Maitham S. Khuraibut.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications

www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 12, Issue 10, October 2022, pp. 40-45

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Digital Logic Circuit

Maitham S. Khuraibut
ABSTRACT
Logic gates are the fundamental components of any digital system and can be considered the "building blocks".
A logic gate is a simple electric circuit consisting of two inputs and a single output. The most frequent names for
logic gates are AND, OR, NOT, XOR (Exclusive or), NAND (NOT AND), and NOR. An OR logic gate begins
with the provision of two electrical inputs. If one of the inputs has the value one or indicates that it is "on," then
the output will also be one.
In electronics, there is a type of logic gate known as an inverter or NOT gate. The report is broken up into five
distinct parts or sections. The first section of this report covers the experiment's results on logic gates. They are
used in the process of performing logical operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary
output. This article will examine the functions of the NOT, OR, and AND gates found in a logic circuit.
The findings of the experiment are presented in the fourth section. The discussion, recommendations, and
conclusions drawn from the results are in the last part. In a NOT gate, the input determines whether the output is
true or false, and vice versa. ALTERNATIVELY, gates output a value of HIGH if either of the two inputs is.
HIGH and LOW if both inputs are LOW; this type of gate is also known as an inverter. A truth table was used to
validate the information of each NOT, AND, and OR integrated circuit. Knowing how to use these seven
fundamental logic gates makes it much simpler to comprehend Boolean algebra and simplifies the process of
conducting circuit analysis. These gates are most commonly used in the manufacture of automatic machines.
Learning how to design logical circuits was made possible by utilizing gates such as NOT, AND, and OR.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
Date of Submission: 20-09-2022 Date of Acceptance: 05-10-2022
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

I. INTRODUCTION. AND
Logic gates are the fundamental Let us imagine that we went to a nightclub
components of any digital system and can be where the door attendant was responsible for
considered the "building blocks." It is a piece of ensuring that everyone in our party was dressed
electronic hardware that can accept one or more appropriately and wore a tie. One of our mutual
inputs but produces only a single output("Basic friends extended the invitation to us. You can enter
logic gate and circuit theory," 2013). The things that the building if both of us wear ties simultaneously.
go into it have a rational relationship to the results If none of us is wearing a tie, then neither of you
that come out of it. This is where the names of will be allowed entry, but if only one of us is, then
various logic gates come from, such as the AND neither of you will. An AND logic gate operates
gate, the OR gate, the NOT gate, and so on. [1]. similarly regardless of the number of electrical
Despite its intimidating name, a logic gate inputs it receives. If both of the information are
is nothing more than a simple electric circuit active, which indicates that they both have the value
consisting of two inputs and a single output. It 1, the output will also be one in this scenario. In that
receives two different electric currents, analyses case, the response will be zero. We can demonstrate
them by comparing them, and then generates a new that something is an AND gate in electronics by
currency based on the analysis results. A logic gate using this little sign. The gate can operate in one of
functions much like a door attendant or bouncer at a the following three ways:
nightclub in that it only admits customers who have
completed a series of challenges. The most frequent OR
names for logic gates are AND, OR, NOT, XOR You should head to the club down the
(Exclusive or), NAND (NOT AND), and NOR. street where the men are wearing ties, as we do not
There are many more forms of logic gates, but these require them here. In this situation, the person
are the most common ones (NOT OR). Let's start guarding the entrance is according to a different
with the three that don't require mental gymnastics guideline: "A group of people may enter the
to comprehend: AND, OR, and NOT. building if at least one of them is a member." We

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-12104045 40 | P a g e

Maitham S. Khuraibut. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 12, Issue 10, October 2022, pp. 40-45

