Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of History

History might be written on the papyrus, walls, temples, coliseums, o It includes looking at the personal data providers apparent
sphinx, obelisks and other monumental relics of the past. Ancient or possible motives.
scribes and writers wrote the most critical event in their time for o It indicates the accuracy, trustworthiness and integrity of
memoriam, but their written text eventually become the reference to the materials to which historical data will be based
understand the following events. 2. External Criticism
History lets you travel through a world of books, documents, artifacts, o It applies experimental science to certify the authenticity of
digital media and images to places. Studying History is excellent at the material that holds the data in which historical
developing attributes for life and a range of skills for employment, information will be based.
and it provides you with curiosity and creativity to understand the o It entails such physical and technical tests as the dating of
world. paper when a document is written.
History is being written based on the actual evidence, manuscripts o It involves knowledge of when certain things existed, or it
and written documents which provide sources of historical supports the claim whether it is possible or impossible to
information. exist.
2 CATEGORIES OF HISTORICAL DATA o It evaluates the authenticity and genuineness of data.
Primary Source
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF DATA
 It provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, Primary data
object, person, or work of art. o Means original data that has been collected especially for
 It contains first hand knowledge about historical events , the purpose in mind, this type of data is generally afresh
figures and people and collected for the first time. It is useful for current
 It provides compelling and direct evidence of human studies as well for future studies.
activity. Primary Research Methods and techniques
 These are the things that were created or in use during the Primary Research
period which is being studied. Quantitative – based on numbers. (Quantitative)Survey Experiments
 These sources are actual records that have survived from Mechanical Observation Simulation
the past. Qualitative – more detail. (Qualitative) Focus Groups Individual
Examples of Primary Sources: Depth Interviews Human Observation Case Studies
Autobiography, Memoirs, Eyewitness Accounts, Diary, Fossils, Quantitative Research Categories Sampling Methods:
Relics, Letters, Photographs, Speeches, Videos, Legal documents, Random Sample - Equal chance of anyone being picked.
Ornaments, Clothing, Tools. Stratified or Segment Random Sampling – Samples on the basis of a
I TELL YOU SOMETHING, I AM THE PRIMARY SOURCE . representative strata or segment.
Secondary Sources Quota Sampling – By segment, not randomly selected.
 It is something that was made by someone or by a group of Advantages of primary data
people who participated in the historical era which is being o Targeted issues are addressed Data interpretation is better
studied. Efficient spending for information Decency of data
 These are usually created by historians and scholastic Proprietary issues Addressed specific research issues
writers based on their interpretation of the primary sources. Greater control
 These are sources of historical data which are created later Disadvantages of primary data
or after the historical event which is being studied and o High cost, time consuming, inaccurate feed-back, a greater
provided by the people who were not present in that event. number of resources is required
 It describes, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, Secondary data
evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. o Secondary data is data that has been collected for another
Examples of Secondary Sources purpose, it involves less cost, time and effort. Secondary
Biography, Encyclopedia, Textbooks, Thesis, Dissertation, data is data that is being reused.
Interviews, News reports, Movies, News Articles, Scholarly Journals, Internal Sources – Marketing Applications, Sales Record, Marketing
Transcriptions, Almanacs, Dictionaries. Activity, Cost Information, Distributor Reports, Costumer Feedback.
SOMEONE ELSE WHAT I TOLD YOU, YOU ARE THE SECONDARY External Sources – Financial Applications, Journals, Books,
SOURCE. Magazines, Newspaper, Libraries, The Internet
Two Ways to Examine the Historical Sources for the Scholastic Advantages of secondary data
Writers and Historians to Validate the Authenticity of the Sources that o Ease of access, Low cost to acquire, Clarification of
They Collected:
research question, may answer research questions
1.Internal Criticism
Disadvantages of secondary data
o It looks within the data itself to try to determine the truth-
Quality of research, not specific to researchers needs, incomplete
facts and the reasonable interpretation information, not timely
Lesson 2: site of the first
o Stating by the footnote to Francisco Colin’s Labor
Evangelica that Magellan did not go to Butuan but form
Limasawa to Cebu.
Mass in the Philippines o Francisco Albo
o Pilot of Magellan’s flagship does not mention the first mass
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
but he writes that they erected a cross on a mountain
o Around 1491 when he was born at Vicenza, republic of which overlooked three islands the west and the
Venice or was know now as Italy and died at the aged of southwest.
39-40 around 1531. James Robertson
o He studied astronomy; geography and cartography. o Agreed with Pastells in a footnote that “Mazua” was
o An Italian scholar and explorer from the republic of Venice. actually Limasawa
o He travelled with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand o In the authentic account of Pigafetta, the port was not in
Magellan and his crew on their first voyage around the Butuan but an island named Mazua (Masawa).
world. Father Bernard
o He was one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522. o studied all the Pigafetta’s maps, which place in Mazau off
the southern tip of the larger island of Leyte., a check with
o The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on
the modern maps will show that this jibes with Limasawa
March 31, 1521 (Eastern Sunday) and not Masao or Butuan.
o Father Pedro de Valderrama. EVIDENCE FOR LIMASAWA
o Located at the southern Leyte. 1. The evidence of albo’s log-book
o A popularly known as the birthplace of the church in the 2. The evidence of pigafetta pigafetta’s testimony regarding the route
Philippines. 3. The evidence of pigafetta’s map
o Holy first mass marked the birth of roman Catholicism in 4. the two native kings
the Philippines. 5. The seven days at “mazaua”
6. An argument from omission
PLANTING OF THE CROSS
7. Summary of the evidence of albo and pigafetta.
o In the afternoon, Magellan instructed his comrades to plant
8. Confirmatory evidence from the legazpi expedition.
a large cross on the top of a hill overlooking the sea.
CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN LIMASAWA AND MASAO/BUTUAN Proclamation of the National Shrine
o The legislative fiat declared the site in Magallanes,
MASAO/BUTUAN Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte, where the first
1872 Mass in the Philippines was held is hereby declared a
o A monument to commemorate the site of first mass on the national shrine to commemorate the birth of Christianity in
Philippines was erected in Butuan. the Philippines. Magallanes is east of the island of
1953 Limasawa.
o The people in Butuan asked the Philippine Historical
