Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Comparative study of bridge configurations for dynamic analysis

K.V. Ramana Reddy ⇑, M. Padmaja
Department of Civil Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A bridge is a physical structure which carries roadway, pathway or a railway etc over the obstacles like a
Received 18 April 2021 water body example a river, deep valley, a rail or a road. Today the bridges are diversified into Cable
Received in revised form 27 May 2021 stayed bridge, Suspension Bridge, Arch Bridge, Box Girder Bridge, Solid Slab Bridge, Arch Bridge,
Accepted 2 June 2021
Movable Bridge, Truss Bridge, Cantilever Bridge etc. The bridge design varies by many factors such as aes-
Available online xxxx
thetic appearance, its usage or functionality of the bridge, anchorage, terrain and topography where the
bridge to be constructed, and economic factors or funds etc.
Keywords:
The main objective of analyzing and design of bridges is to find the internal stresses, deflections, shear
Bridge design
Girder Bridge
force, moments, deformation by the action of various loads and load effects. In the present context a cable
Durability stayed bridge, T-beam bridge and a truss bridge each of span 80 m is considered by modeling and analysis
Reliability and environmental effects of the corresponding bridges subjected to dynamic load conditions by using SAP 2000.
The deflections in the girder bridge are very less when compared to truss bridge and cable stayed
bridge. The durability and reliability of girder bridge is high. The cable stayed bridge and truss bridge
are susceptible for environmental effects like they are prone to corrosion.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Con-
ference on Computations in Materials and Applied Engineering – 2021.

1. Introduction of computer has boosted up the science and technology in engi-

neering. The use of computer software for the purpose of designing
A bridge is a physical structure that is laid over an obstruction. civil structures has come into existence. As a result, many advances
The obstruction can be a valley or a railway line. Bridges are laid has taken place in the filed of prestressed concrete and concrete
over the water bodies also. Day to day many advances in the bridge technology [4]. The use of steel and concrete is more as of today
engineering has taken place. Bridge engineering has become one of and day by day the concrete jungle is increasing. The bridges are
the part of academic curriculum today. From the past forty-five considered based on the context of beauty or the aesthetic appear-
years there are many advances that took part in the context of ance and the funds available for it and as per economical factors
bridge engineering [1]. The first bridge constructed in the world [5].
is an iron bridge that was laid over the River Severn at Shropshire
which is located in England today. The bridge is made of cast iron
completely. The first ever bridge constructed in India is the bridge 2. Review of literature
by name Pamban Bridge which is a railway bridge that connects
the Indian mainland and the town Rameshwaram which is a place Abhishek, Kunali Mavani, Maullik Kakadiya [6] have concluded
that is located in Pamban Island. It is the first Indian sea bridge and that the cable stayed bridge is one among the modern bridges
it is noted as the longest bridge [2]. which is built for the longer spans but there is a need on the study
In the modern world technology has increased drastically. Many of the effect of shape of the pylon for the dynamic loading over it,
advanced methods have already emerged and emerging day to day for this the bridge span and the other dimensions along with some
in the field of engineering, science and medical fields. Especially in parameters are to be kept constant. The pylon shape is varied by
the engineering field many advances have come [3]. The invention them such as Single pylon, H type, A type, the inverted Y type
and a Diamond or Pyramid shapes of the pylon & Double Diamond
or Spread Pylon shapes. The pylon height is also changed for the
⇑ Corresponding author. above shapes for the purpose of comparison. The modelling of
E-mail address: [email protected] (K.V. Ramana Reddy). bridge is prepared by using SAP 2000 software. M. Ramakrishna,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.021
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Computations in Materials and Applied Engineering – 2021.

Please cite this article as: K.V. Ramana Reddy and M. Padmaja, Comparative study of bridge configurations for dynamic analysis, Materials Today: Proceed-
ings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.021
K.V. Ramana Reddy and M. Padmaja Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

G. Praneth Surya, Mycerla Chaitanya [7] have analysed to deter- bridge and the Cable Stayed bridge are modeled for the compara-
mine internal forces or stresses, bending moment and the defor- tive analysis, under dynamic loading conditions and effects. The
mation of the structure under various loading effects. The Girder comparison is made between these two bridges by them for dead
load, live load and the combined load acting upon them.
Shunichi Nakamura and Amiri [8] have studied the multi span
Table 1
Shear force and bending moment range over the deck of cable stayed bridge.
Cable Stayed bridge with 3 different type of towers such as rein-
forced concrete, steel/concrete hybrid tower and a steel tower,
Position Type Shear in kN Bending in kN-m under the static and seismic loading effects. The geometrical con-
Central span of deck Min. 15,421 64,373 ditions of the 3 types of towers mentioned above for a multi-
Max. 19,632 82,371 span cable stayed bridge are adopted from the static and seismic
Left end span of deck Min. 3733 9763
aspects. For the static analysis, RC tower had thrice lesser displace-
Max. 8428 24,321
Right end span of deck Min. 11,001 62,869 ment and many times larger bending moment when compared
Max. 14,956 80,557 with that of the steel and the hybrid towers. The Steel tower has
the highest displacement but with a very least bending moments
is observed by them. For the seismic analysis the bilinear spring
(BLS) connection is very effective towards reducing the dynamic
Table 2
response of all the towers is verified by them. The response of
Loads on the Steel cables.
the steel tower is particularly reduced with BLS by them. Finally,
Cable number Max. axial tension in kN Min. Tension in kN the reinforced concrete and the the hybrid tower showed very
9 58.675 41.703 good static and dynamic features and the behaviour of energy dis-
10 54.486 38.779 sipation during the earthquake is observed by them. The Bilinear
11 50.554 36.059
spring is very effective towards reducing dynamic responses of
12 46.881 33.534
13 29.234 20.937 all the towers especially in the steel tower is observed by them.
14 10.979 11.640
15 58.314 41.691
16 54.310 38.773
3. Analysis
17 50.535 36.058
18 46.981 33.539 The analysis is carried out using SAP 2000 software. The SAP
19 29.371 20.940 2000 software is developed by CSI (Computers and Structures
20 10.957 11.329
Inc). The software runs on the platform such as windows and the
21 58.314 41.691
22 54.309 38.773 software is very user friendly. It is one among the very very sophis-
23 50.535 36.058 ticated softwares which are available in the market today. It is very
24 46.980 33.539 intuitive and is versatile user interface software which is powered
25 29.371 20.940 by an unmatched analysis engine [9]. The software is very useful
26 10.633 11.357
27 58.675 41.703
for the engineers working on the platforms such as transportation
28 54.486 38.779 and designing and the industrial building designers etc. It has very
29 50.554 36.059 powerful templates that are capable of generating complex mod-
30 46.881 33.534 els. The very unique feature of SAP 2000 is it has built in design
31 29.234 20.937
code which checks as per Indian, US and the Canadian and some
32 19.654 16.652
33 10.013 11.121 other international design standards [10]. 3D models can be gener-
ated by giving proper inputs and the all 360-degree view of the