can enter together if either of our companion or us is produced as the output of the symbol. This is a
an established member. You will both be left out in representation of an AND gate. The smaller circle
the cold if neither of us joins the club. The operation represents the inverted symbol.
of an OR logic gate begins with the provision of two
electrical inputs. If one of the inputs has the value NOR gate
one or indicates that it is "on," then the output will This is a NOT-OR gate, which functions
also be 1. In that case, the response will be 0. A similarly to an OR gate placed after a NOT gate.
distinct symbol denotes the presence of an OR gate The outputs of all NOR gates will be low if there is
in electrical circuitry. As you can see in the a high value at any of the inputs. A tiny circle is
following illustration, there are three possible produced as the output of the symbol. This is an
outcomes: illustration of an OR gate. The smaller circle
represents the inverted symbol.
NOT The Boolean function is the primary
We have not been successfully gaining conceptual foundation for logic gates, which are
entry to either of the clubs yet. However, there is a virtual digital devices. They are used in the process
final effort you can make: you are aware that a of performing logical operations on one or more
friend is throwing a party a few blocks away. The binary inputs to produce a single binary output. In
only issue is that someone who is quite obstinate more non-technical language, the electronic circuits
and argumentative is standing at the door. As each that make up a digital system are called logic gates.
approaches him, he engages in conversation with [2]
them. He will yell at you and kick you out of the After the initial introduction, this report's
house if you are courteous and friendly to him. section covering the experiment's results on logic
On the other hand, if you treat him with gates will be presented. The information is broken
contempt, for some reason, he finds that endearing up into five distinct parts or sections. The first
and will let you enter. To put it another way, he section of this report is the introduction, which
behaves in a manner that is opposed to what you consists of a brief synopsis of the subject matter and
may anticipate he would. In electronics, a logic gate is presented at the beginning of the document. The
known as an inventor or NOT gate operates in the second section will discuss the experiment's
opposite direction. The fact that it has only one objectives in detail. The third section will find a
input and one output sets it apart from AND and OR survey of the relevant theory and literature. The
gates in logic circuitry. When the input value is experiment's findings are presented in the fourth part
zero, the output value is one, and when the output of the article. The discussion, recommendations, and
value is one, the input value is zero. This is the conclusions that are drawn from the results are
electrical representation of the NOT operator. Here shown in the last detail. The references page also
are two possible outcomes that could occur. includes the sources (material) that were used in the
These three logic gates are the basis for all experiment.
three of the other common logic gates, which are
only variants of these three. Exclusive OR, II. OBJECTIVES
sometimes known as XOR, functions similarly to Investigate the operations of the NOT, OR, and
OR but turns off when both inputs are active. The AND gates found in a logic circuit.
only difference between AND and NAND is in the Understand how logic gates, such as AND, OR, and
outcome, which is reversed (so where AND NOT, are designed and how they are wired and
produces an output of 1, NAND produces an output used.
of 0). NOR is equivalent to OR, except that the Develop your understanding of logic gates to
output is reversed. construct basic circuits by following a schematic.
Calculators can perform all of their
necessary functions because of logic gates that can III. THEORY AND LITERATURE
be assembled in various ways. Logic gates are REVIEW
responsible for the operation of the display on a Logic gates are the fundamental building
calculator, while other logic gates compute the blocks of digital electronics. An electronic device
calculation results. Let us take a closer look at it. known as a gate is utilized to determine what action
should be taken concerning a signal that possesses
NAND gate just two possible states at any given time("Basic
The NOT-AND gate is functionally logic gate and circuit theory," 2013). Logic gates,
equivalent to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. the fundamental constituents of digital circuitry, are
The output of all NAND gates will be high if there the circuit's primary constituents. Because every
is a low value at any of the inputs. A tiny circle is logic gate has one output and two inputs, the way it

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-12104045 41 | P a g e

Maitham S. Khuraibut. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 12, Issue 10, October 2022, pp. 40-45

operates is the same across the board. Some logic stands for logic level 1. These binary logic levels are
gates, such as the NOT gate and the inverter, only utilized in digital electronics for information storage
have one input and one output each, respectively. and transmission. Generally, you may consider these
The inputs of the logic gates are set up to receive logic levels to be either ON or OFF. As we have
only binary data, which consists of either a low 0 or discussed in the past, the logic levels of the logic
a high 1, which is accomplished by taking in gate are determined by the supply voltage. If no
voltage. A high logic level indicates a positive voltage comes into the logic gate, the logic level is
supply voltage of 3 or 5 volts, while a low logic low, or the entrance is in an "off" state. There is no
level indicates that the supply voltage is 0. There is logic level if the voltage goes into the logic gate.
no limit to the number of logic gates that can be AND gate: The output will be high if both inputs
connected to complete the digital circuit that we have a high value. The output will be low if either
require. We store many logic gates in integrated one or both inputs are low. OR gates output a value
circuits (I.C.sI.C.s). This results in savings in the of HIGH if either of the two inputs is HIGH, while
amount of physical space needed for the many logic they output a value of LOW if both inputs are LOW.
gates. Integrated circuits also allow us to do intricate In a NOT gate, the input determines whether the
jobs rapidly and at high speeds (I.C.I.C.). We can output is true or false, and vice versa. This type of
construct various courses by connecting logic gates, gate is also known as an inverter.
including shift registers, multiplexers, flip-flops, and If only one of the two inputs has a high value, the
latches("Circuit and logic styles," 2009). output will be increased.
A signal's status or voltage at a particular The output is low when both inputs are high, and
point is called its logic level. It is common vice versa. This is the behaviour of a NAND gate. If
knowledge that logic gates can exist in either the 0 both inputs are standard, the output will be
or 1 state. LOW stands for logic level 0, and HIGH increased, whereas it will be low if both are high.

