Department of Public Works and Highways

PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE

FLOOD CONTROL AND SABO ENGINEERING CENTER

Training on Planning and Design of Flood

Control Structures

“Non-Structural Measures”
July 09, 2007

Presented by:
Grecile Christopher R. Damo
Engineer III
 Contents
• Understanding the Mechanism of Disasters
and Natural Hazards at the Different River
Segments
• Objectives and Importance of Flood Hazard
Maps (Hazard Maps)
• Components in Making Flood Hazard Maps
Understanding the Mechanism of
Disasters and Natural Hazards at
the Different River Segments
Climatological
Regions of the
Philippines
 PROBABLE TYPHOON PATH
MAY
FEBRUARY

Very Frequent Northern and

32% Central Luzon

NOVEMBER
OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER
Frequent AUGUST Southern Luzon
16% DECEMBER
JULY
MARCH
JUNE
JANUARY
Frequent Northern Visayas
19%

APRIL

Southern Visayas
Less Frequent and Northern
7%
Mindanao

Rare Mindanao Island

1%
 Mountain Torrent LANDSLIDE
Erosional Zone

DEBRIS FLOW ZONE

Alluvial Fan
Local Depositional Zone (coarse)

Trans
Braided River (coarsport Zone
e to fine)
FLASH FLOOD ZONE

Meandering Alluvial River

si ti o nal
Depo ine)
n e (f
Zo FLOOD PLAIN AREA

Delta
Sea
 Structural Measures
• Due to flooding and other water related
disasters, DPWH constructs FC Structures
• Construction of Dikes, Revetments, Spur
dikes, Groundsills and sometimes Sabo
Works (such as Sabo Dams and Check
Dams)

But Structural Measures are NOT ENOUGH

Design Discharge of Rivers

Heightening
of the Dike
Urbanization = Increase in Runoff
 Issues accompanying urbanization
Natural water retention functions have
declined since the surface of the earth is As a result, the time from the peak of
covered by asphalt, concrete and other rainfall to the peak of rain runoff has
materials and rainwater cannot permeate become shorter.
into the ground.

Flood water storage functions have As a result, the volume of the peak flow
declined since the forests and rice paddies has increased.
have been developed for building land
development

Building land development has expanded to

lowlands (where there is a high possibility As a result, the potential risk of
of flood damage) damage has increased.

Building land development has expanded As a result, it has become difficult to

along the rivers widen the river channels.
In the Philippines Structural Measures are not
sufficient to contain the rainfall and discharge
especially with return period more than 50 year
return period
August 1999
At Naguelguel
August 1999
At Naguelguel

August 1999
At Guelew
Main Cause of Losses During Disaster
• Wrong Evacuation/No safe
evacuation/People doesn’t know what to do
• Wrong perception of safety behind the
structural measures
• Poor knowledge regarding the present
hazards and dangers/No Technical
Capability
• No warning/Warning was ignored
Objectives and Importance of FHM
This is a map that shows the estimated areas of inundation and places of refuge in a way that
residents can easily understand and is used to ensure that residents take prompt and smooth
action to evacuate at the time of a disaster and to raise awareness of disaster prevention among
the residents.

Location and names

XX City flood hazard map of refuges to be used
Route of
information
transmission

• Administrative
organizations
• Medical institutions
• Lifeline
management
Distribution of agencies
underground
spaces

Behavior to follow and the items Clear description of the estimated

that should be taken with you at areas of inundation and the
the time of evacuation inundation depths
 Roles of FHM
For residents
(1) Hazard maps offer information on flood
damage prior to a disaster, raise awareness
of disaster prevention among the residents
and encourage residents in normal times to
be aware of the need to prepare for voluntary
evacuation.
(2) Hazard maps ensure that residents smoothly
and promptly evacuate at the time of a
warning and the occurrence of a disaster,
resulting in a reduction in the damage.
 Roles of FHM
In charge of disaster prevention
(1) Through the preparation of flood hazard
maps, administrative bodies promote
administrative disaster prevention measures
on a routine basis.
(2) By using flood hazard maps, administrative
bodies can respond quickly and efficiently at
the time of a warning and the occurrence of
a disaster.
 Preparation of FHM
• Using Hydrological/Hydraulic Approach
1. Runoff analysis of rainfall.
2. Analysis of river channel flow and overflow
from the river channel. Calculate discharge,
check river capacity
3. Calculation of flood flow on the flood plain.
• Confirm using a large scale maps
– Actual data of inundation
– Structures affected by the flood
5-Year Return Period
25-Year Return Period
Baquero Sur Evacuation Center, Moncada, Tarlac,

Flood Hazard
and
Evacuation
Map

Poponto Swamp –
Natural Retarding Basin

Salumague Evacuation Center,

Paniqui, Tarlac Province

Source: PMO-Agno Flood Control

 Community Based FHM
Camiguin Non-Structural Measures
Flood
Flash Flood
Debris Flow
 Objectives of Project

z Strengthen disaster prevention

capacities of PDCC/MDCC/BDCC

z Increase
the local people’s
awareness of disaster prevention

z Establishsimple and effective

disaster prevention method
 Activities

z Prepare hazard map

z Developdebris flow warning criteria and

warning system

z Increase public awareness on debris flow,

flash flood and flood prevention
measures
 Warning System
To establish
Monitoring system

Decision-making system

Communication system
 Monitoring

The Standard 8-inch Rain

Gauge non-recording type
components:
- Measuring Stick 60 cm long
- Overflow Can
- Collector Funnel
- Measuring Tube
- Stand