Committee to rehabilitate the monument or place a marker
Lesson 3: Jose Rizal’s
on the site.
o On the basis of this objection the monument was re
Retraction
erected but the marble slab stating it was the site of first
Retraction
mass was removed.
o Zaide identified Masao in Butuan as the location of the first
 Retraction is a statement of saying that something you said
mass. The basis Zaide’s claim is the diary of Antonio or wrote at an earlier time is not true or correct. For more
Pigafetta, chronicle of Magellan’s voyage. understanding it simply withdrawal or taking back
EVIDENCE FOR MASAO promises, statement, opinion, etc.
o The name of the place, The route from Homonhon, The 
latitude position, The geographical features, The bonfire, HE DID OR HE DID NOT?
The balanghai, House, Abundance of gold, A developed
settlement  A question that was raised up following Jose Rizal’s
LIMASAWA execution on December 30,1896 at Bagong Bayan. From
Jaime de Veyra the accounts of priest and Spanish newspaper, he
o Stated that the first mass was celebrated in Limawasa not retracted but for those who opposed, there was a secret
letter hidden inside Jose Rizal’s shoes denying the
in Butuan.
retraction and a claim that friars published a fake copy of
Historian Pablo Pastells
retraction. Regardless of whether he retracted or not, the
love for his country is admirable and worthy of emulation.
Arguments Favoring the Retraction FASCIST newspapers at that time. Morato maintained the
o According to rumor favoring that Jose Rizal’s retraction, the Rizal never retracted although friars managed to publish a
Spanish friars who visited him before he get executed fake copy of his retraction (Pasigui & Cebalu, 2006).
convinced him to make retraction, for the approval of Josephine Bracken Failed to Produce Marriage Contract
marrying Josephine Bracken because according to some o After Jose Rizal’s death in 1896 Josephine Bracken sued
information he wanted to marry Josephine Bracken when the Rizal Family in order to produce the so-called “Jose’s
he was on Dapitan. On the other hand, he did retraction for Last Will and Testamend” and even wrote Ferdinand
the reason that he died as Catholic. Blumentritt asking help to claim some properties entitled to
Father Balaguer’s Text her being thw window of Rizal. When Basa received the
o The second is form Father Balaguer’s text dated January demand from Josephine and her lawyers, he only asked
1897. Josephine’s proof marriage with Jose Rizal, a marriage
Father Manuel Garcia’s Text certificate issued by church authorities in Manila or even a
o The third is alleged “original” text discovered by Father certification from the British Consul in Manila. Josephine
Manuel Garcia on May 18, 1935 was not able to produce the document and so she failed to
Letters of Josephine Bracken claim some properties of Rizal. (If there is no marriage then
o According to De Viana (2013), in the Jose Rizal National there could be no retraction that took place before Rizal. (If
Centennial Commission published Rizal’s letters to his there no marriage then there could be no retraction that
friends and relatives. Included among these letters was took place before Rizal was executed, as retraction is a
one made by Josephine Bracken in 1897 which was a brief condition before the frias will solomenize Jose and
 If Bracken, in her diary claimed that Rizal married her Josephine’s wedding
hours before Rizal’s execution and the fact that she o For the reason of Baron Fernandez, this man stated that he
even used “Rizal” as username. Then, there could be has a proof stating that before Rizal faced death, Rizal told
a retraction. It is a condition of the priest before to his sister Narcisa to look on his shoebox, because he
solemnizing the marriage of Rizal and Bracken that had a letter that could be a proof of Rizal’s denial to his
the former (Rizal) retracted first. retraction. The second witness is Manoling Morato, a friend
 07:00 - 07:03 a.m. Sounds of gun. Rizal turns halfway of Baron Fernandez, he said that the friar forged the
around, falls down backwards and lies on the ground retraction letter and published in the Clerico-Fascist
Newspaper. Both Manoling Morato and Baron Fernandez
facing the sun. Silence. Shouts of vivas for Spain .
have documents to prove that when Rizal was with
An Eyewitness Account by Rev. Fr. Antonio Rosell
Josephine Bracken and Archbishop of Cebu at that time
o “I heard Fathers Balaguer and Villaclara tell of the
tried to offer the marriage the archbishop neglect and told
conversation of the condemned man with all the details of Rizal that he does not do marriage in excommunicated,
discussion and observations that took place among them. and he offers him to retract. Rizal did not retract instead he
Likewise, I heard them relate the Rizal Spontaneously and Josephine Bracken lived together and even if they
asked his confession to be heard, receiving many times lived together there are no proofs that they are married.
this Sacrament and that after the dawn of the thirtieth he They don’t have any marriage certificate.
took communication and was united in Holy Matrimony with
the young Irish Josefina. There was according to these
fathers a brief but complete retraction written and signed by
Lesson 4: Cavite mutiny
Rizal himself. I do not remember literally the text of this
abjuration and profession of Catholic faith”.
The account both mentioned about the retraction and marriage
between Jose Rizal and Josephine Bracken.
Arguments against Retraction
Statement of Baron Fernandez
o Baron Fernandez a spanish who worked for almost half
century in two secret archives in Madrid and Segovia. He
found a thick sheaf of Rizal’s defense (unofficial defense-
ADCIORES AI DEFENSA) which he had written before his
execution in December 30, 1896.
Manoling Morato “Exposes”
o Manoling Morato, a friend of Baron Fernandez, bought
from Fernandez the alleged documents containing Rizal’s
denial of the said retraction that took place hours before his
execution. Morato said in his “EXPOSE” that the friars
forged the retraction letter and published in the CLERICO-
 Lesson 5: Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin
o The cry of balintawak or pugad lawin is the beginning of the o who believed that Bonifacio and his men were in
Philippine Revolution against the spanish empire. Balintawak on August 19.
o This history was re-opened before. All our textbooks, o They left Balintawak for Kangkong on August 21, and
following a resolution from the National Historical on the afternoon of August 22 they proceeded to
Commission, state that the start of the revolution is with a Pugad Lawin.
cry, followed by the tearing of cedulas led by Andres o The next day, August 23, 1896 in the yard of Juan
Bonifacio in Pugad Lawin, Quezon City. Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino better known as
o The history was re-open because of all the debates on “Tandang Sora” the katipuneros listened to Bonifacio’s
dates and places which may seem trivial to the general speech, tore their cedulas and vowed to fight.
public but it is also quiddity of historians. o He cited Dr. Pio Valenzuela as his primary source who
o Re-opening this issue, there are 3 people with different is a close associate of Andres Bonifacio.
standpoint depending on the source, the dates and places
do not seem to match. Gregoria de Jesus Nakpil
o who is a widow of Andres Bonifacio.
3 PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT STANDPOINT o In 1928, she wrote a short autobiography entitled “Mga tala
Teodoro A. Agoncillo ng aking buhay” where she stated that the cry of
 balintawak took place on August 25, 1896 in Pasong
Tamo.