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES connection was made to a power supply that was 5V
.1 x 74LS04 (NOT) D.CD.C. After making the vertical lines ground and
1 x 74LS08 (AND) the horizontal lines +5v, two express buses emerged
1 x 74HC32 (OR) from the process. A truth table was utilized to
1 x LED validate the inputs of each NOT, AND, and OR
1 x 330 resistor integrated circuit. After connecting the information
1 x Breadboard of each gate to every possible combination of 0V
(logical 0) and 5V (logical 1), the output voltages of
PROCEDURES. the gates were measured. The instructor was given a
On the breadboard, the NOT, AND, and truth table for two and three inputs of I.C.sI.C.s, and
OR gates of the three I.C.sI.C.s were arranged, and a each work was presented to them using that table.

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-12104045 42 | P a g e

Maitham S. Khuraibut. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 12, Issue 10, October 2022, pp. 40-45

IV. RESULTS ANALYSIS.

For part 1, the following results were obtained after all connections respective to each gate.
Twoinput

InputA InputBOutputforANDgate(A.B.A.B.) OutputOR

gates(A+B)0
0 0 0

0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

c)NOTgate.

Input output

0 1

1 0

Threeinput.

A B COutput(A.B.C.A.B.C.) Output(A+B+C

)0
0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

Logiccircuitforf(X1,X2,X3)=
Part 2
A B C f
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-12104045 43 | P a g e

Maitham S. Khuraibut. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 12, Issue 10, October 2022, pp. 40-45

V. DISCUSSION For example, advancing integrated circuits

The logic gates and the truth table are based on transistors and their configuration has
utilized in the first part of the experiment to resulted in faster computers. For a long time, logic
determine what steps to take. In an AND gate that gates were thought to be capable of running a
had two inputs, the L.E.D.L.E.D. would only light computer system very quickly. Information is
up (or "on") when both of those inputs were high, transferred to memory before electrically processing
and it would go dark (or "off") when either of those to avoid data loss in conventional microprocessors.
inputs was low. The same was true for an AND gate This enables the logic gate to store output,
that had three inputs; the L.E.D.L.E.D. would only improving computation performance.
light up (1) when both of the inputs were high, and It is also known that the circuit is noise-
it would go dark (0) when either one or both of the proof using modern circuit design techniques. The
information was low (0). most advanced design can reduce noise by 1.5 times
Same way. When it comes to an OR gate while saving 81 per cent of the power. A computer
with two inputs, the L.E.D.L.E.D. will light up if circuit can also assist the computer in conserving
either one is high (1), but it will go dark if both energy. The computer's circuit comprises a power
inputs are low (0). When it comes to an OR gate supply (20) with an output voltage of (P.S.P.S.
with three inputs, the L.E.D.L.E.D. will only light +5VSB). The computer system consumes less power
up if one of the inputs is high (1), but it will go dark by utilizing a low-power switch circuit("Dynamic
if both inputs are low (0). The outcome was as logic circuit concepts,").
anticipated concerning the NOT gate. Each infusion As a result, the internet and computer
was toggled whenever either a one or a 0 was systems consume approximately 8% of the total
entered into the terminal that served as the input. electricity generated by computer logic gates.
As seen in figure 1, the AND and OR gates Modern computer logic gates may save power and
were combined for use in part 2, and the improve communication because they are
L.E.D.L.E.D. was only activated in the ways specifically designed. Computers must consume the
specified in the truth table. least amount of energy possible, whether portable or
stationary. Because of the rapid growth of computer
VI. RECOMMENDATION. information systems, there are now billions of logic
Before connecting the components and gates capable of storing 64 G.I.B.I.T.S. of memory.
obtaining results, it is essential to verify the This increases the storage capacity of the
functionality of all of the parts, especially the computer("Dynamic logic circuit concepts,").
L.E.D.s and the microchips, so that the results For many years, logic gates have been used
obtained from testing the output of each I.C.I.C. are to improve computer memory. The computer
reliable. Additionally, the wires used to connect system's 400 GBIT memory has been enhanced due
them ought to be as short as possible to prevent or to logic gates in modern computers. It is also
minimize current loss, which results in possible to reconstruct the computer system's logic
heat("Dynamic logic circuit concepts,"). circuits to log any errors that may have occurred.

