e
x x
dx
 x  1  x  1
2 2

 e x x
dx   e
2
 1
 x  1  2xdx x
2

 x  1  x  1
2 2

 e
x 2
 1 x
2 dx   e dx  2  e
x x x
2 dx
 x  1  x  1

 e x x 2
 1
dx  e x  2 e x
 x  1  1 dx
 x  1  x  1
2 2

 e
x 2
 1  1  1  dx
    x  1 x  1 2 

x x x
dx e 2 e
 x  1   
2

1 1
If f  x   , then f '  x   2 . So, use the formula
x 1  x  1
e
x
f  x   f '  x dx  e x f  x   C in the above equation.

x 2
 1  1 
e dx  e x  2e x  C
x

 x  1  x 1
2

 e x x 2
 1 
dx  e x 1 
2 
C
 x  1  x  1
2

 e
x 2
 1  x 1 
dx  e x  C
x

    
2
x 1 x 1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 58

Hence the value of  e
x 2
 1  x 1
dx is e x    C.
x

 x  1  x 1
2

(xi)  e x
 2  sin 2x  dx
 1  cos 2x 
Ans: Use the trigonometric formulas sin 2x  2sin xcos x and
cos 2x  2cos 2 x  1 in the given expression.
 2  sin 2x  dx  e  2  2sin x cos x  dx
e 
x x

1  cos 2x  2cos x 2

  ex
 2  sin 2x  dx  e
 sec 2 x  tan x  dx
x

1  cos 2x 
If f  x   tan x then f '  x   sec 2 x . So, use the formula

e
x
f  x   f '  x dx  e x f  x   C in the above equation.

 2  sin 2x  dx  e
e tan x  C
x x

1  cos 2x 

Hence the value of  e x

 2  sin 2x  dx is e x tan x  C .
1  cos 2x 

 1 
(xii)   log  log x   2  dx
  log x  
Ans: Consider I   log  log x  dx

Apply integration by parts.

I  log  log x  1dx    log  log x  ' 1dx  dx

1 1
 I  x log  log x      xdx
log x x

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 59

 I  x log  log x     log x  dx
1

Consider I1    log x  dx
1

Apply integration by parts.

 d
I  x log  log x    log x  1dx   

1

 dx
 1
  

 log x  1dx  dx 

 x 1 
I  x log  log x        log x    xdx 
2

 log x x 
x 1
I  x log  log x    2 dx
log x  log x 
 1  x
  log  log x   2  dx  x log  log x   C
  log x   log x

 1  x
Hence the value of  log  log x   2  dx is x log  log x   C.
  log x   log x

(xiii)   6x  5  6  x  x 2 dx

 6  x2  x   B
d
Ans: Let 6x  5  A.
dx
 6x  5  A  2x  1  B
 6x  5  2Ax  A  B
Equating and solving for coefficients, then we will get A  3 and B  8 .
Now the given expression can be written as

  6x  5 6  x  x 2 dx    3  2x  1  8 6  x 2  xdx

   6x  5  6  x  x 2 dx  3  2x  1 6  x  x 2  8 6  x  x 2 dx

Assume 6  x  x 2  t  1  2x  dx  dt in the above equation.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 60

 2 2
1 1 1
  6x  5 6  x  x dx  3 tdt  8 6  2   x  x 2       dx
2

2 2 2

3
2 2
t2 5  1
   6x  5  6  x  x 2 dx  3   8     x   dx
3 2  2
2
x 2 a 2 1  x 
Use the integration formula  a  x dx  2
a  x  sin    C and
2 2

2 2 2
substitute t  6  x  x in the above equation.
2

  6x  5 6  x  x dx  2  6  x  x  2
3
2 2

 1 5
2
 1 
x     x  
8   2 
  C
2 6xx 
2 1
sin  2
 2 2  2 
   


   6x  5  6  x  x 2 dx  2  6  x  x 2  2
3

 2x  1 25  2x  1  
8  6  x  x 2  sin 1    C
 4 8  4 

Hence the value of   6x  5 6  x  x 2 dx is

 2x  1  2x  1  
2  6  x  x 2  2  8 
3
25
6  x  x 2  sin 1    C .
 4 8  4 

x3
(xiv)   x  2 x3
dx

Ans:
  3  x 
x 2  9  x  2  9  x 2  6sin 1  
x+3   6  
  x-2  x-3 dx  2 9x 2
 C , where C is an

integration constant.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 61

(xv)   2x  5  x 2  4x  3dx

Ans: Simplify the given expression as

  2x  5 x 2  4x  3dx    2x  4  1 x 2  4x  3dx

   2x  5  x 2  4x  3dx    2x  4  x 2  4x  3dx   x 2  4x  3dx

Let u  x 2  4x  3  du   2x  4  dx , now the above equation is modified as

  2x  5 x 2  4x  3dx   udu   x 2  2  2  x  2 2  2 2  3dx

3

u2
   2x  5   x  2
3 
x 2  4x  3dx    12 dx
2

2
x 2 a2
Use the integration formula  x  a dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 22

2 2
and substitute u  x  4x  3 in the above equation.
2

x  2 2 
 x  4x  3 
x 2  4x  3dx   x 2  4x  3  
3
2
  2x  5
2 2
C
3   log x  2  x 2  4x  3 
1
 2 

x2 2
x  4x  3dx   x  4x  3  2  
3
2 2
   2x  5  2
 x  4x  3
3  2 
1
 log x  2  x 2  4x  3  C
2

Hence the value of   2x  5 x 2  4x  3dx is

 x2 2
 x  4x  3 2  
3
2 2 1
 x  4x  3  log x  2  x  4x  3  C .
2

3  2  2

(xiv)  x 2  4x  8dx

Ans: Simplify the above equation as

 x 2  4x  8dx   x 2  2  2  x  22  22  8dx

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 62

  x 2  4x  8dx    x  2   2 dx
2 2

x 2 a2
 x  a dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2 2
Use the integration formula
2 2
in the above equation.
x2 2 22
 x  4x  8dx  x  4x  8  log x  2  x 2  4x  8  C
2

2 2
Hence the value of  x 2  4x  8dx is

 x2 2
 x  4x  8  2log  x  2   x  4x  8  C .
2

 2 

45. Evaluate the following definite integrals:


4
sin x  cos x
(i)  9  16sin 2x dx
0


4
sin x  cos x
Ans: Given integral is – 0 9  16sin 2x dx
Say, sin x  cos x  t
 (cos x  sin x)dx  dt
For the limits –
● When x  0  t  1

● When x  t0
4
Now,

 sin x  cos x   t2
2

  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x   t 2

It is known that,  sin 2 x  cos 2 x   1 and sin 2x  2sin xcos x

 1  sin 2x   t 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 63

 1  t 2  sin 2x
Using the above equations, the integral changes to –

4
sin x  cos x 0
dt
0 9  16sin 2x dx  1 9  16(1  t 2 )
0
dt

1 9  16  16t
2

0
dt

1 25  16t
2

0
dt

1 (5)  (4t)
2 2

dx 1 ax
Using – a 2
x 2
 log
2a ax
C

0
1 1 5  4t 
  log
4 25 5  4t  1

1 1 5 1 54 
  log  log
4 10 5 10 5  4 

1 1 1
  log 1  log 
4 10  9
1
 log 1  log 1  log 9 
40 
1
 log 9
40

4
sin x  cos x 1
Thus,  9  16sin 2x dx  40 log 9
0


2
(ii)  cos 2x log sin xdx
0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 64

 
2
Ans: Given integral –  cos 2x log sin xdx
0

Using integration by parts –  uvdx  u  vdx   u '   vdx  dx

Here,
1
u  logsin x  u '   cos x
sin x
1
v  cos 2x   vdx  sin 2x
2
The integral becomes –
  
2
 1 2 1 2  1 
0 cos 2x logsin xdx  log sin x   2 sin 2x   2 0  sin x cos x  sin 2x  dx
0

It is known that – sin 2x  2sin xcos x

 

 1 2 1 2  1 
 log  sin x   sin 2x     cos x  2sin x cos x  dx
 2  0 2 0  sin x 
 

 2 2
 log  sin x   sin 2x     cos 2 x  dx
1
 2 0 0
It is known that – cos 2x  2cos 2 x  1
 

 1  1 2
 log  sin x   sin 2x    1  cos 2x  dx
2

 2 0 2 0
 

 1 2 1  1 2
 log  sin x   sin 2x    x  sin 2x 
 2 0 2  2 0
Substituting the limits –
   1 1  1  1 1 
 log  sin   sin   log  sin 0   sin 0    sin   0  sin 0 
  2 2 2  2 2 2 2 
1  
  0  0    0  0  0 
2 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 65

