Professional and social issues

Vocation is an occupation or the employment of an individual that is

pursued more for its benefits to others or the society at large
rather than for its monetary benefits.

Profession What do you do is the most common question that people

confront when they go to a new place or find themselves
among people he does not know. It is a polite way of
knowing about you and your source of livelihood.
What is a Professional?
The term professional refers to anyone who earns their living from performing an activity
that requires a certain level of education, skill, or training. There is typically a required
standard of competency, knowledge, or education that must be demonstrated (often in the
form of an exam or credential), as well as adhering to codes of conduct and ethical
standards.
Types of Professionals

There are many different types of professionals. Whether they are athletes or business
people, there are many categories and groups.

Types of professionals include:

•Accountant •Psychologist •Investment Banker

•Teacher •Pharmacist •Programmer
•Technician •Dietitian
•Laborer •Research Analyst
•Physical •Midwife
•Mechanic
•Commercial Banker
•Dentist
•Engineer •Electrician
•Lawyer •Consultant
Professional Standards/Responsibility

Professional standards are a set of practices, ethics, and behaviors that members of a particular
professional group must adhere to.

•Accountability – takes responsibility for their actions

•Confidentiality – keeps all sensitive information private and away from those who
shouldn’t have access to it
•Fiduciary duty – places the needs of clients before their own
•Honesty – always being truthful
•Integrity – having strong moral principles
•Law-abiding – follows all governing laws in the jurisdictions they perform activities
•Loyalty – remain committed to their profession
•Objectivity – not swayed or influenced by biases
•Transparency – revealing all relevant information and not concealing anything
Six occupations are perceived to have "very great" prestige by at least half
of all adults:

firefighters (63 percent),

doctors (58 percent),
nurses (55 percent),
scientists (54 percent),
teachers (52 percent)
and military officers (51 percent).
Professional bodies and Trade Unions

Professional Bodies

These professional bodies may have a role in accrediting journalists; they will almost
certainly have a role in promoting their interests and professional standards.

e.g:

Philippine Society of Information Technology Educators

Philippine Information and Computing Accreditation Board (PICAB)
Philippines Software Industry Association (PSIA)
Trade Union

That unions focus on relations with the employer, while professional associations cater to
individual needs. Professionals are drawn to associations for access to information,
professional development, and networking.
Professional bodies in IT
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Philippine Information Technology Organization
 National ICT Confederation of the Philippines
 Philippines Software Industry Association
 Association for Computing Machinery
 Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
 Association for Women in Computing
 CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF A PROFESSIONAL BODY

1. Effective Sharing of Goals

A healthy organization shares its business goals with employees at every level
of the organization

2. Responsible

3. POLCA
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Control
Assurance
4. Offers Training Opportunities
Companies provide on-the-job training and opportunities for employees to
enhance their work-related skills.

5. Strong Leadership
Managers know how to get employees to function together.
MUST BE ABLE TO DETERMINE AND MANAGE THE 5W+H

What
Why
Who How
Whom
When
Know how to determine the difference between a TEAM and a GROUP

team is a group of people who share a common goal

share a mutual accountability and work closely together to solve problems

A group is a collection of individuals who coordinate their efforts

Key Differences Between Group and Team

The difference between group and team in the workplace can be drawn clearly on the following
grounds:

There is only one head in a group.

Team can have more than one head.

The group members do not share responsibility

Team members share the responsibility.

The group focuses on achieving the individual goals.

Team members focus on achieving the team goals.

The group produces individual work products.

Team who produces collective work products.
The process of a group is to discuss the problem, then decide and finally delegate
the tasks to individual members.

Team discusses the problem, then decide the way of solving it and finally do it
collectively.
WHAT ARE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMPUTING PROFESSIONALS?

Responsibilities to Clients and Users

Whether a computing professional works as a consultant to an individual or as an

employee in a large organization, the professional is obligated to perform assigned
tasks competently, according to professional standards.

This includes:

Attention to technical excellence

concern for the social effects of computers on operators, users, and the public.