Julio Nakpil.
o Bonifacio’s associate.
o The composer of Katipunan.
o Th second husband of Gregoria de Jesus Nakpil.
o In 1925, he wrote in his handwritten notes on the Philippine
Revolution in the National Library under Teodoro M. Kalaw
that the first cry of balintawak was on August 26, 1896 in
the place called Kangkong adjacent to Pasong Tamo within
the jurisdiction of Balintawak, Caloocan then within the
province of Manila.

There are a lot more conflicting sources but up until this day, when
searching about the Philippine Revolution the results shown is
August 23, 1896 in Pugad Lawin.

Lesson 6: The battle of Tirad Pass

o The youngest general of Bulacan who fought in the Filipino Blanco’s ranks with 560 hundred Spaniards, as a result of
and American war in 1889, he is known for his defense due the Filipinos’ tactical victory.
to the mountains of burning Tirad in Ilocos Sur against the o When Antonio Luna died In Nueva Ecija Gregorio Del Pilar
Americans. succeeded Aguinaldo’s small army.
General Gregorio Del Pilar o They hide in the mountains of Ilocos Sur, Aguinaldo
o was born on November 14, 1875 and lived with his uncle gathered the combined forces in Cavite and Bulacan
Deodato Arellano where the first congregation was founded o The Tirad pass, is a mountain gap in the Cordillera, where
and he was educated at the Ateneo Municipal De Manila in Filipino soldiers fought against American soldiers on
1881. December 2, 1899 so that Emilio Aguinaldo could walk.
o In March 1886 he graduated from Ateneo De Manila with a o In November 1899 Aguinaldo’s party reached the town of
Bachelor of Arts course. Conception Ilocos Sur and they climbed to the top of Mt.
o At an early age he joined the katipunan, became the leader Tirad.
of the katipuneros and joined the troops of Colonial Vicente o Del Pilar ordered to dig 3 lines. Del Pilar left with sixty
Enriquez soldiers to watch out for the Americans, while Aguinaldo
o He also attacked Paombong which also strengthened him and the rest were left in Cervantes.
where he held 3,000 thousand Filipinos against Ramon o It was the second of December in the year 1899 when the
battle broke out between Del Pilar and Payton March’s
 ranks in the Tirad mountains and it was called “The Battle o The Biak na Bato in San Miguel de mayumo in Bulacan
of Tirad Pass” served as Aguinaldo’s stronghold during their war with their
o The US Army 33rd Infanty Regiment, led by Peyton Marc, Spaniards. Here, Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer also
was captured by the town of Conception at the foot of drafted a constitution that paved the way for the
Mount Tirad. On December 1, 1899, they hurried across establishment of the Biak na Bato Republic.
the Pasong Tirad mountainsto cut off Aguinaldo's
communication with General Manuel Tinio's brigades. o In December 2, 1899, General Gregorio Del Pilar took his
o The Americans found it difficult to climb the mountain of
last stand at Pasong Tirad with around 60 Filipino men
pasong tirad because Del Pilar's ranks were defending the facing around 300 Americans. The Battle lasted for more
net at the top of the mountain, but a traitor in Del Pilar's than five hours, and nearly all of the Filipino forces were
ranks told the Americans a secret road. killed.
o Of Del Pilar's sixty men, only eight were left, Del Pilar was
killed in a skirmish from a gunshot wound to the neck and o The Battle of Tirad Pass helped delayed the Americans in
he died instantly. their pursuit of Emilio Aguinaldo, among those who died in
the Battle was Del Pilar who was twenty-four years old.

Gregorio Del Pilar

o Born on November 14, 1875 to Fernando H. Del Pilar and
Felipa Sempio of Bulacan, Bulacan.
o “Goyo” as he was casually known
o Studied at the Ateneo Municipal De Manila

MILITARY CAREER

o He later joined General Emilio Aguinaldo, who had gained

control of the movement in hongkong after the truce at
“Biak-na-bato” During the Spanish American War,
Aguinaldo return to the Philippines and established the
government of the first Philippine Republic.

Lesson 7: The first person who circumnavigate the globe

o Portuguese Fernão de Magalhães, Spanish Fernando de o Magellan therefore went to Spain, reaching Sevilla (Seville) on
Magallanes or Hernando de Magallanes, (born 1480, Sabrosa or October 20, 1517. He was joined in December by the Portuguese
Porto? Portugal. cosmographer Rui Faleiro and possibly by Rui’s brother Francisco
o Magellan was the son of Rui de Magalhães and Alda de Faleiro. Magellan and Rui Faleiro journeyed to the court at
Mesquita, members of the Portuguese nobility.  Valladolid, where they offered their services to King Charles I
o At an early age he became a page to Queen Leonor, wife of John (later, Holy Roman emperor Charles V).
II (reigned 1481–95) and sister of Manuel I (reigned 1495–1521), TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494)
in Lisbon. o A treaty where is set by pope to divide the world in half giving the
EARLY ACCOMPLISMENTS OF MAGELLAN east portion to portugues and south portion to spain. To avoid
o In early 1505 he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida, first conflict and lessen the war.
viceroy of Portuguese India, (5) SHIPS OF MAGELLAN IN THEIR VOYAGES TO SPICE ISLAND
o By 1507 Magellan was back in India. He took part, on February o Spanish officials furnished five ships for the expedition, prepared
2–3, 1509, in the great Battle of Diu; in Sevilla. Magellan’s flagship, the Trinidad, had as consorts the
o At the end of June 1511, therefore, a fleet under Albuquerque left San Antonio, the Concepción, the Victoria, and the Santiago.
for Malacca, which fell after six weeks. This event, in which THE JOURNEY TO SPICE ISLAND WAS GIVEN A PERMISSION.
Magellan took part; o On March 22, 1518, their proposal received royal assent.
o By mid-1513 Magellan was back in Lisbon, but he soon joined the Magellan and Faleiro were appointed joint captains general of an
forces sent against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor expedition directed to seek an all-Spanish route to the
(Azemmour). Moluccas.
ALLEGIANCE TO SPAIN
 o The Spanish seafaring community reacted strongly against the o In sailing from the Marianas to the islands later called the
king’s acceptance of the Portuguese-led expedition. Philippines, instead of heading directly to the Spice Islands, he
o Ultimately, the number of Portuguese sailors assigned to the was doubtless dominated by the idea of gathering provisions and
expedition was strictly limited. the advantage of securing a base before visiting the Moluccas.
o Nevertheless, Magellan—who in 1517 had married Beatriz o Thus, leaving the Marianas on March 9, 1521, Magellan steered
Barbosa, daughter of an important official in Sevilla—said farewell west-southwestward to the Philippines, where, in late March and
to his wife and infant son, Rodrigo, before his ships left Sanlúcar early April, he secured the first alliance in the Pacific for Spain (at
de Barrameda on September 20, 1519. Limasawa Island) and the conversion to Christianity of the ruler of
DISCOVERY OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN Cebu Island and his chief men. Weeks later, however, Magellan
o The fleet, carrying about 270 men, predominantly from Spain and was killed in a fight with the people of nearby Mactan island.
Portugal but also from far-flung parts of Europe and North Africa REACHING THE SPICE ISLAND
o In September 1519 Magellan’s fleet sailed from Sanlúcar de o After Magellan’s death only two of the ships, the Trinidad and the
Barrameda, Spain, and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, which was Victoria, reached the Moluccas.
then known simply as the Ocean Sea. JOURNEY BACK TO SPAIN
o The ships sailed southward, hugging the coast in search of the o Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa, Magellan’s master-at-arms,
fabled strait that would allow passage through South America. attempted to return to Spain on the Trinidad, but it soon became
The fleet stopped at Port San Julian where the crew mutinied on evident that the ship was no longer seaworthy.
Easter Day in 1520. o Cano, originally master of the Concepción and a participant in the
o Meanwhile Magellan had sent the Santiago to explore the route mutiny at Port Saint Julian, took the chance of continuing
ahead, where it was shipwrecked during a terrible storm. westward with the Victoria, as he likely determined that the crew
o In the early days of the navigation of the strait, the crew of the would not survive another extremely hard voyage across the
San Antonio forced its captain to desert, and the ship turned and Pacific.
fled across the Atlantic Ocean back to Spain. o On his way across the Indian Ocean and up the western coast of
o After more than a month spent traversing the strait, Magellan’s Africa, he had the chance not to be intercepted by the Portuguese
remaining armada emerged in November 1520 to behold a vast ships that regularly traveled the route. For taking home to Spain,
ocean before them. on September 8, 1522, the leaking but spice-laden Victoria, with
DISCOVERY OF PACIFIC OCEAN only 18 other European survivors includings antonio figafetta and
o On November 28, 1520, the Trinidad, the Concepción, and the a small number of Moluccans, “weaker than men have ever been
Victoria entered the “Sea of the South,” from their calm crossing before,”
later called the Pacific Ocean o Juan Sebastián Elcano received from Emperor Charles an
o Tortured by thirst, stricken by scurvy, feeding on rat-fouled augmentation to his coat of arms—a globe with the inscription
biscuits, and finally reduced to eating the leather off the yardarms, “Primus circumdedisti me” (“You were the first to encircle me”).
the crews.
DISCOVERY OF GUAM AND PHILIPPINES AND THE DEATH OF
MAGELLAN
o February 13, the voyagers on March 6 made first landfall at Guam
in the Mariana Islands, where they obtained fresh food for the first
time in 99 days.