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-12104045 44 | P a g e

Maitham S. Khuraibut. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 12, Issue 10, October 2022, pp. 40-45

The computer can keep track of more precise output currents to discover modulating indices, these
operations thanks to logic gates. Because logic gates can be used practically any place. One
circuits do not detect noise, data can be easily stored example is when comparing frequencies to make
in a computer's memory. The logic gates are also filters.
said to be capable of logically changing the order of All expectations were satisfied, considering
computer instructions. The gate can convert the overall purpose of this experiment. Learning
computer code into instructions that can be executed how to design logical circuits was made possible
promptly. through utilizing gates known as NOT, AND, and
Logic gates can also increase hardware OR("Fabrication and layout of CMOS integrated
capacity by strengthening high-speed bus circuits,"). Additionally, the use of digital logic
connections, speeding up the hardware processor, circuit design was investigated and shown to be
and shrinking the size of the logic gates. This effective. This demonstrated that logic gates are
increases the number of bits that can be processed most commonly used in manufacturing automatic
simultaneously. More gates can be crammed into a machines, in which the designer can set the
smaller space, altering the processor and computer conditions according to the user's requirements. All
design. Because logic gates are becoming smaller, of the gates were successfully connected with the
multiple stages of instruction can be executed at the assistance of the truth table as well as the logic
same time. In other words, a single processor can circuit diagram.
handle multiple tasks at once.
Because of improved methods for REFERENCES.
designing logic circuits, the physical gate has shrunk
in size, which is a critical development in increasing [1]. “Logic Gates - Tutorialspoint.”
the speed of the 10-gigahertz processor module. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_log
Because of this significant change, the Pentium M ical_organization/logic_gates.htm (accessed
computer was created, which has a speed function of July. 8, 2022).
more than 2.2 gigahertz and parts of its chip that can [2]. "Basic Logic Gates - Types, Functions, Truth
reach 4.4 gigahertz. Table, Boolean Expressions," B.Y.J.U.S.
It is possible to reduce the effects of https://byjus.com/jee/basic-logic-gates/
designing microchips using the device in gates, (accessed July. 8, 2022).
significantly reducing the size of electronic [3]. “Introduction to Logic Gates | NOT, AND,
computers and their cooling products and NAND, OR, NOR” Electronics Hub, Jun. 19,
simplifying computer systems used to be a difficult 2019.
task. Insufficient memory and slow processing https://www.electronicshub.org/introduction-
speed are two problems that plague modern to-logic-gates/ (accessed July. 8, 2022).
computers. However, these issues have been [4]. “logic-gates-min.png (334×202).”
resolved thanks to the invention of logic gates. https://physicsabout.com/wp-
Small, portable computers capable of storing large content/uploads/2018/02/logic-gates-min.png
amounts of data and processing it quickly are now (accessed July. 8, 2022).
widely available. CPUs benefit significantly from [5]. Basic logic gate and circuit theory.
our high-speed logic circuit devices regarding data (2013). CMOS Integrated Digital Electronics:
processing. This enables the computer to carry out A First Course, 1-
more complex mathematical calculations. 37. https://doi.org/10.1049/sbcs501e_ch1
[6]. Circuit and logic styles. (2009). Low-Power
VII. CONCLUSION. CMOS
Logic gates exist in a wide variety of Design. https://doi.org/10.1109/97804705450
shapes and sizes. Whether used in conjunction with 58.part4
one another or independently, they provide the user [7]. Dynamic logic circuit concepts.
with various alternatives and ways to solve (n.d.). CMOS Logic Circuit Design, 287-
problems that may appear to be difficult at first 347. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47529-4_7
glance. In addition, knowing how to use these seven [8]. Fabrication and layout of CMOS integrated
fundamental logic gates makes it much simpler to circuits. (n.d.). CMOS Logic Circuit Design,
comprehend Boolean algebra and simplifies the 61-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47529-
process of conducting circuit analysis("Fabrication 4_2
and layout of CMOS integrated circuits,"). When
comparing frequencies to produce filters for
communication, for example, or when employing
choppers and inverters, which compare input and

www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-12104045 45 | P a g e