Example:
When designing a new computer system, the professional must consider not
only the specifications of the client but also how the system might affect the
quality of life of users and others.
For example:

a computing professional who designs an information system for a hospital and should
allow speedy access ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY IN COMPUTING by
physicians and nurses and yet protect patients’ medical records from unauthorized
access; the technical requirement to provide fast access may conflict with the social
obligation to ensure patients’ privacy.
 INSTITUTE AND MANAGEMENT

Organization
Organization refers to a collection of people, who are involved in pursuing defined objectives. It can be
understood as a social system which comprises all formal human relationships. The organization encompasses
division of work among employees and alignment of tasks towards the ultimate goal of the company.

In common parlance, the word ‘organisation’ refers to ‘institution’. Educational institution, a

private agency, Government department or business firm; all are organizations.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

Organization As a Structure:

Organizing
is a set of relationships that defines vertical and horizontal relationships amongst people
who perform organisational tasks and duties.

As vertical relationships, the authority-responsibility structure of people at different levels in the

same department is defined

as horizontal relationships, authority-responsibility structure of people in different departments

at same levels is defined.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Organization As a Process:

Organizing

defines relationships amongst people through a process that aims to achieve organizational
goals efficiently.

It Involves:

• Identification of work
• Grouping of work into smaller groups
• Assigning work to every individual at every level in every department
• defining its authority and responsibility, and
• Establishing relationships amongst people to make them contribute towards
organisational goals in an integrated manner.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

Therefore:

Organization structure and process are not independent concepts. They

are complementary to each other. Once the organization process is
defined, organization structure is the end result or outcome of that
process. Organization structure is the result of organization process.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Types of Organizational Structures

Functional Structure
The functional form divides work by type, e.g., marketing, finance,
production, and administration. Although the functions may vary from industry to industry, the
structure’s organizing concepts are the skills needed to perform clusters of tasks;

Chief Executive
Officer

Staff Functions

Staff Staff Staff Staff

functions functions functions functions

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Product Structure

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Marketing or consumer goods firms often use the product form that groups
jobs associated with specific products under the direction of “product managers.”

The product manager is responsible for many or all of the aspects of a product or product line. In its pure
form, the product structure has the effect of creating several smaller, single product-line
companies, each with its functional specialties in support.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Customer Structure
Departmentalization by customers is used when management wants to
insure a focus on the customer’s needs rather than on skill in producing (functional) or on brands
to sell (product).

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Geographic Structure

The geographic form

divides the work in a firm by location. Often this is a function of the product or service
and the difficulty of transporting a good or service over large distances.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Divisional Structure
an extension of the product form but with much
greater responsibility and scope of control for the general manager. In this form, an individual is
placed in charge of a “business” that may be defined by product group or location or clusters of
products.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Assignment:

1. Group yourselves into 3

2. From among the discussions earlier, discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of each structure.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ETHICS

A fallacy

is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning. Or “wrong moves” in the

Construction of an argument which may appear stronger than it really is if the fallacy is
NOT spotted.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Have you fallen for any of these?

Fallacy No. 1: All Computers Have Magic Buttons. Many people purchase a
computer with the misconception that all they have to do is push a button and the
computer will solve all their problems.

With computers, you have to tell the computer what the problem is and then how to
solve it. If you can’t do that without a computer, you probably can’t do it with one
either.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Fallacy No 2: We Can Communicate With Computer People. When you speak with
many people in the computer industry, the individual words may
be familiar but taken together they are intimidating, using high—
tech terminology.

Fallacy No. 3: Computers Can Fix It All. As the saying goes “When in trouble,
Computerize.” If you are in a mess, a new computer will compound the
mess, not fix it. If erroneous data is entered into the computer, the results
produced by the computer will be equally erroneous; the only difference
is that it will produce it with mind—boggling speed.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Fallacy No. 4: Computers can be mastered in 30 Minutes. Many computer purchasers
fell that they don’t have to read a 200-page manual to learn to operate
their computer. This attitude prevents many people from successfully
using their new computer. In reality, computers require your active
involvement. This means setting at the terminal and working with the
machine, not simply walking past it.

Fallacy No. 5: One Size Fits All. The “one-size fits-all” variety of software usually doesn’t fit
anyone very well. A business is successful because of the way management has
chosen to do business. These policies and procedures should not be changed
to conform to the requirements of a software package. If you can’t find a
package that meets your requirements, have one modified for you

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Fallacy No. 6: Computers Are User-Friendly. The fact is they’re not friendly at all. Computers
consist of a collection of electronic components, the best of which could never
be called friendly. What makes a computer friendly is the software. Try it out
ahead of time; if you have a great deal of difficulty, it will not become any
friendlier after you buy it.