 
I
4

2

Thus,  cos 2x logsin xdx  
0 4

1
1  x2
(iii)  x dx
0 1  x2
1
1  x2
Ans: Given integral –  x dx
0 1  x2
Say, x 2  t  2xdx  dt
The limits –
● When x  0  t  0
● When x  1  t  1
The integral becomes –
1
1  x2 1 1 1 t
0 x 1  x 2 dx  2 0 1  t dt
Multiply the numerator and denominator by 1  t

11 1  t 1  t  dt
 
20 1  t 1  t 
1 1 1 t
  dt
2 0 1  t2

1 1 1 1
t 
  dt   dt 
2  0 1  t2 0 1 t2 
Integrating the first term –
1
1 1

0 1  t2
dt  sin 1 t  0

 sin 1 1  sin 1 0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 66

 
 0
2
1
1 
 dt 
0 1  t2 2
1
t
Integrating the second term – 
0 1  t2
dt

Say, 1  t 2  u  2tdt  du
The limits –
● When t  0  u  1
● When t  1  u  0
1
t 1 0 du
 dt   
0 1  t2 21 u
Interchanging the limits –
1 1 du
 
20 u
1
 

1 1 
  u
2  1  
  2   0

 10
1
t

0 1  t2
dt  1

Using them –
1
1  x2 1 1 1 1
t 
0 1  x 2
x dx  
2  0 1  t 2
dt  0 1  t 2 
dt

1  
   1
2 2 
 1
 
4 2
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 67
 1  x21
 1
Thus,  x dx  
0 1 x 2
4 2

1
2
sin 1 x
(iv)  dx
1  x 
3
0 2 2

1
2
sin 1 x
Ans: Given integral –  dx
1  x 
3
0 2 2

1 1
1
2
sin x 2
sin 1 x
 dx   dx
1  x  1  x 
3
0 2 2 0
2
1 x 2

1
Say, sin 1 x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
The limits –
● When x  0  t  0
1 
● When x  t
2 4
Also, x  sin t  x 2  sin 2 t
So, 1  x 2   1  sin 2 t   1  x 2   cos 2 t

The integral becomes –

1 
2
sin 1 x 4
t
 dx   dt
1  x 
3 2
0 2 2 0 cos t


4
  t sec 2 tdt
0

Using integration by parts –  uvdx  u  vdx   u '   vdx  dx

Here,

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 68

u  t  u'  1
v  sec2 t   vdx  tan t

The integral becomes –

 
4  4

 t sec
2
tdt   t tan t    1  tan t  dt
4
0
0 0


 4
  t tan t     tan t  dt
4
0
0

 

  t tan t 04    log  cos t   04

Applying the limits,

      
  tan  0  log  cos   log  cos0  
4 4    4 

   1  
    log    log 1 
4   2  
 
  log1  log 2  log1
4 
 
    log 2 
4
 1
  log 2
4 2
1
2
sin 1 x  1
Thus,  dx   log 2
1  x 
3
0 2 2 4 2


2
sin 2x
(v)  sin
0
4
x  cos 4 x
dx


2
sin 2x
Ans: Given integral –  sin
0
4
x  cos 4 x
dx

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 69

 
2
sin 2x 2
2sin x cos x
 sin
0
4
x  cos x
4
dx   4
0 sin x  cos x
4
dx

Divide the numerator and denominator by cos 4 x

2sin x cos x
2
 cos 4 x dx
4
0 sin x cos 4 x

cos 4 x cos 4 x
Simplify,

2
2 tan x sec 2 x
 dx
0 tan 4 x  1
Say, tan x  t  sec2 xdx  dt
The limits –
● When x  0  t  0

● When x  t
2
The integral becomes –

2tdt

0 t 1
4

Say, t 2  u  2tdt  du
The limits –
● When t  0  u  0
● When t    u  
The integral becomes –

du

0 u 1
2


  tan 1 u  0

  tan 1   tan 1 0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 70

 
 0
2

2
sin 2x 
 sin
0
4
x  cos x
4
dx 
2

2
sin 2x 
Thus,  sin
0
4
x  cos x
4
dx 
2

2
5x 2
(vi)  2 dx
1 x  4x  3

2
5x 2
Ans: Given integral – 1 x 2  4x  3 dx
2
5x 2 2
 20x  15 
1 x 2  4x  3 dx  1 5  x 2  4x  3  dx
2
5x 2 2
20x  15
1 x 2  4x  3     1 x 2  4x  3 dx  (1)
2
dx 5x 1

2
20x  15
Solving x
1
2
 4x  3
dx ,

 x  4x  3  B
d 2
Let 20x  15  A
dx
Equating the coefficients of x and constant term we get,
A  10,B  25
Let x 2  4x  3  t
Differentiating this we get,
 2x  4  dx  dt
The integral becomes –
dt dx
10  25
 x  2   12
2
t

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 71

 dt dx 1  x  2  1 
10  25  10log t  25 2 log  
 x  2   12  x  2  1 
2
t 
2
20x  15
2
 1  x  1  
 2 dx  10log  x 2  4x  3  25  log   
1 x  4x  3  2  x  3   1
2
20x  15 1 3 1 2
 dx  10log15  10log8  25  log  log 
1 x  4x  3 2 4
2
5 2
20x  15
2

 dx  10log5  10log3  10log 4  10log 2

1 x  4x  3
2

25
  log3  log5  log 2  log 4
2
2
20x  15 45 45 5 5
 2 dx  log5  log 4  log3  log 2
1 x  4x  3 2 2 2 2
2
20x  15 45 5 5 3
 dx  log  log
1 x  4x  3
2
2 4 2 2
Substituting in (1) we get,
2
5x 2  45 5 5 3
1 x 2  4x  3 dx  5   2 log 4  2 log 2 
5x 2 2
5 5 3
Thus,  2 dx  5  9log  log 
1 x  4x  3 2 4 2


2
x  sin x
(vii) 0 1  cos x dx

2
x  sin x
Ans: Given integral –  1  cos x dx
0

It is known that –
x x
sin x  2sin cos
2 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 72

 x
1  cos x  2cos 2
2
So,
  x x
2
x  sin x x  2sin
2 cos
2 2 dx
0 1  cos x dx  0 x
2cos 2
2
Simplify,
 x x
2
x 2sin cos2
 dx   2 2 dx
x x
0
2cos 2 0
2cos 2
2 2
 

12 x 2
x
  x sec 2 dx   tan dx
20 2 0 2


1 2
x
Evaluating the first term –
20
 x sec 2 dx
2

Using integration by parts –  uvdx  u  vdx   u '   vdx  dx

Here,
u  x  u'  1
x x
v  sec2   vdx  2 tan
2 2
The integral becomes –
  
2
x  x 2
 2
x
 x sec dt   2x tan    1  2 tan  dt
2

0 2  2 0 0  2
 

 x  2 x 2
  2x tan   2  tan  dt
 2 0 0 2
 

 x  2 x 2
  2x tan   2  tan  dt
 2 0 0 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 73

Applying the limits,


    x
2
   tan  0   2   tan  dt
 4  0 2


 2
x
    2  tan  dt
0 2
Using this,

 2  2
2
x  sin x 1 2 x x
0 1  cos x dx   2 0 x sec 2 dx   0 tan 2 dx
 
 
 2
1 2
 x x
    2  tan  dt    tan dx
2 0 2  0 2
 
 

 2
x x 2
   tan dx   tan dx
2 0 2 0 2


2

2
x  sin x 
Thus,  1  cos x dx  2
0

46. Evaluate:

  x  1  x  2  x  3  dx
3

(i)
1

  x  1  x  2  x  3 dx
3

Ans: Given integral –

1

Say, I    x  1  x  2  x  3  dx
3

Splitting the integral –

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 74

 3 3 3

 I   x  1 dx   x  2 dx   x  3 dx
1 1 1

i.e. I  I1  I2  I3
with –
3

I1   x  1 dx
1

I2   x  2 dx
1

I3   x  3 dx
1

Now,
3

I1   x  1 dx
1

Here,  x  1  0 for 1  x  3
3

 I1   (x  1)dx
1

3
 x2 
   x
2 1
 32 12 
   3   1
2 2 

9 1 
    2
2 2 
8 
   2
2 
42
2
 I1  2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 75

 3

I2   x  2 dx
1

Here,  x  2   0 for 2  x  3 and  x  2   0 for 1  x  2

2 3

 I2   (x  2)dx   (x  2)dx

1 2

2 3
 x2   x2 
    2x     2x 
2 1  2 2
 22 12   32 22 
    4   2    6   4
2 2  2 2 
4 1  9 4 
     2     2
2 2  2 2 
3  5 
    2    2
2  2 
3 5
 2 2
2 2
2

2
1
 I2  1
3

I3   x  3 dx
1

Here,  x  3  0 for 1  x  3
3

 I3   (x  3)dx
1

3
 x2 
    3x 
2 1
 32 12 
    9   3
2 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 76