Lesson 8: The last Filipino General Who surrender to the Americans

o Ola, not Malvar, was the last general to surrender to the Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.
Americans. Ola was 31 years old when he joined the Katipunan, a
o One of the country’s top historians, Teodora A. Agoncillo, secret societyformedbyFilipinoRevulotionaries against
considers Malvar was the last general of the First theSpanish Colonial government. After his release from
Philippine Republic to give up to the Americans on prison by the American Colonial regime, Ola served for two
April13,1902. terms as mayor of Guinobatan from 1910 to1919.
o But Ola Surrendered on September 25,1903 a year and o It was January 1900 when the Americans invaded to
five months after Malvar, tot hen Gov. A. Ubette and Col. province of Albay, The Bicolanos fought hard, But the
Harry Banholtz, along with 28 of his men and officers, on powerful weaponry of the foreigners swiftly defeated them.
the condition that they begranted amnesty. Ola faced trial Many of them brought Bolos, Spear and Arrows. Some had
that year and was sentenced to three decades of guns meanwhile the americans had ne wrifles meant for
imprisonment, but he was pardone din 1904. long distance shooting. At that time, Many Filipinos already
Simeon Ola surrendered to the Americans, But not avalliant soldier,
o He born on September 02, 1865. General Simeon Ola who fought until the end.
o He started his education at Colegio de San o From 1900 until 1903, Filipino General Ola continued to
Buenaventurade Guinobatan. fight the Americans. Who were relentless in hunting him.
o ” He then transferred to Nueva Caceres Seminary, where But his attitude was “Never say die”. How did he escape
he was influenced by the Samahang Kataastaasan, and fight the Americans if he was never captured nor
sighted?
o According to locals in Albay, The General had a mysterious
power. Infact, in one Ola’s last writing sge mentioned this
power. He claimed that talisman was in a small container.
Lumimbot cave in Brgy Mapacoit is believed to be one of
the headquarters ofGeneral Ola. He fought the Americans
during the day and hid in the caves at night. No matter how
many times they haunted him down, The colonizers never
captured him. According to history the Americans tried
many times to make Ola surrender. It even got
toapointthattheytriedtobribehim.Hewasoffered10,000.00he
wasmadhesaidnotallthegoldintheworldcanbuy even one
bullet to putinmyhead.At that time, High ranking officials of
our country have surrendered. Ola was the last general
whore mained f He started fighting against the Spaniards
until the Americans came. Lumimbot Cave in Barangay
Mapaco Guinobatan, Albay which General Ola used while Lesson 9: Rice Share
they were fighting the Americans. Milaos Cave is one of
general Ola’s apparently used it as headquarters general Tenancy Act of 1933
Ola hid in caves with a body of water it made tracking them
Ingenuinity and skill Ola used as weapons against the
o When the Philippine Commonwealth was established,
colonizers who were hunting him down. When the forces of
the colonizers started to surround them. General Ola’s President Manuel L. Quezon implemented the Rice Share
group needed to transfer between towns. Tenancy Act of 1933.
Historians say Ola had an amulet for vanishing.Ola was o The purpose of this act was to regulate the share-tenancy
dubbed as an escape artist for three years, his courage contracts by establishing minimum standards.
and cunningness made life harder and more difficult for the Primarily, the Act provided for better tenant-landlord
american forces. For three years, Ola transferred from one relationship, a 50-50 sharing of the crop, regulation of
cave to the next to fight foreigners. He was the last General interest to 10% per agricultural year, and a safeguard
in the Philippines to surrender to the Americans. against arbitrary dismissal by the lstandard.
One of the last cave that Ola was stayed is Ola Cave which o The major flaw of this law was that It could be used only
can be found at a top of a hill in Guinobatan Albay. Ola when the majority of municipal councils in a province
Cave is actually small but this was important in the petitioned for it.
planning of many of Ola’s battles. According to history o Since landowners usually controlled such councils, no
General Ola’s forces stayed in this cave for a longtime. province ever asked that the law be applied. Therefore,
When he saw that many have surrendered to the Quezón ordered that the act be mandatory in all Central
American, Ola had no choice but to end his battle. Luzon provinces.
September of 1903, After three years of fighting, Simeon o However, contracts were good only for one year. By simply
Ola voluntarily surrendered to U.S colonel Harry Bandholtz. refusing the renew their contract, landlords were able to
eject tenants.
o As a result, peasant organizations agitated in vain for a law
that would make the contract automatically renewable for
as long as the tenants fulfilled their obligations.
o In 1936, this Act was amended to get rid of its loophole, but
the landlords made its application relative and not absolute.
Consequently, it was never carried out in spite of its good
intentions.
o Infact, by 1939, thousands of peasants in Central Luzon
were being threatened with wholesale eviction.
o By the early 1940s, thousands of tenants in Central Luzon
were ejected from their farmlands and the rural conflict was
more acute than ever.
o Therefore, during the Commonwealth period, agrarian
problems persiste.
o This motivated the government to incorporate a cardinal
principle on social justice in the 1935 Constitution. Dictated
by the social justice program of the government,
 expropriation of landed estates and other landholdings
commenced.
o Likewise, the National Land Settlement Administration
(NSLA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural
lands. At the outbreak of the Second World War, major
settlement areas containing more than 65,000 hectares

