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LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

EE-101

INTRODUCTION

Prof. Dr. Abdul Sattar Malik

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

BZU MULTAN

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 INTRODUCTION

Course & Instructor

Department Department of Electrical Engineering

Degree B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Course -Title LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Course-Code EE-101
Contact Hours Theory 03 Practical 03
(per week)
Monday 08:10 to 09:40 (Department of Electrical Engineering)
Class Timing Thursday 08:10 to 09:40 (Department of Electrical Engineering)
G1 Wednesday 11:30 to 15:30 , G2 Friday 09:40 to 13:00
Lab Timing (in the Circuit Lab of Department of Electrical Engineering)

Instructor Prof. Dr. Abdul Sattar Malik

Email [email protected]
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 INTRODUCTION

Course Description

Students who complete the course of Electrical Engineering (EE-

111) will
(1) possess a working knowledge of the fundamental concepts of
electrical engineering including circuit components, basic DC and
Objectives
AC circuit analysis techniques
(2) Different circuit analysis techniques
(3) DC transients analysis
(4) Analysis of magnetically coupled circuits

Course Lectures, Seminars, Discussions, Q&A, Presentations ,

Structure Experiments in Lab

Teaching
Multi media and White board
Tools
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 COURSE OUTLINE

Basic Concepts: charge, current, voltage, concept of linear, non linear, active and passive, unilateral
and bilateral elements, ideal and practical voltage and current sources, power, energy
DC Networks:
Resistive Circuits, series, parallel and series-parallel circuits, calculation of total resistance,
application of Ohms’s law in series and parallel circuits, voltage division, current division,
dirchoff’s laws, mesh analysis, nodal analysis, source conversion, ∆-Y and Y-∆ conversions,
Circuit Theorems, superposition theorem, thevenin’s theorm, norton’s theorem, maximum power
transfer theorem
Capacitance and Inductance, series and parallel connections, calculation of equivalent
capacitance and inductance, magnetically coupled circuits, dot notations
DC Transients: RL and RC transients, solution for current, voltage and charge as a function of time,
time constants and graphical representations
Theory of alternating current and voltage: voltage and current values of sine waves, angular
measurements of sine wave, sine wave formula, complex number algebra, phasor representation,
concept of reactance, impedance and their representation in complex forms using j operator, concept
of power and power factor, expression of power in complex notation
Recommended Books:
1. Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, by David Irwin.
2. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by Charles Alexander

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TIMELINE DISTRIBUTION OF THE COURSE

WEEK 1 CHAPER 1

WEEK 2-3 CHAPTER 2

WEEK 4-5 CHAPTER 3

WEEK 6-7 CHAPTER 5

WEEK 8 CHAPTER 4

WEEK 9-11 CHAPTER 6,7

WEEK 12-13 CHAPTER 8

WEEK 14-16 CHAPTER 9, Revision

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 CHAPTER 01
BASIC CONCEPTS
 1.1 System of Units
 The SI standard system; prefixes
 1.2 Basic Quantities
 Charge, current, voltage, power and energy
 1.3 Circuit Elements
 Active and Passive
 1.4 Summary
 BASIC STRATEGY USED IN ANALYSIS

A FEW WORDS ABOUT ANALYSIS USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS

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 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
DEVELOP A SET OF MATHEMATICAL THE MATHEMATICS CLASSES - LINEAR ALGEBRA,
EQUATIONS THAT REPRESENT THE CIRCUIT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS- PROVIDE THE TOOLS
- A MATEMATICAL MODEL - TO SOLVE THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS

LEARN HOW TO SOLVE THE MODEL TO FOR THE FIRST PART WE WILL BE EXPECTED
DETERMINE HOW THE CIRCUIT WILL BEHAVE TO SOLVE SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
IN A GIVEN SITUATION

THIS COURSE TEACHES THE BASIC TECHNIQUES 12V1 − 9V2 − 4V3 = 8

TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS − 4V1 + 16V2 + V3 = 0
− 2V1 − 4V2 + 6V3 = 20
THE MODELS THAT WILL BE DEVELOPED HAVE
NICE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES.
IN PARTICULAR THEY WILL BE LINEAR WHICH LATER THE MODELS WILL BE DIFFERENTIAL
MEANS THAT THEY SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUATIONS OF THE FORM
SUPERPOSITION
dy
3 +y= f
Model dt
y = Tu d2y
+ 4
dy
+ 8 y = 3
df
+4f
2
Principle of Superposition dt dt dt
T ( 1 u1 +  2 u2 ) =  1T ( u1 ) +  2T ( u2 )
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International System of Units (SI)

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Definitions of SI base Units

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PREFIXES

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SI DERIVED BASIC ELECTRICAL UNITS

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 BASIC QUANTITIES

ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT CARRIES ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE EVERY SECOND.