 9 1 
     6
2 2 
8 
    6
2 
 4  6
2
 I3  2
I  I1  I2  I3
 I  2 1 2
I5

  x  1  x  2  x  3 dx  5
3

Thus,
1


x
(ii)  1  sin x dx
0


x
Ans: Given integral –  1  sin x dx
0


x
Say, I   dx  (1)
0 1  sin x
a a

Using –  f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx

0 0


(  x)
I dx
0 1  sin(   x)

It is known that – sin(  x)  sin x


(  x)
I dx  (2)
0 1  sin x

Add equations – (1)  (2)


x 
(  x)
II dx   dx
0 1  sin x 0 1  sin x

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 77

 
x x
 2I   dx
0 1  sin x



 dx
0 1  sin x


1
  dx
0 1  sin x
Multiply and divide by (1  sin x)

 

1  sin x  dx
0 1  sin x 1  sin x 

 

1  sin x  dx
0 1  sin x 
2

It is known that – sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1

 

1  sin x  dx
0  cos x 
2

Simplifying

 1   sin x  
      dx
0  cos x   cos x  
2 2

  sec2 x  sec x tan x dx

0

 

    sec 2 xdx   sec x tan xdx 
0 0 

   tan x 0   sec x 0
 

  tan   tan 0  sec   sec0

   0  0    1  1
 2I  2
I

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 78

 
x
Thus,  1  sin x dx  
0


4
(iii)  log(1  tan x)dx
0


4
Ans: Given integral –  log(1  tan x)dx
0


4
Say, I   log 1  tan x  dx  (1)
0

a a

Using –  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0


4
  
 I   log 1  tan   x   dx
0  4 

   
4
 tan  tan x 
  log 1  4
  dx
0
 1  tan tan x 
 4 

4
 1  tan x 
  log 1   dx
0  1  tan x 

4
2
  log dx
0 1  tan x
 
4 4
  log 2dx   log 1  tan x dx
0 0

Comparing with (1)


4
  log 2dx  I
0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 79

 
 2I   x log 2 4
0


 2I  log 2
4

 I  log 2
8

4

Thus,  log(1  tan x)dx  log 2
0 8


2
(iv)  log sin xdx
0


2
Ans: Given integral –  log sin xdx
0


2
Say, I   logsin xdx  (1)
0

a a

Using –  f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx

0 0


2
 
 I   log sin   x  dx
0 2 

2
 I   log cos xdx  (2)
0

Adding equations – (1)  (2)

 
2 2
I  I   log sin xdx   log cos xdx
0 0


2
 2I    log sin x  log cos x  dx
0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 80

Add and subtract log 2

2
   logsin x  log cos x  log 2  log 2  dx
0

It is known that – log m  log n  log mn


2
   log 2sin x cos x  log 2  dx
0


2
   logsin 2x  log 2  dx
0

 
2 2
 2I   logsin 2xdx   log 2dx
0 0

Say, 2I  I1  I2
With –

2
I1   logsin 2xdx
0


2
I 2   log 2dx
0

Now,

2
I1   logsin 2xdx
0

Put 2x  t  2dx  dt
The limits –
● When x  0  t  0

● When x  t
2
1
 I1   logsin tdt
20

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 81

 2a a

Using –  f (x)dx  2 f (x)dx, when f(2a  x)  f (x)

0 0

Here, sin(  t)  sin t



1 2
 I1   2  logsin tdt
2 0

2
 I1   log sin tdt
0

Comparing with equation (1)

 I1  I

2
Now, I 2   log 2dx
0


2
 log 2  dx
0


 log 2  x 02

 
 log 2   0 
2 

 I2  log 2
2
Substituting them –
2I  I1  I2

2I  I  log 2
2

 I   log 2
2

2

Thus,  log sin xdx   log 2
0 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 82

 
xsin x
(v)  1  cos
0
2
x
dx


x sin x
Ans: Given integral –  1  cos
0
2
x
dx


xsin x
Say, I   dx  (1)
0 1  cos 2
x
a a

Using –  f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx

0 0

I  

   x  sin    x  dx
0 1  cos    x 
2

Here, sin(  x)  sin x and cos(  x)   cos x  cos 2 (   x)  cos 2 x



   x  sin x dx
0 1  cos 2 x

 sin x 
x sin x
 dx   dx
0 1  cos x 0 1  cos x
2 2

Comparing with equation (1)


 sin x
I dx  I
0 1  cos x
2


sin x
 2I   dx
0 1  cos 2
x
  sin x
I  dx
2 0 1  cos 2 x
Say, cos x  t   sin xdx  dt
The limits –
● When x  0  t  1
● When x    t  1
The integral becomes –

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 83

  1 dt
I 
2 1 1  t2
Interchanging the limits,
 1 dt
I 
2 1 1  t 2
a a

Using –  f (x)dx  2 f (x)dx, when f(x) is even

a 0

1
Here, is an even function.
1  t2
 1 dt
 I   2
2 0 1 t2
1
dt
 
0 1 t
2

1
   tan 1 t  0

   tan 1 1  tan 1 0

 
    0
4 
2
I
4

x sin x 2
Thus, 0 1  cos2 x dx 
4

 2x  x 3 when  2  x  1
2

(vi)  f (x)dx where f (x)   x 3  3x  2 when  1  x  1
2  3x  2 when 1  x  2

2x  x 3 when  2  x  1
2

Ans: Given integral –  f (x)dx where f (x)   x 3  3x  2 when  1  x  1
2 3x  2 when 1  x  2


Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 84

Splitting based on its intervals –
2 1 1 2

 f (x)dx    2x  x dx    x  3x  2 dx    3x  2 dx

3 3

2 2 1 1

1 1 2
 x2 x4   x4 x2   x2 
  2      3  2x   3  2x 
 2 4  2  4 2  1  2 1
 1 1 4 16   1 1 1 1 
  2    2       3   2(1)   3   2(1) 
 2 4 2 4  4 2 4 2 
 4 1 
 3   2(2)  3   2(1) 
 2 2 
 1  1 3 1 3   1 
 1   4  4     2    2  6  4  3   2
 4  4 2 4 2   2 
3  3
     4   4  
4  2
3  16  16  6

4
29

4
2
29
Thus,  f (x)dx 
2 4


2
xsin xcos x
(vii) 0 sin 4 x  cos 4 x dx

2
x sin x cos x
Ans: Given integral –  sin
0
4
x  cos 4 x
dx


2
x sin x cos x
Say, I   dx  (1)
0 sin x  cos x
4 4

a a

Using –  f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx

0 0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 85

      
  x  sin   x  cos   x 


I  2  2  dx
2
2
   
0
sin 4   x   cos 4   x 
2  2 
   
Here, sin   x   cos x and cos   x   sin x
2  2 
 
  x  cos x sin x


I 
2
2
dx
0 cos x  sin 4 x
4

    
 2 2 cos x sin x   2 x cos x sin x
  dx    dx 
0 cos 4
x  sin 4
x 
 0 cos 4
x  sin 4
x 
  

Comparing with equation (1)

  
 2 cos x sin x 
 I   2 4 dx   I
 0 cos x  sin x 
4

 
 2 
  cos x sin x
 2I   dx 
 2 0 cos x  sin x 
4 4

 


 2
cos x sin x
I 
4 0 cos 4 x  sin 4 x
dx

Split the interval –

 4 

  cos x sin x 2
cos x sin x
  dx   dx 
4  0 cos x  sin x
4 4
 cos x  sin x
4 4

 4 
Divide the numerator and denominator of the first term by cos 4 x and those of the
second term by sin 4 x

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 86

  

  4 tan x sec 2 x 2
cot x cosec 2 x 
  dx   dx
4  0 1  tan 4 x  cot 4 x  1 
 4 
Putting – tan 2 x  t  2 tan x sec 2 xdx  dt in the first term, and
cot 2 x  u  2cot x cosec2 xdx  du
The limits –
● When x  0  t  0

● When x   t 1
4

● When x   u 1
4

● When x  u0
2
The integral becomes –
  1 1 dt 1 0 du 
   
4  2 0 1  t 2 2 1 u 2  1 
Interchanging the limits in the second term –
  1 1 dt 1 1 du 
    
4  2 0 1  t 2 2 0 u 2  1 
 1 1
   
1 1
 tan 1
t  tan 1
u
4  2 0
2 0

 1 
   tan 1 1  tan 1 0  
1
  tan 1
1  tan 1
0 
4 2 2 
 1    1  
   0     0 
4  2  4  2 4 
 
 
4 4
2
I 
8

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 87

 

x sin x cos x
2
2
Thus,  4 dx 
0 sin x  cos x
4
8


x
(viii) a
0
2
cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x
dx


x
Ans: Given integral – 0 a 2 cos2 x  b2 sin 2 x dx

x
Say, I   dx  (1)
0 a cos x  b sin x
2 2 2 2

a a

Using –  f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx

0 0

I

  x dx
0 a 2 cos 2    x   b sin    x 
2 2

Here, sin(  x)  sin x  sin 2 (   x)  sin 2 x and

cos(  x)   cos x  cos 2 (   x)  cos 2 x



  x dx
0 a cos x  b sin x
2 2 2 2


 
x
 2 dx  0 a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x dx
0 a cos x  b sin x
2 2 2