Lesson 10: Agricultural

Tenancy Act
(Republic Act No. 1199)
o To establish agricultural tenancy relations
Therefore, during the Commonwealth period, agrarian
problems persiste.This motivated the government to
incorporate a cardinal principle on social justice in the
1935 Constitution. Dictated by the social justice
program of the government, expropriation of landed
estates and other landholdings commenced.
Likewise, the National Land Settlement Administration
(NSLA) began an orderly settlement of public
agricultural lands. At the outbreak of the Second
World War, major settlement areas containing more
than 65,000 hectares Between landholders and
tenants upon the Principle of school justice.
o To afford adequate protection to the rights of
Both tenants and landholders; to insure an
Equitable division of the produce and income
Derived from the land.
o To provide tenant- farmers with incentives to
Greater and more efficient agricultural Production
o To bolster their economic position and to Encourage
their participation in the Development of peaceful,
vigorous and Democratic rural communities.
Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954
o Allowed tenants to shift From share tenancy to
Leasehold.
o This act prohibited the Ejection of tenants, unless The
Court of Agrarian Relations found a just cause
Systems of Agricultural Tenancy
Share tenancy exists whenever two persons agree on
a joint undertaking for agricultural Production wherein
one party furnishes the land and the other his labor,
with either or both Contributing any one or several of
the items of production, the tenant cultivating the land
Personally with the aid of labor available from
members of his immediate farm household, and the
Produce thereof to be divided between the landholder
 and the tenant in proportion to their Respective case of death of the landholder, his heir or Heirs shall
contributions. likewise assume his rights and obligations.
Leasehold tenancy exists when a person who, either Registry of Tenancy Contracts
personally or with the aid of labor available From o For the purposes of this Act, the municipal treasurer
members of his immediate farm household, of The municipality wherein the land which is the
undertakes to cultivate a piece of agricultural Land subject-matter of a tenancy contract is Situated shall
susceptible of cultivation by a single person together keep a record of all such contracts entered into within
with members of his immediate farm Household, his jurisdiction, to be Known as “Registry of Tenancy
belonging to or legally possessed by, another in Contracts.” He shall keep this registry together with a
consideration of a price certain or Ascertainable to be Copy of each contract entered therein, and make
paid by the person cultivating the land either in annotations on said registry of all Subsequent acts
percentage of the production Or in a fixed amount in relative to each contract, such as its renewal,
money, or in both. novation, cancellation, Etc.: Provided, That the
Tenancy Relationship municipal treasurer shall not charge any fee for the
o T relationship is a juridical tie which arises registration Of said contracts or of any subsequent
Between a landholder and a tenant once they agree, acts relative thereto, none of which shall be subject to
Expressly or impliedly, to undertake jointly the the documentary stamp tax.
Cultivation of land belonging to the former, either Freedom to Contract in General
Under the share tenancy or leasehold tenancy o The landholder and the tenant shall be free to Enter
System, as a result of which relationship the tenant into any or all kinds of tenancy contract, As long as
Acquires the right to continue working on and they are not contrary to law, morals Or public policy.
Cultivating the land, until and unless he is Except in case of fraud, error, Force, intimidation or
Dispossessed of his holdings for any of the just undue influence, when Such contract is reduced to
Causes enumerated in Section fifty or the writing and Registered as hereinafter provided, the
Relationship is terminated in accordance with Section latter Shall be conclusive evidence of what has been
nine. (Severance of relationship) Agreed upon between the contracting parties, if Not
Tenancy Relationship (How may it be established?) denounced or impugned within thirty days After its
o Tenancy relationship may be established either registration.
verbally or in Writing, expressly or impliedly. Change of System
o Once such relationship is established, the tenant shall o The tenant shall have the right to change the tenancy
be entitled To security of tenure as hereinafter contract from one of share tenancy to the leasehold
provided. Tenancy and vice versa and from one crop-sharing
Limitations of relation: arrangement to another of the share tenancy. If the
o The relation of landholder and tenant shall be limited share Tenancy contract is in writing and is duly
to the person who furnishes Land, either as owner, registered, the right may be exercised at the
lessee, usufructuary, or legal possessor, and to the expiration of the period of The contract. In the
person Who actually works the land himself with the absence of any written contract, the right may be
aid of labor available from within his Immediate farm exercised at the end of the agricultural Year. In both
household. cases the changed to the leasehold system shall be
Severance of relationship effective one agricultural year after the tenant Has
o The tenancy relationship is extinguished by the served notice of his intention to change upon the
voluntary Surrender of the land by, or the death or landholder.
incapacity of, the Tenant, but his heirs or the Rights of the Tenant
members of his immediate farm Household may o The tenant shall be free to work elsewhere whenever
continue to work the land until the close of The the nature of his Farm obligation warrants his
agricultural year. The expiration of the period of the temporary absence from his holdings.
Contract as fixed by the parties, and the sale or o The tenant shall, aside from his labor, have the right
alienation of The land do not of themselves extinguish to provide any of the Contributions for production
the relationship. In The latter case, the purchaser or whenever he can do so adequately and on time.
transferee shall assume the Rights and obligations of o The tenant’s dwelling shall not, without his consent,
the former landholder in relation to The tenant. In be removed from the Lot assigned to him by the
 landholder, unless there is a severance of the and consent of the Land-holder with whom he first
Tenancy relationship between them as provided entered into tenancy relationship.
under Section nine, or Unless the tenant is ejected for o It shall be unlawful for a share-tenant to employ a
cause, and only after the expiration of Forty-five days sub-tenant to Furnish labor or any phase of the work
following such severance of relationship or dismissal required of him under this Act, except in cases of
for Cause. If the tenant is dismissed without just illness or any temporary incapacity on his Part, in
cause and he is constrained to work Elsewhere, he which eventuality the tenant or any member of his
may choose either to remove his dwelling at the Immediate farm household is under obligation to
landholder’s Cost or demand the value of the same report such illness Or incapacity to the landholder.
from the landholder at the time of the Unjust Payment to the sub-tenant, in Whatever form, for
dismissal. services rendered on the land under this
o The tenant shall have the right to be indemnified for Circumstance, shall be for the account of the tenant.
his labor and Expenses in the cultivation, planting, or o Subject to provisions of the next preceding
harvesting and other incidental Expenses for the paragraph, land Entrusted for cultivation to a
improvement of the crop raised in case he is leasehold tenant shall not be sub-let Nor shall the
dispossessed Of his holdings, whether such dismissal lease be assigned by the tenant to another person,
is for a just cause and not, provided The crop still Except with the written consent of the lessor.
exists at the time of the dispossession. Rights of the Landholder
Obligations for the Tenant o The landholder shall have the right to choose the kind
o To cultivate and take care of the farm, the growing of crop and the seeds with the tenant shall plant in