A=C/s

1 COULOMB = 6.28  1018 (e) where e IS THE CHARGE OF ONE ELECTRON

VOLT IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER CHARGE.

TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE OF ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE
GAINS ONE JOULE OF CHARGE WHEN IT IS MOVED FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER.

J
V =
C
OHM IS A MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF CHARGE.
THERE IS ONE OHM OF RESISTENCE IF IT IS REQUIRED ONE VOLT OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
TO DRIVE THROUGH ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT

V
=
A
IT IS REQUIRED ONE WATT OF POWER TO DRIVE ONE AMPER OF CURRENT AGAINST AN
ELECTROMOTIVE DIFFERENCE OF ONE VOLTS
W =V  A 14
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RANGES

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Strictly speaking current is a basic quantity and charge is derived. However,
physically the electric current is created by a movement of charged particles.

What is the meaning of a negative value for q(t)?

+ + PROBLEM SOLVING TIP

• IF THE CHARGE IS GIVEN DETERMINE THE CURRENT BY
+ DIFFERENTIATION
+ • IF THE CURRENT IS KNOWN DETERMINE THE CHARGE BY
INTEGRATION
q(t )
A PHYSICAL ANALOGY THAT HELPS VISUALIZE ELECTRIC
CURRENTS IS THAT OF WATER FLOW.
CHARGES ARE VISUALIZED AS WATER PARTICLES
 EXAMPLE

+ + q ( t ) = 4  10 −3 sin(120 t )[C ]
+
+
i(t) = 4 10 −3 120π cos ( 120π t)[ A]
q(t )

i (t ) = 0.480 cos(120 t )[mA]

EXAMPLE FIND THE CHARGE AS A FUNCTION OF

TIME
 0 t 0
i (t ) =  −2 t t t
−2 x
e mA t  0 q(t ) = 
−
i ( x )dx =
−
e dx

FIND THE CHARGE THAT PASSES t

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DURING IN THE INTERVAL 0<t<1 t  0  q ( t ) =  e − 2 x dx = (1 − e − 2 t )
0 2
1 1
1 1 1
q =  e − 2 x dx = − e −2 x = − e −2 − (− e 0 ) And the units for the charge?...
0 2 0 2 2
1
q = (1 − e −2 ) Units?
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DETERMINE THE CURRENT (Here we are given the charge flow as function of time.

Charge(pC)
− 10 10−12 − 10 10−12 C
m= −3
= −10 10−9 (C / s)
2 10 − 0 s
30
20
10

− 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time(ms)

To determine current we must take derivatives. PAY ATTENTION TO UNITS

Current(nA )
40
30
20
10

− 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time(ms)
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 CONVENTION FOR CURRENTS
• IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF
MOVEMENT OF CHARGED PARTICLES.
• THE UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CONVENTION IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
IS THAT CURRENT IS FLOW OF POSITIVE CHARGES.
• AND WE INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF FLOW FOR POSITIVE CHARGES -
THE REFERENCE DIRECTION-

A POSITIVE VALUE FOR

THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE DIRECTION
OF THE ARROW (THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION)

A NEGATIVE VALUE FOR

THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION THAN THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION

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 CONVENTION FOR CURRENTS
• THE DOUBLE INDEX NOTATION
• IF THE INITIAL AND TERMINAL NODE ARE LABELED ONE CAN INDICATE THEM AS SUBINDICES
FOR THE CURRENT NAME

a 5A b I ab = 5 A

a 3A b a − 3A b
I ab = 3 A I ab = −3 A

a − 3A b a 3A b
I ba = −3 A I ba = 3 A

POSITIVE CHARGES POSITIVE CHARGES

FLOW LEFT-RIGHT FLOW RIGHT-LEFT

I ab = − I ba
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 CONVENTION FOR CURRENTS

This example illustrates the various ways

in which the current notation can be used

a I = −2 A
I cb = 4 A
2A
I ab =
I
b c
3A
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 CONVENTIONS FOR VOLTAGES