Comparing with equation (1)



I dx  I
0 a cos x  b sin x
2 2 2 2


dx
 2I  
0 a cos x  b sin x
2 22 2

 dx
I 
2 0 a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2

2a a

Using –  f (x)dx  2 f (x)dx, when f(2a  x)  f (x)

0 0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 88

 

 2
dx
I  2 2
0 a cos x  b sin x
2 2 2
2

2
dx
 
0 a cos x  b sin x
2 2 2 2

Split the intervals –

 4 

dx 2
dx
   2 
 0 a cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x  a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x 

 4 
Divide the numerator and denominator of the first term by cos 2 x and those of the
second term by sin 2 x
 4 2


 sec xdx 2
cosec 2 xdx 
  2
 0 a  b 2 tan 2 x  a 2 cot 2 x  b 2 

 4 
Putting – tan x  t  sec2 xdx  dt in the first term, and
cot x  u   cosec2 xdx  du
The limits –
● When x  0  t  0

● When x   t 1
4

● When x   u 1
4

● When x  u0
2
The integral becomes –
1 dt 0
du 
   2  2 2
 0 a  b t 1 a u  b 
2 2 2

Interchanging the limits in the second term –

1 dt 1
du 
   2  2 2
 0 a  b t 0 a u  b 
2 2 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 89

  1  1 bt 1 1  1 au 1 
    tan    tan  
 ab  a 0 ab  b 0 

1 b  1 a 
    tan 1  tan 1 0    tan 1  tan 1 0  
 ab  a  ab  b 
  1 b   1 a  
  tan    tan 
ab  a  b  

 

ab  2 
2
I
2ab

x 2
Thus,  2 dx 
0 a cos x  b sin x
2 2 2
2ab

47. Evaluate the following integrals

π
3
dx
(i) 1+
π tanx
6

Ans: The given integral can be written as


3
dx
I
 1 tan x
6


3
dx

 sin x
6 1
cos x

3
cos x dx

 cos x  sin x
6

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 90

 
3
cos x dx
That is, I   …… (i)
 cos x  sin x
6

b b

Now, recall that, since,  f  x  dx   f  a  b  x dx .

a a

So,

  

cos    x 
3
6 3 
I dx
      
6 cos    x   sin    x 
6 3  6 3 
   
Again, it is known that, sin   x   cos x and cos   x   sin x .
2  2 
Therefore,

3
sin x
I dx …… (ii)
 sin x  cos x
6

Now, adding the equations (i) and (ii), we get

 
3
cos x dx 3
sin x dx
2I   
 cos x  sin x  sin x  cos x
6 6


3
cos x  sin x
 2I   dx
 cos x  sin x
6


3
 2I  1  dx

6


  
 2I   x 3   
6 3 6 6

I
12

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 91

Therefore,

3
dx 
1

 .
tan x 12
6

1
 2x 
(ii)  sin -1  2 
dx
0 1+ x 
Ans: Let x  tan  .
Then, dx  sec2 d
Also, x  0    0 and

x 1    .
4
Therefore, substituting the values, we get

1
 2x  4
 2 tan   2
 sin dx   sin 1   sec d
-1
 2 
 1+x   1  tan  
2
0 0


4
2 tan 
  sin 1  sin 2  sec 2 d [since, sin 2  ]
0 1  tan 2 

4
  2 sec 2 d
0


4
 2   sec 2 d
0

 

4 
 2    tan 0  1  tan d 
 4 [applying integration by parts]
 
 
0

 

 2   ln sec   04 
4 


2
 2 ln
  2   0
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 92
 
  ln 2 .
2
1
 2x  
Thus,  sin -1  2 
dx   ln 2 .
0  1+x  2

1
 1 + sinx 
(iii)  log   dx
-1  1 - sinx 
Ans: Recall that, if f  x  is an odd function and continuous at the closed interval
a

 a,a  , then  f  x  dx  0 .
a

 1  sin x 
Let f  x   log   , which is continuous on  a,a  .
 1  sin x 
 1  sin x 
Then, f   x   log  .
 1  sin x 
 1  sin x   1  sin x 
Now, f  x   f   x   log    log  
 1  sin x   1  sin x 
 1  sin x 1  sin x 
 log   
 1  sin x 1  sin x 
 log 1

 0.
 1  sin x 
Therefore, the function f  x   log   is an odd function.
 1  sin x 
 1+sinx 
1

Hence,  log   dx  0 .
-1  1-sinx 

π
ecosx
(iv)  cosx -cosx dx
0 e +e
Ans: The given integral can be written as

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 93

 π
ecosx
I   cosx -cosx dx . …… (i)
0 e +e
a a

Now, recall that,  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx

0 0

ecos  x 
π

Then, I   cos  -x  -cos  -x  dx

0 e +e
π
e-cosx
 I   -cosx cosx dx [since cos    x    cos x ] …… (ii)
0 e +e
Add the equations (i) and (ii). Then, we have
ecosx  e  cos x
π

2I   cosx -cosx dx
0 e +e


 2I  1  dx   x 0  



I
2
π
ecosx 
Thus,  cosx -cosx dx= .
0 e +e 2

π
xtanx
(v)  secx  cosecx dx
0

Ans: The given integral can be written as


x tan x
I dx . …… (1)
0 sec x  cosecx

a a

Now, recall that,  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx .

0 0

Then, I  

   x  tan    x  dx
0 sec    x   cosec    x 

It is known that, tan    x   tan x , cosec    x   cosecx , and

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 94

sec    x   sec x .

Therefore, I  

   x  tan x dx …… (2)
0 sec x  cosecx
Adding the equations (1) and (2), gives

tan x
2I   dx
0 sec x  cosecx

 2I   sin 2 xdx
0

2 2
 2I   1  cos 2x  dx
2 0


 1  2
 2I    x  sin 2x 
 2 0

 1 2 
 2I     sin  0
2 2 2 
2
 2I 
2
2
I .
4

x tan x 2
Thus,  dx  .
0 sec x  cos ecx 4

a
a-x
(vi) 
-a a+x
dx

Ans: Let x  a cos 

Then, dx  asin d
Also, x  a    
and x  a    0 .
Therefore, substituting the values into the given integral, we have

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 95

a
ax 0
a  a cos 

a ax
dx  a 
 a  a cos 
 sind


1  cos 
 a  sind
0 1  cos 


 2sin 2
 a 2  sin d

0
2cos 2
2

sin
2  2sin  cos  d


 a
0  2 2
cos
2


 a  1  cos   d [since, 1  cos   2sin 2 ]
0 2

 a    sin 0


 a    sin   0
 a .
a
a-x
Thus, 
-a a+x
dx  a .

48.   2x dx where  

0
is the greatest integer function.

Ans: First, let 2x  z .

Then, 2dx  dz
dz
 dx  .
2
Also, x  0  z  0 and
x 1  z  2 .
Therefore, substituting the values we get,

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 96

1
12
0  2x dx  2 0  zdz …… (i)
Now, note that, by the definition of greatest integer function,
0, when 0  z  1
z  
1, when 1  z  2
So, from the equation (i), we have
12 1 1 2

  z dz   0dz   1  dz
20 2  0 1


1 2
 z
2 1
1
  2  1
2
1
 .
2
1
1
Hence,   2x  dx  2 .
0

49.  elogx+logsinxdx

Ans: The given integral can be written as

e
log x  logsin x
dx   elog xsin x dx [since, log  a   log  b   log  ab  ]

  elog  xsin x dx

e

  xsin x dx [since, elog x  x ]

e

 x   cos x   1    cos x  dx  C [applying integration by parts]

 xcos x  sin x  C , where C is an integration constant.

Thus,  elogx+logsinx dx  x cos x  sin x  C , where C is an integration constant.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 97

50.  elog x+1-logxdx

Ans: The given function can be written as

 x 1 
a
[since, log  a   log  b   log   ]
log 
log  x 1 log x
e dx   e  x 
dx
b
 x 1 
loge  
 e  x 
dx

x 1
 dx [since, elog x  x ]
e

x
 1
  1   dx
 x
 x  log x  C , where C is an integration constant.

Thus,  elog x 1log x dx  x  log x  C , where C is an integration constant.

sinx
51.  sin2x dx
Ans: Recall that, sin 2x  2sin xcos x .
Then, we have
sin x sin x
 sin 2x dx   2 sin x cos x dx
1

2
 sec xdx
1
 log sec x  tan x  C , where C is an integration constant.
2
sin x 1
 sin 2x dx  2 log sec x  tan x  C , where C is an integration constant.