Fallacy No 7: Written Information Is Easily Understood. Computer manuals seem to be written

by the same people who write IRS publications. Many computer hardware and
software manuals assume that the reader is already familiar with all the details
and is not reading the information for the first time.

Fallacy No. 8: The Machine’s Advertised Low Price Is the Total Cost of a System. By the time you
add all the necessary components to make your system usable — monitor card
and monitor, printer controller, dot—matrix or letter—quality printer, hard disk,
communications protocols and software — plan on spending much much more
than the advertised price

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Fallacy No. 9: I Can’t Buy Now Because I’m Waiting for So-and-So to Announce a
Faster Machine. The rest of the fallacy is that no matter how long and
hard you shop for a computer, after you purchased it, it’ll be on sale
cheaper somewhere else. Regardless of when you decide to buy a
computer, the machine will most likely be technologically obsolete
before you get it fully operational. Advances occur so rapidly that any
computer you buy will be superseded by something bigger, faster and
cheaper in the near future.

Fallacy No 10: Everyone Needs a Computer. We hear this often from people. They tell us
they must have a computer because their competitor has one, or because
they don’t want to be the last executive on the block to have one

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 HACKER’S FALLACY

Fallacy #1: Small businesses aren’t worth a hacker’s time of day (or night).
Hackers know you’re less likely to take all the necessary measures to protect
yourself, making you the low hanging fruit that offers itself as an easy target.
The fun they can have with your site is no different than what they can do with
big business sites. Their three main reasons for hacking a website is to send out
spam email, gain access to your mailing list, credit card information, and other
private data, and to install malicious software onto your site or your end user’s
computers.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

PROFESSIONAL BODIES CODE OF CONDUCT
ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
GENERAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES.
A computing professional should...

1.1 Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all

people are stakeholders in computing.

This principle, which concerns the quality of life of all people, affirms an obligation of
computing professionals, both individually and collectively, to use their skills for the benefit of
society, its members, and the environment surrounding them. This obligation includes
promoting fundamental human rights and protecting each individual's right to autonomy

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

1.2 Avoid harm

Avoiding harm begins with careful consideration of potential impacts on all those
affected by decisions. When harm is an intentional part of the system, those
responsible are obligated to ensure that the harm is ethically justified. In either case,
ensure that all harm is minimized.

1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.

Honesty is an essential component of trustworthiness. A computing professional should

be transparent and provide full disclosure of all pertinent system capabilities,
limitations, and potential problems to the appropriate parties. Making deliberately false
or misleading claims, fabricating or falsifying data, offering or accepting bribes, and
other dishonest conduct are violations of the Code.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate.
Computing professionals should foster fair participation of all people, including
those of underrepresented groups. Prejudicial discrimination on the basis of age,
color, disability, ethnicity, family status, gender identity, labor union membership,
military status, nationality, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, or any
other inappropriate factor is an explicit violation of the Code.

1.5 Respect the work required to produce new ideas,

inventions, creative works, and computing artifacts.
Computing professionals should therefore credit the creators of ideas, inventions,
work, and artifacts, and respect copyrights, patents, trade secrets, license
agreements, and other methods of protecting authors' works.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 1.6 Respect privacy

a computing professional should become conversant in the various definitions

and forms of privacy and should understand the rights and responsibilities
associated with the collection and use of personal information.

1.7 Honor confidentiality

Computing professionals should protect confidentiality except in cases where

it is evidence of the violation of law, of organizational regulations, or of the
Code.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Strive to achieve high quality in both the processes and products of professional
work.

Computing professionals should insist on and support high quality work from
themselves and from colleagues. The dignity of employers, employees,
colleagues, clients, users, and anyone else affected either directly or indirectly
by the work should be respected throughout the process

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

1. Maintain high standards of professional competence, conduct, and ethical
practice.
Professional competence starts with technical knowledge and with awareness of the
social context in which their work may be deployed. Professional competence also
requires skill in communication, in reflective analysis, and in recognizing and
navigating ethical challenges.