AS PER DEFINITION FOR VOLT, TWO POINTS HAVE A b

VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL OF ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF
CHARGE GAINS (OR LOSES) ONE JOULE OF ENERGY WHEN IT
MOVES FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER

IF THE CHARGE GAINS ENERGY MOVING FROM a TO b THEN

b HAS HIGHER VOLTAGE THAN a. + a
IF IT LOSES ENERGY THEN b HAS LOWER VOLTAGE THAN a 1C
DIMENSIONALLY VOLT IS A DERIVED UNIT
JOULE N •m
VOLT = =
COULOMB A• s

VOLTAGE IS ALWAYS MEASURED IN A RELATIVE FORM AS THE VOLTAGE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT OUR NOTATION ALLOWS US TO DETERMINE WHICH POINT

HAS THE HIGHER VOLTAGE

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 CONVENTIONS FOR VOLTAGES

THE + AND - SIGNS DEFINE THE REFERENCE

POLARITY
IF THE NUMBER V IS POSITIVE, POINT A HAS V V
VOLTS MORE THAN POINT B.
IF THE NUMBER V IS NEGATIVE, POINT A HAS |V|
LESS THAN POINT B

POINT A HAS 2V MORE THAN POINT B POINT A HAS 5V LESS THAN POINT B 23
 CONVENTIONS FOR VOLTAGES

THE TWO-INDEX NOTATION FOR VOLTAGES

INSTEAD OF SHOWING THE REFERENCE POLARITY

WE AGREE THAT THE FIRST SUBINDEX DENOTES VAB = 2V
THE POINT WITH POSITIVE REFERENCE POLARITY

VAB = −VBA
VAB = −5V VBA = 5V

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 ENERGY
• VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE…
• CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY – THEY MAY TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER

BASIC FLASHLIGHT Converts energy stored in battery

to thermal energy in lamp filament
which turns incandescent and glows

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The battery supplies energy to

charges. Lamp absorbs energy from
charges. The net effect is an energy
transfer is equal to ...........
Charges gain Charges supply
energy here Energy here

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 ENERGY
• VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE…
• CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY

WHAT ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MOVE 120[C] FROM POINT B TO POINT A IN THE CIRCUIT?

THE CHARGES MOVE TO A POINT WITH HIGHER VOLTAGE -THEY GAINED (OR ABSORBED)
ENERGY THE CIRCUIT SUPPLIED ENERGY TO THE CHARGES

VAB = 2V

W
V=  W = VQ = 240 J
Q 26
 ENERGY

EXAMPLE
A CAMCODER BATTERY PLATE CLAIMS THAT THE UNIT STORES 2700mAHr AT
7.2V. WHAT IS THE TOTAL CHARGE AND ENERGY STORED?

CHARGE
THE NOTATION 2700mAHr INDICATES THAT
THE UNIT CAN DELIVER 2700mA FOR ONE
FULL HOUR

C  s
Q = 2700  10 −3    3600  1Hr
 
S Hr
= 9.72  10 3[C ]

TOTAL ENERGY STORED

THE CHARGES ARE MOVED THROUGH A 7.2V VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL

J 
W = Q[C ]  V   = 9.72  10 3  7.2[ J ]
C 
= 6.998  10 4 [ J ]
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 ENERGY AND POWER

2[C/s] PASS THROUGH THE ELEMENT

EACH COULOMB OF CHARGE LOSES 3[J] OR SUPPLIES

3[J] OF ENERGY TO THE ELEMENT

THE ELEMENT RECEIVES ENERGY AT A RATE OF 6[J/s]

THE ELECTRIC POWER RECEIVED BY THE ELEMENT IS

6[W]

t2
IN GENERAL
w ( t 2 , t1 ) =  p( x )dx
P = VI t1

HOW DO WE RECOGNIZE IF AN ELEMENT SUPPLIES OR

RECEIVES POWER?