52.  sinxsin2x dx

Ans: Recall that, sin 2x  2sin xcos x .

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 98

Then,  sin xsin 2x dx   sin x   2sin x cos x  dx

 2 sin 2 x d  sin x 

2
 sin 3 x  C , where C is an integration constant.
3
2
Hence,  sin x sin 2x dx  sin 3 x  C , where C is an integration constant.
3

π
4
53.  sinx dx
π
-
4

Ans: Observe that, the given function is an even function, since

sin  x   sin x  sin x .

Therefore, the given integral can be written as

 
4 4 a a

 sin x dx  2  sin x dx [  f  x  dx  2 f  x  dx , when f  x  is even]

 0 a 0

4


Now, since, 0  x  , so sin x  sin x .
4
 
4 4
Therefore, 
sin x dx  2  sin xdx
0

4


 2  cos x 04

  
 2  cos  cos0 
 4 
 1 
 2   1
 2 
2 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 99

 
4
Thus,  
sin x dx  2  2 .

4

b a

54.  f  x  dx +  f  a + b - x  dx
a b

b a

Ans: The given integral is  f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx .

a b

b b

Now, recall that,  f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx .

a a

Therefore, we have
b b b b

 f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx
a a a a

b b b a

  f  a  b  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx [ since,  f  x  dx    f  x  ]
a a a b

0
b b

Hence,  f  x    f  a  b  x  dx  0 .
a a

1
55.  secx + tanx dx
Ans: The given integral can be written as
1 dx
 sec x  tan x dx  
1 sin x

cos x cos x
cos x dx

1  sin x
Let 1  sin x  z .
Then, cos xdx  dz
Therefore, we have

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 100

 cos x dx dz
 1  sin x   z
 log z  C , where C is an integration constant.
 log 1  sin x   C .

1
Thus,  sec x  tan x dx  log 1  sin x   C , where C is an integration constant.

sin 2 x
56.  dx
1 + cosx
Ans: The given equation can be written as
sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x
 1  cos x dx   1  cos x dx [since, sin x  cos x  1 ]
2 2


1  cos x 1  cos x  dx [since, a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b  ]
1  cos x
  1  cos x  dx

 x  sin x  C , where C is an integration constant.

sin 2 x
Thus,  dx  x  sin x  C , where C is an integration constant.
1  cos x

1 - tanx
57.  1 + tanx dx
Ans: The given integral can be written as
sin x
1
1  tan x cos x
 1  tan x dx   sin x dx
1
cos x
cos x  sin x
 dx
cos x  sin x
Now, suppose that, cos x  sin x  z .

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 101

Then,   sin x  cos x  dx  dz
Therefore, substituting the values, we get
cos x  sin x dz
 cos x  sin x dx  
z
 log z  C , where C is an integration constant.
 log  cos x  sin x   C , substituting the value of z .

1  tan x
Hence,  1  tan x dx  log  cos x  sin x   C , where C is an integration
constant.

ax + bx
58.  cx dx
Ans: The given integral can be written as
a x  bx  a x bx 
 cx dx    cx  cx  dx
 
x x
a b
    dx     dx
c c
x x
a b
   
  c
    C , where C is an integration constant.
c
a b
log e   log e  
c c
x x
a b
a b    
 c
    C , where C is an integration constant.
x x
c
Thus,  dx 
c x
a b
log e   log e  
c c

59. Evaluate
sin -1 x - cos -1 x
(i)  -1 dx, x   0,1
sin x + cos -1 x
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 102
 
Ans: Recall that, sin 1 x  cos 1 x  .
2
Then, the given integral can be written as
 
sin 1 x    sin 1 x 
sin 1
x  cos 1
x 2 
 sin 1
x  cos 1 x
dx  

2
2  
  
1
2sin x  dx
  2

4 
   sin 1 x  1 dx
 
4
 I  x  C1 , where C1 is an integration constant and

I   sin 1 xdx .

Let x  z 2 . Then, we get

dx  2zdz
Therefore, we have
I  2 sin 1 z  zdz

 1 z2 1 z2 
 2 sin  z      dz   C2 [applying integration by parts]
 2 1  z 2
2 

z2
 z sin z  
2 1
dz  C2
1  z2
1  z2  1
 z sin z  
2 1
dz  C2
1  z2
 1 
 z 2 sin 1 z    1  z 2   dz  C2
 1  z2 
x 2 a 2 1 x
 a x  a  x  sin  C and
2 2 2
Now, recall that,
2 2 a

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 103

 1 x
 a x
2 2
dx  sin 1
a
C.

Therefore,
z 1
I  z 2 sin 1 z  1  z 2  sin 1 z  sin 1 z  C 2
2 2
z 1
 I  z 2 sin 1 z  1  z 2  sin 1 z  C 2
2 2
Thus,
sin 1 x  cos 1 x 4
 sin 1 x  cos 1 x dx 

I  x  C1

4 z 1 
  z 2 sin 1 z  1  z 2  sin 1 z  C2   x  C 2
 2 2 

4 x  x 2 1 1 
  x sin x 
1
 sin x   x  C , substituting the value of z .
  2 2 


sin 1 x  cos 1 x  2  2x  1  2 x  x 2
 sin 1 x  cos 1 x    x  C ,where
1
Hence, dx sin x 
   
C is an integration constant.

1- x
(ii)  1+ x
dx

Ans: Let x  cos 2 

Then, dx  2cos  sin  .
Therefore, substituting the values we get,

1 x 1  cos 
 1 x
dx  2
1  cos 
 cos  sin d

 
Now, recall that, 1  cos   2sin 2 and 1  cos   2cos 2 .
2 2
So, we have

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 104

 
1  cos  2 sin
2  cos  sin d  2 2  cos   2sin  cos   d
  
1  cos  2 cos  2 2
2

 2 2sin 2  cos d
2
 2 1  cos    cos d

 2  cos   cos2   d

 2sin    1  cos 2 d  C

sin 2
 2sin      C , where C is an integration constant.
2
2 1 x  x
 2 1  x  cos 1 x  C
2
 cos 1 x  2 1  x  x  x 2  C .

1 x
Thus,  1 x
dx  cos 1 x  2 1  x  x  x 2  C , where C is an integration

constant.

x 2 + 1  log  x 2 + 1 - 2logx 
(iii)  x4
dx

Ans: The given integral can be written as

x 2 +1 log  x 2 +1 -2logx  1   1  1

 dx=  1   log 

1  2 

 3 dx
x4 x2  x  x
1
Now, suppose that, 1  2
 z2
x
2
Then,  dx  2zdz
x3
1
 dx  zdz
x3
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 105
Therefore, substituting the values we get,
1   1  1
 1   x 2    x 3 dx    z  2log z  zdz
log 1 
x2   
 2 log z  z 2dz

z3 1 z3
 2log z   2  dz [applying integration by parts]
3 z 3
2 2
  z3 log z  z 3  C
3 9
1  1 1 
3
2 
 1  2    log 1  2    C , substituting the value of z .
3  x  3  x 

x 2 +1 log  x 2 +1 -2logx  2 1  1

3
 1 
Hence,  x4
dx  1  2    log 1  2    C ,
3  x  3  x 
where C is an integration constant.

x2
(iv)  dx
 xsinx + cosx 
2

Ans: The given integral can be written as

x2 x x cos x
 x sin x  cos x 2 dx   cos x  x sin x  cos x 2 dx …… (i)
   
d
Now, note that,  x sin x  cos x   x cos x  sin x  sin x  x cos x
dx
Now, applying integration by parts on the equation (i), we have
x x cos x
 cos x  2 dx
 x sin x  cos x 
x  1  cos x  x sin x 1
    dx
cos x  x sin x  cos x  2
cos x x sin x  cos x

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 106

 x
   sec2 xdx
cos x  x sin x  cos x 

x
  tan x  C , where C is an integration constant.
cos x  x sin x  cos x 

x sin x
  C
cos x  x sin x  cos x  cos x

 x  sin x  x sin x  cos x 

 C
cos x  x sin x  cos x 

sin x  x cos x
  C [simplify]
cos x  x sin x
Thus,
x2 sin x  x cos x
 x sin x  cos x dx   C , where C is an integration constant.
  cos x  x sin x
2

x
(v)  sin -1 dx
a+x
Ans: Let x  a tan 2 
Then, dx  2a tan  sec2 d
Therefore, substituting the values we get,

a tan 2 
 2a tan  sec 2   d
x
 sin dx   sin
1 1

ax a 1  tan  
2

 tan  
 2a  sin 1   tan  sec d
2

 sec  
 2a  sin 1  sin  tan  sec2 d

 2a   tan  sec2 d

 2a   tan  d  tan  

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 107

  tan 2  tan 2  
 2a    1  d [applying integration by parts]
 2 2 
 a tan 2   a   sec2   1 d

 a tan 2   a tan   a  C , where C is an integration constant.

x x x x
 a tan 1  a  a tan 1  C , substituting the value of  .
a a a a

x
  x  a  tan 1  ax  C
a

x x
Hence,  sin 1 dx   x  a  tan 1  ax  C , where C is an integration
ax a
constant.

