Soil Mechanics

‫ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬

Soil Definitions

Eng. Farag Abdelgawad Amer

Assistant Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University
 Soil Definitions  Volume Relationships 2- Porosity (n) : ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺠﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺖ ﺻﺨﻮر اﻟﻘﺸﺮة‬ 
‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ وﺗﺮﺳﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ : ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ n = × 100%  0 ≤ n ≤ 100
.‫ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ وﻛﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ : ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء داﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬  n (%)
 Soil Components
1- Solids Solids : ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬ 3- Degree of saturation (Sr) : ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬
2- Voids : ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬ = × 100%  0≤ ≤ 100
: ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
 (%)
Water Air
Air Water  Vv = Vw + Va
4- Air Content (Ar) : ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
 Phase Diagram
 Vt = Vs + Vv = Vs + Vw + Va
Volumes Weights = × 100%  0≤ ≤ 100
1- Void ratio (e) : ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬
Air  (%)
 e≥0
Water e =
 No limit

Solid  Decimal Number

Eng. Farag Amer Soil Mechanics Soil Definitions Page 2/8

 Soil Definitions  Weight Relationships 4- Saturated unit weight:
‫ وزن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺠﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺖ ﺻﺨﻮر اﻟﻘﺸﺮة‬  : ‫وزن اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
.‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ وﺗﺮﺳﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ = Water
: ‫وزن اﻟﻤﺎء داﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬
 Soil Components : ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
= 1 = 100 %
Solid
1- Solids Solids
 = +
2- Voids 5- Unit weight of water:
1- Water content ( ) : ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬
= = 10 kN/ = 1 t/ = 1 gm/c
= × 100%  (%)
Water  No limit 6- Submerged unit weight:
Air
Air Water ‫ وزن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮرة‬
2- Total ( Bulk / Field / Natural =
 Phase unit weight: ,‫ اﻟﺨﺎم‬,‫ وزن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬
= -
Volumes Weights .‫ اﻟﺤﻘﻠﯿﺔ‬,‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬
=
7- Unit weight of soilds:
Air 3- Dry unit weight: ‫ وزن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
=
Water = Air

=0%
8- Specific gravity:
Solid ‫ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
=0% Solid =

Eng. Farag Amer Soil Mechanics Soil Definitions Page 3/8

 Soil Definitions
 Relation Between Definitions
‫ﻧﺘﺠﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺖ ﺻﺨﻮر اﻟﻘﺸﺮة‬ 
.‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ وﺗﺮﺳﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
 n =  e =
 Soil Components
1- Solids Solids

2- Voids  Ar = n ( 1 – Sr )
( )
=
( . )
Water Air  =
Air Water ( )
 Phase =
Volumes Weights ( )
 = =
Air

Water
 . = Sr . e
Solid
 = .
Eng. Farag Amer Soil Mechanics Soil Definitions Page 4/8
Ex: A sample of soil weighting 30.6 kg has a volume of 0.0183 . When dried in the oven its weight was reduced to
27.2 kg. The specific gravity of soil was found to be 2.65
• Determine the bulk density, dry density, water content, air voids, void ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation.
Given: Solution: 4- Void ratio:
= 30.6 kg ( ) × .
= 1.486 = e = 0.783
1- Bulk density ( ):
= 27.2 kg e =
. ×
= .
= 0.0183 = = = 1.67 t/
. 5- Porosity: n =
= 2.65 2- Dry density: .
= = = 0.439 = 43.9 %
Required: . ×
. Ar = n ( 1 – Sr )
= = = 1.486 t/ 6- Degree of saturation:
=…… .
( . )
3- Water content: . = Sr . e =
=……
. × 2.65 = Sr × 0.783
=…… = − ( )
= 0.4228 = 42.28 % = =
=…… = 30.6 – 27.20 = 3.40 gm ( . )
=
=…… . . = Sr . e
= = = 0.125 = 12.50 % 7- Air Voids:
.
=……
= Ar = n ( 1 – Sr ) = .
=……
= 0.439 (1-0.4228) = 0.2525 = 25.25 %
Eng. Farag Amer Soil Mechanics Soil Definitions Page 5/8
 2- Dry quartz sand has a density of 1.68 t/ . If the density of solids for quartz is 2.65 t/
• Determine the density of the sand when the degree of saturation is 75 %.

Given: Solution:
= 1.68 t/ .
= = = 2.65
e =
= 2.65 t/
( )
= n =
Sr = 75 %
× . Ar = n ( 1 – Sr )
Required: 1.68 =
=…… ( . )
e = 0.577 =

( . ) ( )
== = =

×( . . × . )
= = 1.95 t/ . = Sr . e
.

= .

Eng. Farag Amer Soil Mechanics Soil Definitions Page 6/8

 3- A sample of soil has a water content of 14.7 % and a cube of dimensions 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm weighs 1.84 kg.
The grain specific gravity Gs = 2.72.
• Calculate the unit weight, the void ratio and the degree of saturation.
• What would be the unit weight and the water content if the soil had the same void ratio, but was saturated?
• What would be the unit weight if the soil had a water content of zero?

Given: If the soil had the same void ratio,

Solution: e =
but was saturated
= 14.7 % . ×
= = = 1.84 t/
× e = 0.7 Sr = 100 % n =
= 1.84 kg . ( . )
= = = 1.6 t/ =
. Ar = n ( 1 – Sr )
= 1000
( ) × . ×( . × . )
= 2.72 = 1.6 = e = 0.7 = = 2.01 t/ ( . )
. =
( . )
= If the soil had a water content of zero
( )
( ) = =
1.84 =
×( . × . ) =
.
×( . )
Sr = 0.582 = 58.2 % = = 1.60 t/ . = Sr . e
.

. = Sr . e = 1.6 t/ = .
Eng. Farag Amer Soil Mechanics Soil Definitions Page 7/8
 Soil Definitions
 Relative Density (‫ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ )اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺠﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺖ ﺻﺨﻮر اﻟﻘﺸﺮة‬ 
.‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ وﺗﺮﺳﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
Dr = × 100
 Soil Components
1- Solids Solids
.‫أﻗﺼﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ 
2- Voids
.‫أﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ 

Water Air .‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ 

Air Water
 Phase Relative Density Description
Volumes Weights 0-15 Very loose
Air 15-50 Loose
Water 50-70 Medium
70-85 Dense
Solid
85-100 Very dense

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