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 INDEPENDENT SOURCES

 INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE

 An independent voltage source is a two-terminal element that maintains
a specified voltage between its terminals regardless of the current
through it
 INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCE
 An independent current source is a two-terminal element that maintains
a that maintains a specified current regardless of the voltage across its
terminals

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 DEPENDENT SOURCES
 Dependent sources generate a voltage or current that is determined
by a voltage or current at a specified location in the circuit.
 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE (a)
 CURRENT CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE (b)
 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED CURRENT SOURCE (c)
 CURRENT CONTROLLED CURRENT SCOURCE (d)

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 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
INDEPENDENT SOURCES

PASSIVE ELEMENTS

VOLTAGE CURRENT
DEPENDENT DEPENDENT
SOURCES SOURCES

UNITS FOR  , g, r ,  ? 31
 PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
POWER RECEIVED IS POSITIVE WHILE POWER SUPPLIED IS CONSIDERED
NEGATIVE + Vab −
P = Vab I ab
IF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT ARE BOTH POSITIVE THE CHARGES MOVE
a b
FROM HIGH TO LOW VOLTAGE AND THE COMPONENTRECEIVES
ENERGY --IT IS A PASSIVE ELEMENT
I ab
A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS CONVENTION IS THAT THE REFERENCE
DIRECTIONS FOR CURRENT AND VOLTAGE ARE NOT INDEPENDENT --
IF WE ASSUME PASSIVE ELEMENTS

GIVEN THE REFERENCE POLARITY

+ Vab −
a b

REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT

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 PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

THIS IS THE REFERENCE FOR POLARITY

+ −

IF THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT IS GIVEN

a b
I ab

EXAMPLE: THE ELEMENT RECEIVES 20W OF POWER. WHAT IS THE CURRENT?

SELECT REFERENCE DIRECTION BASED ON

PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION + Vab −
2A
20[W ] = Vab I ab = (−10V ) I ab a b I ab
I ab = −2[ A] Vab = −10V

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 UNDERSTANDING PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
We must examine the voltage across the component and the current through it
I
A A’

+ PS1 = VAB I AB
PS 2 = VA'B ' I A'B '
S1 V S2

B
− B’

ON S1 Current A - A'
Voltage(V) S1 S2 ON S2
VAB  0, I AB  0 positive positive supplies receives VA B  0, I A B  0
' ' ' '

positive negative receives supplies ON S2

negative positive receives supplies VA'B '  0, I A'B '  0
negative negative supplies receives 34
DETERMINE WHETHER THE ELEMENTS ARE SUPPLYING OR RECEIVING POWER AND HOW MUCH

a a
I ab = 4 A Vab = 2V
2A

Vab = −2V I ab = 2 A

P = −8W SUPPLIES POWER b P = 4W RECEIVES POWER b

WHEN IN DOUBT LABEL THE TERMINALS OF THE COMPONENT

1 1

2 2

V12 = 12V , I12 = −4 A V12 = 4V , I12 = 2 A

 I = −8[ A]

+ +

VAB = −4[V ] − −

SELECT VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY

− 20[W ] = VAB  (5 A) BASED ON CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION
40[W ] = ( −5V )  I

WHICH TERMINAL HAS HIGHER VOLTAGE AND WHICH IS THE CURRENT FLOW DIRECTION

V1 = −20[V ] − 2A I = −5[ A]

SELECT HERE THE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION − 50[W ] = (10[V ])  I

40[W ] = V1  (−2 A)
BASED ON VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY
 EXERCISES WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
FIND I O
FIND VO

VO = 40[V ] IO = 50 mA

DETERMINE THE POWER SUPPLIED BY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES

40[V ]

P = (40[V ])(−2[ A]) = −80[W ] P = (−10[V ])(4  4[ A]) = −160[W ]

TAKE VOLTAGE POLARITY REFERENCE TAKE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

 COMPUTE POWER ABDORBED OR SUPPLIED BY
EACH ELEMENT

P1 = (6V )(2 A)

2 A + 6V −
+ +
P3 = (24V )(−2 A) = (−24V )(2 A) 1 P2 = (18V )(2 A)
24V +
- 3 2 18V
− 2A −

P1 = 12W
P2 = 36W
IMPORTANT: NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE IN THE CIRCUIT
P3 = -48W

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COMPUTE POWER ABDORBED OR SUPPLIED BY
EACH ELEMENT

P1 = (12V )(4 A) = 48[W ]

P2 = (24V )(2 A) = 48[W ]
P3 = (28V )(2 A) = 56[W ]
PDS = (1I x )(−2 A) = (4V )(−2 A) = −8[W ]
P36V = (36V )(−4 A) = −144[W ]

NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE

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 USE POWER BALANCE TO COMPUTE Io

− 12W

(6)( IO ) (12 )(−9)

(10 )(−3)

(4)(−8) (8  2)(11)

POWER BALANCE

IO = 1[ A]
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SUMMARY

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QUESTIONS