π
3
sinx + cosx
(vi) 
π sin2x
dx
6

Ans: The given integral can be written as

 
3
sin x  cos x sin x  cos x
3

 dx   dx
 sin 2x  1  1  sin 2x 
6 6


3
sin x  cos x
 dx [since, sin 2x  2sin xcos x and
 1   sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x 
6

sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 ]

3
sin x  cos x
 dx
1   sin x  cos x 
2

6

d
Now, note that,  sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x
dx
So, we have

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 108

 
3
sin x  cos x 3
d  sin x  cos x 
 dx  
1   sin x  cos x  1   sin x  cos x 
2 2
 
6 6


dx
 sin 1
 sin x  cos x  3
 [since,   sin 1 x  C ]
6 1 x 2

     
 sin 1  sin  cos   sin 1  sin  cos 
 3 3  6 6

 3 1  3 1
 sin 1     sin 1   
 2 2   3 2

 2sin 1
1
2
 
3 1 .

sin x  cos x 1
 
3
Hence, 
 sin 2x
dx  2sin 1
2
3 1 .
6

  sin x - cos x  dx
2
(vii)
π
-
2

 
 x, when  2  x  0
Ans: Note that, x  
 x, when 0  x  
 2
Therefore, the given integral can be written as

π 

  sin x -cos x  dx   sin  x   cos  x   dx   sin x  cos x dx

2 0 2

π  0
- 
2 2

0 
    sin x  cos x  dx    cos x  sin x 

2
0

2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 109

    cos x  sin x     0  1  1
0

   1  0  0  1  0
0
π

  sin x -cos x  dx  0 .
2
Hence,
π
-
2

(viii)   x 2  dx , where  x is greatest integer function.

1

Ans: Suppose that, x 2  z

Then, 2xdx  dz
1 dz
 dx 
2 z
Also, x 1  z  1 and
x  2  z  4.
Therefore, the given integral can be written as
2
1 4  z  dz
  x  dx  
2

1 21 z
2
1  2  z  dz 3  z  4
 z  dz 
1         …… (i)
2
x dx dz 
2 1 z 2 z 3 z 
Now, recall the definition of greatest integer function.
1, when 1  z  2
 z   2, when 2  z  3
3, when 3  z  4

Therefore, from the equation (i) we get,
2
1  2 1  dz 3 2 4
3 
1  x  dx  2  1 z  2 z dz  3 z dz 
2

 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 110

   2 z   4  z   6  z  
1 2 3 4

2  1 2 3
1
  2 2  2  4 3  4 2  12  6 3 
2
1
 10  2 2  2 3 
2
5 2  3
2

Hence,   x 2  dx  5  2  3 .
1

3
2
(ix)  xsinπx dx
-1

Ans: The given integral can be written as

3 3
2 1 2

 x sin x dx   x sin x dx   x sin x dx

1 1 1
…… (i)

Now, note that x   x and sin x   sin x for 1  x  1.

That is, x sin x    x   sin x   x sin x when 1  x  1.

3
Also, x  x and sin x   sin x for 1  x  .
2
3
That I s, x sin x   x sin x when 1  x  .
2
Therefore, from equation (i), we have
3 3
2 1 2

 x sin x dx   x sin xdx   x sin xdx

1 1 1
…… (ii)

x cos x 1
Now,  x sin xdx    1  cos xdx
 
x cos x sin x
 x sin xdx   

2
C.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 111

Thus, the equation (ii) becomes
3 3

 x cos x sin x   x cos x sin x  2

1
2


1
x sin x dx   

 
2  1 



2 1
1  1  1 1 
      0  2   0
      
3 1
 
 2
3
2
3 1
Hence, 
1
x sin x dx   .
 2

Long Answer Questions 5 Marks

60. Evaluate the following integrals:

x5 + 4
(i)  5 dx
x -x
Ans: The given integral can be written as
x5  4  x5 4 
 x 5  x dx    x 5  x  x 5  x  dx
 
x5 4
 5 dx   5 dx
x x x x
 I1  I2 (say)
x5
Now, I1   dx
x5  x
x 5dx

x  x 4  1

x4
  4 dx
x 1
 1 1 1 
  1     dx [Taking partial fraction]
 2  x  1 4  x  1 4  x  1 
2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 112

 1 1 1
  dx   dx   dx   dx [sum rule of integration]
2  x  1
2
4  x  1 4  x  1

1 1 1
 x  tan 1 x  log x  1  log x  1  C1
2 4 4
4
Also, I 2   dx
x x
5

 1 x 1 1 
 4     
 x 2  x 2  1 4  x  1 4  x  1 
dx
 
 dx d  x 2  1 1 dx 1 dx 
 4        [sum rule of integration]
 x 4  x 2  1 4 x  1 4 x  1 

 4log x  log x 2  1  log x  1  log x  1  C 2

Therefore, substituting the values of I1 and I 2

x5  4 1 1 1
 x 5  x dx  x  2 tan x  4 log x  1  4 log x  1
1

 4log x  log x 2  1  log x  1  log x  1  C

x5  4 1 3 5
 5 dx  x  tan 1 x  log x 2  1  log x  1  log x  1  4log x  C ,
x x 2 4 4
where C is an integration constant.

dx
(ii)   x - 1  x 2
+ 4

Ans: The given integral can be written as

dx  1 x 1 
  x  1  x 2
 4
  
  

 2


  2

 dx [taking partial
 
 5 x 1 5 x 4 5 x 4

fraction]

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 113

 1 dx 1 1 d  x  4  1
2
dx dx
      2   2
 x  1  x  4  5 x  1 5 2 x  4 5 x  22
2

dx 1 1 1 1 x
  log x  1  log x 2  4   tan 1  C
 x  1  x  4  5
2
10 5 2 2

dx 1 1 1 1 x
  log x  1  log x 2
 4  tan  C , where C is an
 x  1  x 2  4  5 10 10 2
integration constant.

2x 3
(iii)  dx
 x + 1 x - 3 
2

Ans: The given integral can be written as

2x 3  1 81 27 
 x 1 x  3 dx   16  x  1 16  x  3 4 x  3 2  dx [taking partial
 1   
     
2

fraction]

2x 3  1 dx 81 dx 27 dx 
 dx  2  dx   x  1 16  x  3 4  x  3 2  [by sum
 
 
     
2
x 1 x 3  16
rule of integration]

2x 3  1 81 27 1 
 dx  2  x  log x  1  log x  3     C,
 x  1 x  3
2
 16 16 4  x  3  
where C is an integration constant.

x4
(iv)  4 dx
x - 16
Ans: The given integral can be written as
x4 x 4  16  16
 x 4  16 dx   x 4  16 dx
 16 
  1  4  dx
 x  16 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 114

  1 1 1 
  dx  16       dx [taking partial fraction]
 8  x 2
 4  32  x  2  32  x  2  
dx 1 dx 1 dx
 x  2      C , where C is an integration constant.
x 2  22 2 x  2 2 x  2
2 x 1 1
 x  tan 1  log x  2  x  2  C
2 2 2 2
x x2
 x  tan 1  log C
2 x2
x4 x x2
Hence,  4 dx  x  tan 1  log  C , where C is an integration
x  16 2 x2
constant.

 
2
(v) tanx + cotx dx
0

Ans: The given integral can be written as

 
 sin x cos x 
 
2 2
tan x  cot x dx      dx
0 0 cos x sin x 

2
sin x  cos x
 dx
0 cos x sin x

2
sin x  cos x
 dx
1
  2sin x cos x 
0

2

2
sin x  cos x
 dx
1
 1  2sin x cos x  1
0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 115

 
2
sin x  cos x
 dx
  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x  1
0 1
2

2
sin x  cos x
 dx
1
  sin x  cos x   1
0 2

2  

2
sin x  cos x
 2 dx
0 1   sin x  cos x  
2

 
d
Now, note that,  sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x
dx
Therefore, we have
 
d  sin x  cos x 
 
2 2
tan x  cot x dx  2 
1   sin x  cos x 
2
0 0

 2 sin 1  sin x  cos x   02

    
 2 sin 1  sin  cos   sin 1  sin 0  cos0  
  2 2 
 2 sin 1 1  0   sin 1  0  1 

 
 2  
2 2
 2


 
2
Hence, tan x  cot x dx  2 .
0

dx
(vi) x 4
+1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 116

  
Ans: Note that,  x 4  1  x 2  2x  1 x 2  2x  1 . 
Therefore, by using partial fraction, it can be obtained that,
1 11 1
 x x
1 2 2
 22 2  22 2
x  1 x  2x  1 x  2x  1
4