crop and other Improvements entrusted to him as a His holdings: Provided, however, That if the tenant
good father of a family, by doing all the work should subject, the court shall settle the conflict,Acc
Necessary in accordance with proven farming the best interest of both parties.
practices. o The landholder shall have the right to require the use
o To inform the landholder at once of any trespass of fertilizer of the kind or kinds shown by proven Farm
committed by a third person Upon the farm. practices to be adapted to the requirements of the
o To take reasonable care of the work animals and farm land.
implements used in the Point undertaking. He shall o The landholder shall have the right to inspect and
not use the work animals and farm implements observe the extent of compliance on the part of the
Entrusted to him by the landholder for purposes other Tenant with the terms and conditions of their contract
than those intended, or Allowed their use by other and the provisions of this Act.
persons without the knowledge and consent of the o In cases where the crop has to be sold in processed
Landholder.The tenant shall not abandon or form before division and the tenant has no
surrender his holdings and leave the farm and Representative, the landholder, shall have the right to
Growing crop and other improvements unattended deal with millers or processors in representation of
during the watch season, Except for just and the Tenant.
reasonable cause. In case of such unjustified Obligations of the Landholder:
abandonment Or surrender, any or all of his expected o The landholder shall furnish the tenant an area of not
share in the crop may, in the discretion of the court, less than one thousand square meters where the
be forfeited in favor of the landholder to the extent of Latter may construct his dwelling, raise vegetables,
the damage Caused thereby. poultry, pigs, and other animals and engage in
Any of the following shall be considered just and Reasonable minorInd he products of which shall accrue to the
cause for the tenant to terminate the tenancy relationship tenant exclusively.
o It shall be unlawful for the tenant, whenever the area o The landholder shall keep the tenant in the peaceful
of his Holdings is five hectares or more, or is sufficient possession and cultivation of his landholdings which
size to make him And the members of his immediate Are the subject matter of the contract.
farm household fully occupied In its cultivation, to Rice Share Tenancy SHARE BASIS:
contract to work at the same time on two or More o The parties shall, on ricelands which produces a
separate holdings belonging to different landholders normal average of more than forty cavanes per
under Any system of tenancy, without the knowledge hectare for the three agricultural Years next preceding
the current harvest, receive as shares in the gross
 produce, after setting aside the same amount of palay said dispossession: Provided, further, That the Land-
Used as seed, and after deducting the cost of holder shall, at least one year but not more than two
fertilizer, pest and weed control, reaping and years prior to the Date of his petition to dispossess
threshing, the amount corresponding to The total the tenant under this subsection, file Notice with the
equivalent of their individual contributions, computed court and shall inform the tenant in wiring in a
as follows: land 30%, labor 30%, farm implements language or Dialect known to the latter of his intention
5%, work animals 5%, final Harrowing 5%, to cultivate the land himself, Either personally or
Transplanting 25%. through the employment of mechanical implements,
Together with a certification of the Secretary of
Agriculture and Natural Resources that the land is
suited for mechanization: Provided, further, That The
Agricultural year dispossessed tenant and the members of his
o is the period of time necessary for the raising of immediate household Shall be preferred in the
seasonal agricultural products, including the employment of necessary laborers under the new
preparation of the Land, and the sowing, planting and Set-up.
harvesting of the crop. o When the current tenant violates or fails to comply
The leasehold tenancy (Landholder-Lessor and Tenant- with any of the terms and conditions Of the contract
Lessee) or any of the provisions of this Act: Provided,
o Any person, natural or juridical, either as owner, however, That this subsection shall Not apply when
lessee, Usufructuary or legal possessor or agricultural the tenant has substantially complied with the
land, who lets, Leases or rents to another said contract or with the provisions of this Act.
property for purposes of Agricultural production and o The tenant’s failure to pay the agreed rental or to
for a price certain or ascertainable Either in an deliver the landholder’s share: Provided, However,
amount of money or produce, shall be known as the That this shall not apply when the tenant’s failure is
Landholder-lessor; and any person who, with the caused by a fortuitous event or force Majeure.
consent of the Former, tills, cultivates or operates o When the tenant uses the land for a purpose other
said land, susceptible of Cultivation by one individual, than that specified by agreement of htparties.
personally or with the aid of labor Available from o When a share-tenant fails to follow those proven farm
among his own immediate farm household, is a practices which will contribute Towards the proper
Tenant-lessee. care of the land and increased agricultural production.
SECURITY OF TENURE o When the tenant through negligence permits serious
o Ejectment of Tenant. – Not with standing any injury to the land which will impair Its productive
agreement or provision of law as to the period, in All capacity.
cases where land devoted to any agricultural purpose o Conviction by a competent court of a tenant or any
is held under Any system of tenancy, the tenant shall member of his immediate family or farm Household of
not be dispossessed of his Holdings except for any of a crime against the landholder or a member of his
the causes hereinafter enumerated and only After the immediate family.
same has been proved before, and the dispossession Penal Provision
is Authorized by, the court. o Violation of any of the provisions of this Act shall Be
Causes for the Dispossession of a Tenant punished with a fine not exceeding two thousand
Any of the following shall be a sufficient cause for the pesos or imprisonment not exceeding One year, or
dispossession of A tenant from his holdings: both in the discretion of the Court
o The bona fide intention of the landholder to cultivate
the land Himself personally or through the
employment of farm machinery and Implements:
Provided, however, That should the landholder not
cultivate The land himself or should fail to employ
mechanical farm implements for a Period of one year
after the dispossession of the tenant, it shall be
Presumed that he acted in bad faith and the land and
damages for any loss Incurred by him because of
Lesson 11: Land Reform
Act of 1955
BRIEF HISTORY
o The Agricultural Tenancy Act and Land Reform Act of
1955 are among the laws enacted by President
Ramon Magsaysay to help protect the local farmers.
In his first state at the Nation Address in the election
as the Philippines third President after the World War
2, President Magsaysay announced that agriculture
will be a priority of his administration. He wanted
farmers educated in modern agricultural methods and
called for tge improvement of the irrigation system to
increase the farm productivity. He urged congress to
fund agricultural research and the control of cropt
pests and diseases.
o A banner initiative of his administration was the Land
Reform Act of 1955 that would distribute rice and corn
farmlands to famers. A precursor of Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program and its Extension and
Reform. He sought to ensure that people displaced by
a war, as well as tenants could have a fair share of
the land and its produce.
LAND REFORM ACT of 1955
o LAND REFORM (ALSO AGRARIAN REFORM
THOUGH THAT CAN HAVE BROADER
MEANING) INVOLVE THE CHANGING OF
LAWS, REGULATIONS OR CUSTOMS
REGARDING LAND OWNERSHIP.
o REPUBLIC ACT No. 1400 AN ACT DEFINING A
LAND TENURE POLICY, PROVIDING FOR AN
INSTRUMENTALITY TO CARRY OUT THE
POLICY, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS FOR
ITS IMPLEMENTATION
Section 1. Short title. This Act shall be known as the “Land
Reform Act of 1955.”