Fig. 1. Max bending and shear for central span of deck of Cable Stayed Bridge.

2
K.V. Ramana Reddy and M. Padmaja Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 2. Max bending and shear for right end span of deck of Cable Stayed Bridge.

Fig. 3. Maximum and minimum force of cable 9.

Fig. 4. Maximum and minimum force of cable 10.

models can be seen in a clear way by using this software. The tions in the cable stayed bridge. The loads on cables are presented
graphical content can be easily assumed and modelled using this through Table 2. Max bending and shear for central span of deck of
software as this is very user friendly. Cable stayed bridge is presented in Fig. 1 while Max bending and
shear for right end span of deck of Cable stayed bridge is shown
in Fig. 2. The maximum and minimum forces for selected cables
4. Results & discussions
are shown through in Fig. 3 through Fig. 8. Axial forces, shear force
and bending moments and their comparison is presented from
The results of SAP 2000 software is presented below. Table 1
Figs. 9 to 12 (Fig. 13).
presents the shear force and bending moment for different posi-
3
K.V. Ramana Reddy and M. Padmaja Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. Maximum and minimum force in cable 11.

Fig. 6. Maximum and minimum force in cable 21.

Fig. 7. Maximum and minimum force in cable 22.

Fig. 8. Maximum and minimum force in cable 23.

4
K.V. Ramana Reddy and M. Padmaja Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

70

60

50

40
Max T ension of cable in kN
Minimum T ension of cable in kN
30

20

10

0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Fig. 9. Axial force in the cables.

Fig. 10. Shear force of deck of cable stayed bridge.

Fig. 11. Comparison of Shear force.

5
K.V. Ramana Reddy and M. Padmaja Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 12. Bending moment curves.

Fig. 13. Distribution of bending moment along the deck.

5. Conclusions CRediT authorship contribution statement

After modeling and analysis of truss bridge, cable stayed bridge K.V. Ramana Reddy: Investigation, Writing - original draft. M.
and the T- beam girder bridge the following conclusions are Padmaja: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing,
drawn: Supervision.

 The bending moment values of T-Beam bridge is 20% higher Declaration of Competing Interest
than Cable Stayed bridge at the central span.
 The bending moment values of Cable Stayed bridge is 46% The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
higher than Truss bridge at the central span. cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
 Cable Stayed bridge give minimum shear force by 21% than T- to influence the work reported in this paper.
Beam bridge at the support.
 Truss bridge give minimum shear force than Cable Stayed
References
bridge by 18% and T-Beam bridge by 30% at the support
respectively. [1] IRC 6-2016 Standard specifications and code of practice for the road bridges.
 Deformation values are decreased by 38.6% on an average for T- [2] IRC 21-2000 Code of practice for road bridges.
Beam bridge compared to Cable Stayed bridge and Truss bridge. [3] ATC 40 – Seismic evaluation and retrofit of buildings.
[4] FEMA -356 – 2000: Pre standard and commentary for the seismic
 In the above context T-Beam bridge is found to be suitable for rehabilitation of the buildings. FEMA -440-Improvement of non- linear static
spans in the range of 80 m. seismic analysis.

6
K.V. Ramana Reddy and M. Padmaja Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

[5] IS 1893-2002-Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, the general [8] I. Amiri, S. Nakamura, Comparative study on multi-span cable-stayed bridges
provisions for the buildings, BIS-New Delhi. Dynamics of structures by TMH. with hybrid, RC and steel towers, Proc. Schl. Eng. Tokai Univ., Ser. E 40 (2015)
[6] K. Mavani et al., Dynamic analysis of cable stayed bridge for different pylon 29–36.
configuration, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Develop. 4 (11) (2017). [9] IS 875 Code of practice for Design loads.
[7] M. Chaitanya et al., Modelling & comparative analysis of cable stayed & girder [10] IS 1893-1 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures.
bridges using SAP2000, Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 6 (II) (2018).