1 1 x  2 1 x 2
   
x 4  1 2 2 x 2  2x  1 2 2 x 2  2x  1
Then, the given integral can be written as

dx  1 x  2 1 x 2 
 x 4 +1  2 2 x 2  2x  1 2 2 x 2  2x  1 dx
   
 
dx 1 x  2 1 x 2
   dx   dx
x 4 +1 2 2 x 2  2x  1 2 2 x 2  2x  1
 2x  2 2 2x  2 
 
 dx   x 2  2x  1 dx   x 2  2x  1 
dx
1  x 2  2x  1 

4 2  2dx 
  2 
 x  2x  1 


4
1
2
log x  2
2x  1  log x 2  2x  1   1

dx
2 x 2  2x  1
1 dx
 
2 x 2  2x  1

1x 2  2x  1 1 dx 1 dx
 log 2   2  
x  2x  1 4 
2 2 2
4 2 1   1  2  1   1 
x     x    
 2  2  2  2

1 x 2  2x  1 1 2dx 1 2dx
 log    
x 2  2x  1 2 2    
2 2
4 2 2x  1  12 2 2 2x  1  12

Hence,

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 117

 x 2  2x  1
dx 1 1
 x 4 +1  4 2 log x 2  2x  1  2 2  tan
1
 
2x  1  tan 1  
2x  1   C


By simplifying, we get

dx 1 x 2  2x  1 1 1  2x 
 x 4 +1  4 2 log x 2  2x  1  2 2 tan  1  x 2   C , where C is an
integration constant.


xtan -1x
(vii)  dx
1 + x  2 2
0

Ans: Suppose that, x  tan z

Then, dx  sec2 zdz
Also, x  0  z  0 and

x  z .
2
Therefore, substituting the values we get,


x tan x 1 2
z tan z  sec 2 z
 dx   dz
1  x  1  tan z 
2 2 2 2
0 0


2
z tan z
 2
dz [ sec2 z  tan 2 z  1]
0 sec z

zsin z  cos 2 z
2
 dz
0 cos z

2
  zsin z cos z dz
0

12
  zsin 2z dz
20

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 118

   

1    cos 2z   2 2 cos 2z 
 z      1  dz [applying integration by parts]
2   2   0 0 2 
 

1   1  sin 2  2 


  cos   
2 4 2  2  0 
 
1  
   0
2 2 


8

x tan 1 x 
Hence,  dx 
1  x 
2
0
2
8

61. Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums:

4

(i)   2x + 1 dx
2

Ans: Recall the definition of definite integral as limit of sums:

 f  x  dx  limh f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h     f a   n  1 h 

b

h 0
a

ba
and h  .
n
Now, in the given integral, a  2 , b  4 , f  x   2x  1.

42 2
Therefore, h  
n n
So, the given integral can be expressed as

  2x+1 dx  limh f  2   f  2  h   f  2  2h     f  2   n  1 h 

4

h 0
2

 lim
h 0
 
h 2  2   1  2  2  h   1  2  2  2h   1    2  2   n  1 h   1 


Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 119

 lim h 5   5  h    5  2h      5   n  1 h  
h 0

 lim h 5n  h 1  2  3     n  1 

h 0

 n  n  1   n 1 n  n  1 
 lim
h 0
h  5n  h   since,  i  1  2     n  1  
 2   i 1 2 

2
Now, since, h  0 and h   n .
n
Therefore,
4
 2 22 n  n  1 
2  2x+1 dx  lim
n  
5n   2  
 n n 2 
4
 4  n  1    1 
   2x+1 dx  lim 10    lim 10  4 1   
2
n 
 n  n    n 
4

   2x  1 dx  14
2

 x + 3  dx
2
(ii)
0

Ans: Recall the definition of definite integral as limit of sums:

 f  x  dx  limh f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h     f a   n  1 h 

b

h 0
a

ba
and h  .
n
Now, in the given integral, a  0 , b  2 , f  x   x 2  3 .

20 2
Therefore, h  
n n
So, the given integral can be expressed as

f  0   f  0  h   f  0  2h     f  0   n  1 h 

2

x  3 dx  limh
2
h 0
0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 120

 lim
h 0
h   
3  h 2  3   2h 2  3     
 n  1 h   3
2

 limh
h 0  
3n  h 2 12  22  32     n  12 
 
 2 n  n  1 2n  1   n  n  1 2n  1 
 lim
h 0
h  3n  h    12  22    n 2  
 6   6 
2
Now, since, h  0 and h  , so n   .
n
Therefore, we have
 2  2  n  n  1 2n  1 
2 3

0  x  3 dx  lim 3n      
2
n 
 n n 6 
 8  1  1 
 lim 6  1   2   
n 
 6  n  n 
4
6  2
3
Thus,
2

x  3 dx 
2 26
.
0 3

  3x - 2x + 4  dx
2
(iii)
1

Ans: Recall the definition of definite integral as limit of sums:

 f  x  dx  limh f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h     f a   n  1 h 

b

h 0
a

ba
and h  .
n
Now, in the given integral, a  1, b  3 , f  x   3x 2  2x  4 .
3 1 2
Therefore, h  
n n

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 121

So, the given integral can be expressed as

f 1  f 1  h   f 1  2h     f 1   n  1 h 

3

  3x  2x  4  dx  limh
2
h 0
1

 limh
h 0   2
 
 31  2 1  4  3 1  h   2 1  h   4
2

  
 3 1  2h   2 1  2h   4      3 1   n  1 h   2 1   n  1 h   4 
2 2

 
 limh
h 0  
5   5  4h  3h 2    5  8h  12h 2     5  4  n  1 h  3  n  12 h 2 
 
 limh
h 0  
5n  4h  8h    4  n  1 h  3h 2  12h 2    3  n  12 h 2 
 
 limh
h 0  
5n  4h 1  2     n  1  3h 2 12  22     n  12 
 
 n  n  1 2 n  n  1 2n  1 
 lim
h 0
h  5n  4h   3h  
 2 6 
2
Now, since, h  0 and h  , so n   .
n
Therefore, we have
 2 22 n  n  1 23 n  n  1 2n  1 
 lim
n  
5n   4  2   3 3  
 n n 2 n 6 
  1   1  1 
 lim 10  8  1    4 1   2   
n 
  n   n  n 
 10  8  8
 26
3

  3x  2x  4  dx  26
2
Hence,
1

  3x + e2x  dx
2
(iv)
0

Ans: Recall the definition of definite integral as limit of sums:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 122

 f  x  dx  limh f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h     f a   n  1 h 
b

h 0
a

ba
and h  .
n
Now, in the given integral, a  0 , b  4 , f  x   3x 2  e 2 x .

40 4
Therefore, h  
n n
So, the given integral can be expressed as

f  0   f  0  h   f  0  2h     f  0   n  1 h 

4

  3x  e2x  dx  limh
2
h 0
0

 limh
h 0
  
3  02  e20   3h 2  e2h   3 2h 2  e 2 2h     3  n  12 h 2  e 2 n 1h 
  
 lim h 1  3h 2  e 2h  12h 2  e 4h    3  n  12 h 2  e 2 n 1h 
h 0  

 lim
h 0
h
   
3h 2 12  22     n  12  1  e 2h  e 4h    e 2 n 1h 
 
Now, observe that, the numbers 1,e 2h ,e 4h ,...,e 2 n 1h forms a G.P series with the
e2h
common ratio r   e2h .
1

2 n 1 h
  e 2h n  1  e 2nh  1
Therefore, S  1  e  e    e
2h 4h
 1 2h   2h
 e  1  e  1
4
 2 n  n  1 2n  1 e 2nh  1 
0     3h   2h
2 2x
Thus, 3x e dx lim h 
h 0
 6 e 1 

4
Now, since, h  0 and h  , so n   .
n
Therefore, we have
 
4
 4 n  n  1 2n  1 
3
4  e 1 
2nh

0  3x  e  dx  lim 3 3   lim 
e2h  1 
2 2x
n    n 
 n 6  n
2h 
 2h 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 123

  
  1  1   2nh  1 1 
 lim 32 1   2     4lim   2h 
  n  n   2nh e  1 
n  n 

 2h 
2nh  1 1
 64  4lim  lim 2h
n 
2nh n  e  1
2h
e2nh  1 eh  1
 64  4lim 1 [since, lim  1]
n  h 0
2nh h
4
2n 
e 1 n
 64  4lim
n 
4
2n  
n
e8  1
 64  4lim
n 
8
e8  1
 64  .
2
4
e8  1
Hence,   3x  e  dx  64 
2 2x
.
0 2

 x + 3x  dx
2
(v)
2

Ans: Recall the definition of definite integral as limit of sums:

 f  x  dx  limh f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h     f a   n  1 h 

b

h 0
a

ba
and h  .
n
Now, in the given integral, a  2 , b  5 , f  x   x 2  3x .