Section 2. Declaration of policy. It is the declared policy of the

State to create and maintain an agrarian system which is
peaceful, prosperous and stable, and to this end the
Government shall establish and distribute as many family-size
farms to as many landless citizens as possible through the
opening up of public agricultural lands and the division and
distribution of private agricultural lands where agrarian conflicts (1) Purchase private agricultural lands for resale at cost to
exist, either by private arrangement with the owners or through bona fide tenants or occupants, or in the case of estates
expropriation proceedings. abandoned by the owners for the last five years, to private
individuals who will work the lands themselves and who are
THE LAND TENURE ADMINISTRATION qualified to acquire or own lands but who do not own more
Section 3. Creation and composition. For the purpose of than six hectares of lands in the Philippines;
carrying out the policy enunciated in this Act, there is hereby (2) Initiate and prosecute expropriation proceedings for the
created a Land Tenure Administration, hereinafter called the acquisition of private agricultural lands in proper cases, for the
Administration, which shall be directly under the control and same purpose of resale at cost: Provided, That the power
supervision of and responsible to the President of the herein granted shall apply only to private agricultural lands as
Philippines. The Administration shall consist of a Chairman to the area in excess of three hundred hectares of contiguous
and two members who shall be appointed by the President area if owned by natural persons and as to the area in excess
with the consent of the Commission on Appointments and shall of six hundred hectares if owned by corporations: Provided,
hold office for a period of five years. They may be removed for further, That land where justified agrarian unrest exists may be
cause or for incapacity to discharge the duties of their office. expropriated regardless of its area.
(3) Prepare a schedule of areas of family-size farm units, not
Section 4. Qualifications and compensation of members. No exceeding six hectares each, for different crops in different
person shall be appointed Chairman or member of the localities; and
Administration unless he is natural born citizen of the (4) Promulgate such rules and regulations as may be
Philippines, at least thirty-five years of age, and not related by necessary for the successful implementation of the provisions
affinity or consanguinity within the fourth civil degree to any of this Act.
landowner who may be affected by this Act.
The Chairman shall receive an annual compensation of fifteen Section 7. Appointment of subordinate officials and employees.
thousand pesos and the members shall each receive an To enable the Administration to implement the provisions of
annual compensation of twelve thousand pesos. this Act more effectively, it shall have a Legal Staff, a
Technical Staff and a Financial Staff, the personnel of which
Section 5. Functions. It shall be the responsibility of the shall be appointed by the Administration which shall also fix
Administration to: their compensation.
(1) Make studies on the land tenure problems throughout the The Administration shall appoint, subject to Civil Service rules
Philippines, prepare over-all long range plans to solve such and regulations, fix the compensation and determine the duties
problems, and keep the President and the Congress of the of such officials and employees as the exigencies of the
Philippines fully informed of the progress of the land tenure service may require. The Administration shall establish and
reform program; prescribe its own rules, regulations, standards and records for
(2) Initiate immediate investigation in areas reporting land the employment, promotion, transfer, welfare and
tenure difficulties and recommend appropriate action without compensation of employees and officers of the Administration
delay; and provide a system of organization to for responsibility and
(3) Inform the President and the Congress of the Philippines of promote efficiency.
any deficiency of the other departments or agencies of the
Government in the implementation of legislation bearing on or Section 8. Assistance of other departments and agencies. The
affecting the land tenure reform; Administration may call upon any department or agency of the
(4) Prepare a plan for the systematic opening of virgin lands of Government for assistance and cooperation on any matter
the public domain for distribution to tenants, preference to be connected with the functions and powers of the Administration.
given to those tenants who are ejected by virtue of
mechanization and to other landless citizens; and NEGOTIABLE LAND CERTIFICATES
(5) To implement and carry out the expropriation and the Section 9. Issuance. The President, for the purposes provided
resale or lease of urban lands already authorized by existing for in this Act and upon recommendation of the Secretary of
laws. Finance and concurred in by the Monetary Board, is hereby
authorized to issue negotiable land certificates upon the
Section 6. Powers. In pursuance of the policy enunciated in request of the Administration: Provided, That only sixty million
section two hereof, the Administration is authorized to: a year will be issued during the first two years, and thirty
million each year during the succeeding years.
Negotiable land certificates shall be issued in denomination of (3) Fix, within ninety days from the preliminary negotiation, the
one thousand pesos or multiples of one thousand pesos and date for final negotiation.
shall be payable to bearer on demand and presentation at the
Central Bank. These certificates if presented for payment after Section 13. Deposit by tenants. Before fixing the date for final
five years from the date of issue shall earn interest at the rate negotiation under section twelve, paragraph (3), and in the
of four per centum per annum; if presented for payment after interest of public welfare, the Administration shall require the
ten years from the date of issue shall earn interest at the rate tenants to form a cooperative to be affiliated with a government
of four and one-half per centum per annum; and if presented financing cooperative agency. Such cooperative agency shall
for payment after fifteen years from the date of issue shall earn deposit with the Administration an amount not exceeding
interest at the rate of five per centum per annum. twenty-five per centum of the annual gross produce of the
principal crop or crops of such land on the basis of the average
Section 10. Uses of certificates. Negotiable land certificates of harvest of the three years immediately preceding the year
may be used by the holder thereof for any of the following the petition was filed. This deposit shall be credited to the
purposes: selling price to the tenants in accordance with the individual
(1) Payment for agricultural lands or other properties contribution of each to said deposit.
purchased from the Government: Provided, however, That in
the case of purchase of agricultural lands, the purchaser is not Section 14. Payment. In negotiating for the purchase of
otherwise prohibited to own or hold agricultural lands under the agricultural land, the Administration shall offer to pay the
Constitution; purchase price wholly in land certificates or partly in legal
(2) Payment for the purchase of shares of stock or of the tender and partly in land certificates: Provided, That the
assets of any industrial or commercial corporations owned or amount to be paid in legal tender shall in no case exceed fifty
controlled by the Government; per centum of the purchase price: Provided, further, That the
(3) Payment of all tax obligations of the holder thereof, or of landowner, if he desires and the Administration so agrees, may
any debt or monetary obligation of the holder to the be paid, by way of barter or exchange, with such residential,
Government or any of its instrumentalities or agencies, commercial or industrial land owned by the Government as
including the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation and the may be agreed upon by the parties.
Philippine National Bank: Provided, however, That payment of
indebtedness shall not be less that twenty per centum of the Section 15. Outstanding debts of tenants. In cases where the
total indebtedness of the debtor; and landowner is willing to accept payment wholly in land
(4) As surety or performance bonds, in all cases where the certificates, the Administration is authorized to include in the
Government may require or accept real property as bonds. price to be paid the landowner all the outstanding debts,
evidenced in writing, of the tenants to said landowner, the
NEGOTIATED PURCHASE OF PRIVATE AGRICULTURAL Administration to be thereafter reimbursed in accordance with
LANDS such rules and regulations as it may promulgate: Provided,
Section 11. Lands subject to the purchase. The Administration, That the resulting increase in price by virtue of such inclusion
acting for and on behalf of the Government, may negotiate to will not be more than ten per centum of the total cost of the
purchase any privately owned agricultural land when the land agreed upon in the negotiated sale.
majority of the tenants therein petition for such purchase.
EXPROPRIATION OF PRIVATE AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Section 12. Action on the petition. Upon receipt of the petition, Section 16. When proper. The Administration may initiate and
the Administration shall; prosecute expropriation proceedings for the acquisition of
(1) Within thirty days, determine on the basis of the information private agricultural land subject to the provisions of section six,
contained in the petition, the suitability of the land for paragraph (2), upon petition of a majority of the tenants and
purchase, notify the petitioners and the landowner accordingly, after it is convinced of the suitability of such land for
and fix the date for preliminary negotiation; subdivision into family-size farm units, and that public interest
(2) Within sixty days from the preliminary negotiation, conduct will be served by its immediate acquisition, when any of the
investigations and technical surveys to determine title to the following conditions exists:
land and its real value, taking into account (a) the prevailing (1)That the landowner falling within the terms of section six,
prices of similar lands in the immediate area, (b) the soil paragraph (2), continues to refuse to sell after all efforts have
conditions topography and climate hazards, (c) actual been exhausted by the Administration to negotiate for its
production, (d) accessibility, and € improvements; and purchase; or
 farmers or tenants or to government banking institutions or
Section 17. Petition. The petition, in case the landowner agencies.
refuses to sell, shall be filed in the manner and form to be
prescribed by the Administration. However, before initiating Section 22. Exemption from tax. All land certificates issued by
expropriation proceedings, the Administration shall make one authority of this Act shall be exempt from all forms of taxes.
last effort to purchase the land by negotiated sale. The purchase price paid by the Government for any
agricultural land acquired for resale to tenants under the
Section 18. Possession of the land; procedure. The authority of this Act, whether through negotiation or
Administration after commencing the expropriation suit may expropriation, shall not be considered as income of the
take immediate possession of the land upon deposit, with the landowner concerned for purposes of the income tax.
Court which has acquired jurisdiction over the expropriation, of
money or a certificate of deposit of a depository of the Section 23. Definition of terms. For the purposes of this Act,
Republic of the Philippines as provided in section three of Rule the following terms are defined as follows:
69 of the Rules of Court equal to the value of the land as (1) Agricultural lands shall mean lands devoted to agricultural
provisionally and promptly determined by the Court taking into production and shall include the farm home lots.
consideration the factors mentioned in section twelve, (2) Family-size farm units shall mean such area of farm land
paragraph (2). not exceeding six hectares as will permit the efficient use of
Thereafter the procedure in the Rules of Court with respect to the labor resources of the farm family, taking into account the
eminent domain proceedings shall be followed. Pending addition of such supplementary labor as may be necessary
judicial expropriation proceedings the owner of the land sought either for seasonal peak loads or during the developmental
to be expropriated shall be given annually such allowance as and transitional stages of the family itself.
his latest income tax return, prior to the institution of the (3) At cost shall mean the purchase price plus six per cent
proceedings, shows to be his net income from the land. Such interest per annum for twenty-five years which includes the
allowance shall be approved by the court having jurisdiction one per cent per annum for administration expenses, plus
and shall be deducted from the final amount awarded as actual expenses for survey, subdivision and registration. The
compensation to the owner. total, divided into twenty-five equal installments, shall be the
annual cost to the tenant for twenty-five years.
Section 19. Payment. After the court has made a final
determination of the just compensation for the land Section 24. Payment of family-size farms sold to veterans and
expropriated, it shall be paid wholly in cash unless the other government employees. Veterans of the Armed Forces
landowner chooses to be paid wholly or partly in land of the Philippines and other government employees with
certificates, in which case section fifteen shall apply. backpay certificates from the Government are hereby
authorized to use their backpay certificates in payment of
Section 20. Prohibition against alienation. Upon the filing of the family-size farms that may be acquired by them by authority of
petition referred to in sections twelve and sixteen, the this Act.
landowner cannot alienate any portion of the land covered by
such petition except in pursuance of the provisions of this Act, Section 25. Trust fund. All collections from the redistribution of
or enter into any form of contract to defeat the purposes of this the lands acquired by the Administration, after deducting the
Act, and no ejectment proceedings against any tenant or one per cent for administration expenses and the actual
occupant of the land covered by the petition shall be instituted expenses for survey, subdivision and registration, shall be kept
or prosecuted until it becomes certain that the land shall not be in the National Treasury as a special trust fund to be used
acquired by the Administration. exclusively for the redemption of the land certificates and
bonds issued by authority of this Act.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 21. Resale of lands purchased or expropriated subject Section 26. Sinking fund; appropriation. A sinking fund shall be
to condition. It shall be a condition in all resale contracts and established in such manner that the total annual contribution
annotated on the Torrens titles of lands acquired and thereto, accrued at such rate of interest as may be determined
subdivided by authority of this Act that said lands shall not be by the Secretary of Finance in consultation with the Monetary
subdivided, sold or in any manner transferred or encumbered Board, shall be sufficient to redeem at maturity the land
without prior consent of the Administration and only to qualified certificates and bonds issued under this Act. Said fund shall be
under the custody of the Central Bank for which shall invest
the same In such manner as the Monetary Board may is assured of getting the fruits of their labour and
approve; shall charge all expenses of such investment to said equality income and wealth.
sinking fund; and shall credit the same with the interest on o Too many arguments in support of land reform focus
investments and other income belonging to it. on its potential social and economic benefits,
A standing annual appropriation not exceeding twenty million particularly in developing countries, that may emerge
pesos is hereby made out of the general fund in the National from reforms focused on greater land formalization.
Treasury to provide for the sinking fund created in this section Such as benefits may include eradicating food
and to carry into effect the purposes of this Act. insecurity and alleviating rural poverty.
In addition, there is hereby appropriated out of the bond issue
authorized under Republic Act Numbered One thousand, the
sum of one hundred million pesos to carry out the provisions of
this Act.

