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Complex Conjugate and Algebra of Complex Numbers

The document discusses complex numbers and their algebra. It defines the imaginary unit i, describes how to represent complex numbers and perform arithmetic operations on them. It also covers conjugate, inverse and solving quadratic equations involving complex numbers.

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Ramish Saeed
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27 views

Complex Conjugate and Algebra of Complex Numbers

The document discusses complex numbers and their algebra. It defines the imaginary unit i, describes how to represent complex numbers and perform arithmetic operations on them. It also covers conjugate, inverse and solving quadratic equations involving complex numbers.

Uploaded by

Ramish Saeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex

Conjugate and
algebra of
complex numbers

Dr. Hina Dutt


[email protected]
SEECS-NUST
Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics (10th
• Chapter: 13
Edition) by Ervin • Sections: 13.1
Kreyszig

A First Course in
Complex Analysis
with Applications by
• Chapter: 1
Dennis G. Zill and • Section: 1.1
Patrick D. Shanahan.
Review of Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugate & Algebra of Complex
Numbers.

Polar form of Complex Number.

Euler’s Theorem and Exponential Form

De Moivre’s Theorem
A Brief History

In the sixteen century, Girolamo Cardano first introduced


imaginary numbers in the sixteenth century in the study of
solutions to a quadratic equation of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝛼 = 0,
with 𝛼 > 0. The solutions to this equation are 𝑥 = ± −𝛼.
Cardano defined −1 to be an “imagined” or imaginary
number.

In the eighteenth century, Euler introduced the symbol 𝑖 to


represent −1 .
Imaginary Unit 𝒊

The imaginary unit 𝑖 is defined by 𝑖 = −1 or 𝑖 2 = −1.


Example 1; Powers of 𝒊
Find the powers of 𝑖.
a. 𝑖 37
b. 𝑖 2006
c. 𝑖 −3927
Example 2
Express these numbers in terms of 𝑖.
a. − −7
b. −36
c. −160
Complex Number

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in


the form 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑖 is
the imaginary unit.
Real and Imaginary Parts of a Complex
Number

The real number 𝑎 in z = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is called real part of 𝑧 and


abbreviated as 𝑅𝑒(𝑧).

The real number 𝑏 in z = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is called the imaginary


part of 𝑧 and is abbreviated as 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 .
Complex Number System
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
Reals Pure Imaginary

Rationals 𝑖, 2𝑖, −7𝑖, etc.


(Can be written as fractions)
Integers
(…, -1, -2, 0, 1, 2, …)
Irrationals
Whole (Cannot be
(0, 1, 2, …) written as a
fraction)
Natural 𝜋, 𝑒
(1, 2, …)
Equality of Complex Numbers

Complex numbers z1 = 𝑎1 + 𝑖𝑏1 and z2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑖𝑏2


are equal if and only if
𝑎1 = 𝑎2 and 𝑏1 = 𝑏2.
Arithmetic Operations on Complex Numbers
Laws for Complex Numbers
Zero and Unity of Complex Numbers

The zero in the complex number system is the number 0 + 0𝑖.


The zero is the additive identity in the complex number system.

The unity in complex numbers is 1 + 0𝑖. The unity is the


multiplicative identity.
Conjugate of Complex Numbers

If 𝑧 is a complex number, the number obtained by changing


the sign of its imaginary part is called the complex conjugate,
or simply conjugate, of 𝑧 and is denoted by the symbol 𝑧.
In other words, if 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, then its conjugate is
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏.
Example 3; Conjugate of Complex Numbers

If 𝑧 = 6 + 3𝑖, then 𝑧 = 6 − 3𝑖
If 𝑧 = −5 − 𝑖, then 𝑧 = −5 + 𝑖.
If 𝑧 is a real number, say, 𝑧 = 7, then 𝑧 = 7.
Properties of Conjugate
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧1 𝑧1
=
𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑧=𝑧
Example 4
If 𝑧1 = 2 + 4𝑖 and 𝑧2 = −3 + 8𝑖, then find
a. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
b. 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
c. 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1
d. 𝑧2
Developing Useful Rules

𝑧 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑎
𝑧 − 𝑧 = 𝑎 = 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑖𝑏
𝒛+𝒛 𝒛−𝒛
∴ 𝒂 = 𝑹𝒆 𝒛 = and 𝒃 = 𝑰𝒎 𝒛 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊

Also 𝒛𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 𝒂 − 𝒊𝒃 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Additive Inverse of a Complex Number

In the complex number system, every number 𝑧 has a


unique additive inverse. As in the real number system, the
additive inverse of 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is its negative, −𝑧, where
− 𝑧 = −𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏. For any complex number 𝑧, we have
𝑧 + (−𝑧) = 0.
Multiplicative Inverse of a Complex Number
Every nonzero complex number 𝑧 has a multiplicative inverse.
For 𝑧 ≠ 0 there exists one and only one nonzero
complex number 𝑧 −1 such that 𝑧𝑧 −1 = 1. The multiplicative
inverse 𝑧 −1 is the same as the reciprocal 1/𝑧.
Example 5; Finding multiplicative inverse
Find the multiplicative inverse of z = 2 − 5𝑖.
Example 6; Solving quadratic equation

Solve the following equation


𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 13 = 0.
Practice Questions

A First Course in
Complex Analysis • Chapter: 1
with Applications • Exercise: 1.1
by Dennis G. Zill • Questions: 1−42
and Patrick D.
Shanahan.

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