2. Know and respect existing rules pertaining to professional work

Computing professionals must abide by these rules unless there is a compelling

ethical justification to do otherwise

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 3. Accept and provide appropriate professional review

Whenever appropriate, computing professionals should seek and utilize peer and
stakeholder review

4. Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and

their impacts, including analysis of possible risks

Computing professionals are in a position of trust, and therefore have a special

responsibility to provide objective, credible evaluations and testimony to
employers, employees, clients, users, and the public

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 5. Perform work only in areas of competence
A computing professional is responsible for evaluating potential work
assignments. This includes evaluating the work’s feasibility and advisability,
and making a judgment about whether the work assignment is within the
professional’s areas of competence
Foster public awareness and understanding of computing,
related awareness
6. Foster public technologies, and
andtheir consequences of computing, related
understanding
technologies, and their consequences

computing professionals should share technical knowledge with the

public, foster awareness of computing, and encourage understanding of
computing

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 7. Access computing and communication resources only when authorized or
when compelled by the public good

computing professionals should not access another’s computer system, software, or data
without a reasonable belief that such an action would be authorized or a compelling belief
that it is consistent with the public good

8. Design and implement systems that are robustly and usably secure.

Computing professionals should perform due diligence to ensure the system functions as
intended, and take appropriate action to secure resources against accidental and
intentional misuse, modification, and denial of service.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 PROFESSIONAL LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES
A computing professional, especially one acting as a leader, should…

1. Ensure that the public good is the central concern during all
professional computing work

People—including users, customers, colleagues, and others affected directly or indirectly—

should always be the central concern in computing. The public good should always be an
explicit consideration when evaluating tasks associated with research, requirements
analysis, design, implementation, testing, validation, deployment, maintenance,
retirement, and disposal. Computing professionals should keep this focus no matter which
methodologies or techniques they use in their practice.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 2. Articulate, encourage acceptance of, and evaluate fulfillment of social
responsibilities by members of the organization or group

Organizations—through procedures and attitudes oriented toward quality,

transparency, and the welfare of society—reduce harm to the public and raise
awareness of the influence of technology in our lives.

3. Manage personnel and resources to enhance the quality of

working life
Leaders should consider the personal and professional development,
accessibility requirements, physical safety, psychological well-being, and human
dignity of all workers.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 4. Articulate, apply, and support policies and processes that reflect the
principles of the Code

leaders should encourage and reward compliance with those policies, and take
appropriate action when policies are violated

5. Create opportunities for members of the organization or group

to grow as professionals

Leaders should ensure that opportunities are available to computing

professionals to help them improve their knowledge and skills in
professionalism, in the practice of ethics, and in their technical specialties.

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 6. Use care when modifying or retiring systems
Interface changes, the removal of features, and even software updates have an impact on
the productivity of users and the quality of their work. Leaders should take care when
changing or discontinuing support for system features on which people still depend.

7. Recognize and take special care of systems that become integrated

Use careof
into the infrastructure when modifying or retiring systems
society

When organizations and groups develop systems that become an important part
of the infrastructure of society, their leaders have an added responsibility to be
good stewards of these systems

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 Laws And Proper Ethics For Information Technology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiAirfn-lBI

Group Work:

Record your meeting. Discuss and answer the following questions:

1.What are considered to be moral responsibilities of an IT professional?

2.Who would be to blame whenever computer software failed and brought harm?
3.Is it immoral to hack computers or make unauthorized software copies? Why?

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

Introduction to Law and Legal Systems
Black’s Law Dictionary says that law is “a body of rules of action or
conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having binding legal
force. That which must be obeyed and followed by citizens subject to
sanctions or legal consequence is a law.”Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th
ed., s.v. “law.”

Functions of the Law

(1) keep the peace (5) promote social justice

(2) maintain the status quo (6) provide for orderly social change.
(3) preserve individual rights
(4) protect minorities against majorities

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 MORAL NORMS

While morals tend to be driven by personal beliefs and values, there are
certainly some common morals that most people agree on, such as:

Always tell the truth. Do not destroy property. Have courage.

SOCIAL NORMS
values, beliefs, attitudes, and/or behaviors shared by a group of
people.

These are often based on what people believe to be normal, typical or

appropriate

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT

 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME IN
ATTENDING TODAY ☺

Arlen B. Calimag, MIT, Gladys B. Abaleta, MSIT