52 3
Therefore, h  
n n
So, the given integral can be expressed as

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 124

 f  2   f  2  h   f  2  2h     f  2   n  1 h 
5

x  3x  dx  limh
2
h 0
2

 limh
h 0   2
 
22  3 2    2  h   3  2  h    2  2h   3  2  2h  2


    2   n  1   3  2   n  1 h  
2

 
 lim h 10  10  7h  h 2   10  14h  4h 2     10  7  n  1 h  4  n  1 h 2 
h 0

 limh
h 0  
10n  7h 1  2  3     n  1  h 2 12  22     n  12 
 
n  n  1
It is known that, 1  2  3     n  1  and
2
n  n  1 2n  1
12  22     n  1 
2
.
6
Therefore, we have
5
 n  n  1 2 n  n  1 2n  1 
x  3x  dx  lim    
2
h 0
h 10n 7h h 
2  2 6 
3
Now, since, h  0 and h  , so n   .
n
Therefore, we have
5
 32 n  n  1 33 n  n  1 2n  1 
2  
3
x 2
 3x dx  n  
lim 10n   7  2
  3 
 n n 2 n 6 
5
 63  1  9  1  1 
   x 2  3x  dx  lim 30   1    1   2   
2
n 
 2  n  2  n  n 
5

   x 2  3x  dx  30 
63 141
9 .
2 2 2

62. Evaluate
1

(i)  cot -1  1 - x + x2  dx
0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 125

Ans: The given integral can be written as

  tan 1  1  x  x 2  dx
1 1


1
0   
1 2
cot 1 x x dx
0  
1  x 1 x 
  tan 1   dx
0  1  x 1  x  
1
 ab 
   tan 1 x  tan 1 1  x   dx [since, tan 1    tan a  tan b ]
1 1

0  1  ab 
1 1

  tan 1
 x  dx   tan 1  x  dx
1

0 0

 x  dx   tan 1  1  x dx
1 1 a a

  tan 1 1
[since  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx ]
0 0 0 0

 2 tan 1  x  dx
0

 2 tan 1  x  1dx
0

 1
x 
 2   tan  x   x  0  
1 1
dx 
 0 1 x 
2

 1 1 2x 
 2   tan  x   x  0  
1 1
dx 
 2 0 1 x 2

 1 1 d 1  x  
2

 2   tan  x   x  0  
1 1
dx 
 2 0 1  x 2


 1 2 
1

 2    log 1  x  
4 2 0 

   log 2  log1
2

  log 2 .
2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 126

 1

Hence,  cot 1 1  x  x 2  dx   log 2 .
0 2

dx
(ii)   sinx - 2cosx  2sinx + cosx 
Ans: The given integral can be written as
dx dx
  sin x  2cos x  2sin x  cos x    2sin 2
x  sin x cos x  4sin x cos x  2cos 2 x

dx

2sin x  3sin x cos x  2cos 2 x
2

sec2 x dx
 [divide the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x ]
2 tan 2 x  3tan x  2
1 d  tan x  d
  [since,  tan x   sec2 x ]
2 tan 2 x  3 tan x  1 dx
2
1 d  tan x 
 
2 
2
3 5
2

 tan x     
 4 4
3 5
1 1 tan x 
 dx 1 x a
4 4 C
 
2 5
log
3 5
[since, x 2
a 2
 log
2a xa
 C]
2  tan x  
4 4 4

1 2 tan x  4
 log  C , where C is an integration constant.
5 2 tan x  1
dx 1 2 tan x  4
Hence,   sin x  2cos x  2sin x  cos x   5 log 2 tan x  1
 C , where C is an

integration constant.

1
log  1 + x 
(iii) 0 1 + x2 dx

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 127

Ans: Suppose that, x  tan 
Then, dx  sec2 d
Also, x  0    0 and

x 1   
4
Therefore, substituting the values in the given integral we get,

1
log 1  x  log 1  tan   sec 2  d
4

0 1  x 2 dx  0 1  tan 2 

4
log 1  tan   sec 2  d
 [since, sec2   tan 2   1]
0 sec 
2


4
  log 1  tan   d  I (say)
0

a a

Now, since,  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx , so we have

0 0


4
  
I   log 1  tan      d
0  4 
  

 tan    tan  
4
4 tan x  tan y
 I   log 1   d [since, tan  x  y   ]
 1  tan     1  tan x tan y
  tan  
0

  
4 


 1  tan  
4
 I   log 1  d
0  1  tan  



4
2 
 I   log   d
0  1  tan  

4
 I   log 2  log 1  tan    d
0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 128

  
4 4
 I   log 2d   log 1  tan   d
0 0


 I  log 2  04  I


 2I  log 2
4

 I  log 2
8
1
log 1  x  
Hence, 0 1  x 2 dx  8 log 2 .

π
2
(iv)   2logsinx - logsin2x  dx
0

Ans: Recall that, sin 2x  2sin xcos x and log  ab   log a  log b .
Then, the given integral can be written as

2
I    2log sin x  log sin 2x  dx
0


2
   2logsin x  log  2sin x cos x   dx
0


2
   2log sin x  log 2  log sin x  log cos x  dx
0

  
2 2 2
   log sin x  dx   log 2dx   log  cos x  dx
0 0 0

 
2
    2 a a

  log sin   x    log 2  x    log  cos x  dx

2 [  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx ]
 2 
0
0 0 0 0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 129

  
2
 2
  log  cos x   log 2   log  cos x 
0 2 0

  1
 I   log 2  log
2 2 2

2
 1
   2log sin x  log sin 2x  dx  log .
0 2 2

1
63.  sinx + sin2x dx
Ans: The given integral can be written as
1 dx
 sin x  sin 2x dx   sin x  2sin x cos x
dx

sin x 1  2cos x 

sin xdx
 [multiply numerator and denominator by sin x ]
sin 2 x 1  2cos x 

sin xdx

1  cos2 x  1  2cos x 
Substitute cos x  z
Then,  sin xdx  dz
dz
 
1  z  1  2z 
2

 1 1 1 1 4 1 
          dz
 6 z  1 2 z  1 3 2z  1 
1 dz 1 dz 4 dz
     
6 z  1 2 z  1 3 2z  1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 130

 1 1 4 1
 log z  1  log z  1   log 2z  1  C , where C is an integration
6 2 3 2
constant.
Hence, by the substituting the value of z we get,
1 1 1 2
 sin x  sin 2x dx  6 log cos x  1  2 log cos x  1  3 log 2cos x  1  C , where
C is an integration constant.

 3sinθ - 2  cosθ dθ
64.  5 - cos θ - 4sinθ
2

Ans: The given integral can be written as

 3sin   2  cos   3sin   2  cos 
 5  cos   4sin  d   5  1  sin    4sin  d
2 2


 3sin   2  cos  d
4  sin 2   4sin 


 3sin   2  cos 
 2  sin  
2

Suppose that, 2  sin   z

Then,  cos d  dz
Therefore, substituting the values the integral becomes

 3sin   2  cos  d   3 2  z   2 dz

 5  cos 2
  4sin 
 z2

 4
 4  3z  dz
z2
dz zdz
 4 2
 3 2
z z
4
  3log z  C
z
Thus, substituting the value of z , we get

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 131

  3sin   2  cos  4
 5  cos   4sin  d  2  sin   3log 2  sin   C , where
2
C is an integration
constant.

65.  sec3 xdx

Ans: The given integral can be written as

I   sec3 xdx

  sec x  sec2 x dx

d 
 sec x  sec 2 xdx     sec x    sec 2 xdx  dx [Apply integration by parts]
 dx 
 sec x tan x   sec x tan 2 xdx

 sec x tan x   sec x sec2 x  1 dx [since, sec2 x  tan 2 x  1 ]

 sec x tan x    sec3 x  sec x  dx

 sec x tan x   sec xdx   sec3 xdx

 sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x  I [since, I   sec3 xdx ]

 2I  sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x  C

1
 I  sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x   C
2
1
 sec
xdx  sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x   C , where
3
Hence, C is an
2
integration constant.

66.  e2xcos3xdx

Ans: The given integral can be written as

I   e2x cos3xdx

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 132

 1 2
 e2x sin 3x   e2x sin 3xdx [Applying integration by parts]
3 3
1 2 1 2 
 e 2 x sin 3x    e 2 x cos3x   e 2 x cos3xdx  [again, apply integration by
3 3 3 3 
parts]
1 2 4
 I  e2x sin 3x  e2x cos3x   e 2x cos3xdx
3 9 9
1 2 4
 I  e2x sin 3x  e2x cos3x  I
3 9 9
13 1 2x 2
 I  e sin 3x  e2x cos3x
9 3 9
9  1 2x 2 2x 
I  e sin 3x  e cos3x   C
13  3 9 
e2x
  e cos3xdx 
2x
 3sin3x  2cos3x   C , where C is an integration
13
constant.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 133