Rainfall observation
Since the project cannot provide the standard rain
gauge for all the high risk Barangays

Improvised
rainfall
measurement

The improvised bucket has been measured and calibrated

so that when water reached a point there will be a
corresponding value which is the same of that 8 inch
standard rain fall gauge
Monitoring

Water level monitoring

 Communication System
Fax Message
Special Forecast PDCC
from PAGASA

Fax Message

Rainfall Observation MDCC

VHF Radio Message

Rainfall Observation

Observations of River
Conditions BDCC
• Color
• Force of flow
• Sound Bandillo, house to
• Presence of dislodged house, megaphone
vegetation with siren, church
• Debris movement bells
• Water level

COMMUNITY
 Decision making

Warning Levels
Rainfall Cumulative Warning
Stage Intensity Rainfall Level
Alert 1
Monitoring Start rainfall measurement 2
Preparatory 20mm/h 60mm 3
Evacuate 30mm/h 100mm 4
Public Awareness Component

z To enhance and strengthen enforcement

of public awareness of disaster prevention
through community and participatory
approaches.
 Warning
Church Bell or “Badillo” is being use for alarming the
Town folks and nearby Barangays. This will give an
alert that people should evacuate. Small and hand held
sirens are used by the barangays heads
 Evacuation
Areas

R2 R3

R1
Training of Trainers
Community Dialogues
Table Top Exercise
Evacuation Drill
 Conclusion
• Simple countermeasures are effective for a
small community to understand and to sustain

•Through participatory approach the end-users

recognized the problems and its benefits
• Regular monitoring of the island’s activities
and drills should be carried out

Community based non-structural

measures can save a lot of lives.
Issues related to flood hazard maps
and future directions
(1) Promoting the publication of estimated
areas of inundation
(2) Urging municipalities that have not
developed hazard maps to implement the
preparation of these maps
(3) Raising awareness of residents about
hazard maps
(4) Importance of follow-up after the
publication of a hazard map
 Main Agency Involved in FHM
• DOST (PAGASA and PHIVOLCS)
• DENR (EMB)
Thank You Very Much
Department of Public Works and Highways
Project Management Office
Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center
Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure Compound,
Lopez Jaena Street corner E. Santos Avenue
Barangay Sta. Rosa, Pasig City, 1600 Philippines

Email: [email protected]
Thank You Very Much
Department of Public Works and Highways
Project Management Office
Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center
Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure Compound,
Lopez Jaena Street corner E. Santos Avenue
Barangay Sta. Rosa, Pasig City, 1600 Philippines

Email: [email protected]
Thank You Very Much
Department of Public Works and Highways
Project Management Office
Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center
Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure Compound,
Lopez Jaena Street corner E. Santos Avenue
Barangay Sta. Rosa, Pasig City, 1600 Philippines

Email: [email protected]
Thank You Very Much
Department of Public Works and Highways
Project Management Office
Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center
Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure Compound,
Lopez Jaena Street corner E. Santos Avenue
Barangay Sta. Rosa, Pasig City, 1600 Philippines

Email: [email protected]
Thank You Very Much
Department of Public Works and Highways
Project Management Office
Flood Control and Sabo Engineering Center
Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure Compound,
Lopez Jaena Street corner E. Santos Avenue
Barangay Sta. Rosa, Pasig City, 1600 Philippines

Email: [email protected]
For Hyperlink
For Hyperlink
Damage Hazards and Floods
Landslide
Location: Panaoan Island, Southern Leyte Date of disaster: December 2003
Date of Photo: January 15, 2004-11-22
Location: Panaoan Island, Southern Leyte Date of disaster: December 2003
Date of Photo: January 15, 2004-11-22

LANDSLIDE
Videos
 Debris Flow
• Debris flows are often referred to as
mudslides, mudflows, jökulhlaups, or debris
avalanches. It has rocky front called 'the
head' and a 'tail, like wet concrete, consist
primarily of geological material (rocks, soil,
trees, etc) mixed with water, picked up as the
flow moves down a slope or channel.
• Debris flows may be generated when hillside
colluvium or landslide material becomes
rapidly saturated with water.
 Debris Flow
• Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of
ground water flowing through cracked
bedrock may trigger a movement of this type.
Debris flows and floods may also occur when
strong rains on hill or mountain slopes cause
extensive erosion and/or what is known as
"channel scour".
 Debris Flow
• Debris flows are thick as wet mud mixed with
rock, and can transport very large boulders
and will become thinner muddy flood waters
as they deposit their heavier components.
• The presence of older levees indicates the
recurrence and characteristics of debris flows
in a particular area. This can be important
information for developing land on what are
known as alluvial fans. They are very
dangerous and should be avoided at all cost.
Sample of Natural Damming
Flash Floods
 Flash Flood
• Flooding characterized by a rapid rise in
water, high velocity and large amount of
debris
Flash Floods
Sample of Flash Flood
Flood
 Flood
• a body of water, rising, swelling and
overflowing on land which is actually not
part of the river
Calumpit, Bulacan last August ‘04
San Fernando City, Pampanga last August ‘04
Sasmuan, Pampanga last August ‘04
Main Causes of Losses
 People took refuge in
a concrete house

Southern Leyte December 2003

• Before the big landslide a crack was found and
existing but everybody ignored that.
• People couldn’t understand the sign of
landslide because of lack of knowledge.
• The landslide occurred after 5 days from
rainfall peak.
• Difficulty of prediction and decision of end of
evacuation
• The appearance of falsehood “illegal logging
caused” again