Section 27. Appropriation for the Administration. There is

hereby appropriated out of any funds in the National Treasury
not otherwise appropriated, the sum of three hundred
thousand pesos for salaries, per diems, traveling expenses,
furniture, office supplies and other expenses that may be
incurred by the Administration for the fiscal year 1955-1956.
The expenses of the Administration for the succeeding years
shall be provided for in the corresponding annual general
appropriation acts.

Section 28. Transfer of functions of the Division of Landed

Estates, Bureau of Lands. Upon the organization of the
Administration, the Division of Landed Estates in the Bureau of
Lands shall stand abolished and its functions, powers and
duties, personnel, records, equipment and balances of
appropriation shall thereupon be transferred to the said
Administration.

Section 29. Repeal of laws. All acts or parts of acts which are
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby
repealed.

Section 30. Effectivity. This Act shall take effect upon its
approval.
Approved: September 9, 1955
LAND REFORM AFFECT AGRICULTURE
o The study found that land reform can assist in
creating more employment-intensive farming systems
by: reducing the size of farming units, while
increasing their total numbers; changing the mix and
scale of farm commodities produced; and. Changing
farming systems so that they become more
employment-intensive.
ADDITIONAL ABOUT LAND REFORM ACT 1400
o Land reforms are also considered essential as it
provides social justice to millions of cultivators. The
land policy that charges tenurial relations in favor of
the actual tiller means that the cultivator/small farmer